61. Shaman.com. Harvesting Earth's Natural Medicines For centuries indigenous people in villages throughout the tropical rain forests of Latin America, africa and Southeast Joseph Iwu, an elder igbo healer from http://www.shamanbotanicals.com/PhotoCaptions.htm

Shaman Around the World 1. Sunrise in an Amazonian village. For centuries indigenous people in villages throughout the tropical rain forests of Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia have been utilizing plants as medicine to manage their health. Traditional doctors, often referred to as Shamans, have unlocked the healing powers of the tropical forests. Mothers, fathers and grandparents have learned how to treat health problems such as diarrhea with plants like Croton lechleri. 2. Chief Ozonnamala describing how to use a medical plant near Enugu, Nigeria. This chief is a President of the Healers Union in Enugu State that represents over 2,000 traditional healers. Shaman has collaborated with this healer and his Union for over six years. Shaman provided reciprocity to this Union that enabled them to put electricity into their herbal medicine clinic. 3. Dr. Tom Carlson evaluating a woman from Kenya ethnolinguistic group in East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo where Shaman conducts ethnobotanical research. The opportunity to evaluate the patients being treated by the traditional healers enables western trained physicians to make a concurrent modern medical diagnosis as well as assess how the patient responds to botanical medicine treatment. Part of our immediate reciprocity with this community was contributing to the construction of a clean water system providing water to the homes in the village.

62. Al-Ahram Weekly | International | In Defence Of Whose Realm? as top executives, while the igbo are said equally shared between the two foreign peoples. devising policies that exclude indigenous people from employment http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/458/in1.htm

Al-Ahram Weekly 2 - 8 December 1999 Issue No. 458 Published in Cairo by AL-AHRAM established in 1875 Egypt Region International Economy ... Letters In defence of whose realm? By Gamal Nkrumah There is no greater irony in the entire post-Cold War scenario than the failure of strong American world-leadership to restore nerve and vigour to the developing world of the South. Indeed, many countries in the South are now not so much developing as stagnating, or even worse, declining. As they thus revert to pre-colonial conditions, they inevitably come to qualify as ripe for re-colonisation. In his recent broadside, The New Military Humanism, Noam Chomsky lays out for all to see the blatant and shameless hypocrisy of US intervention in trouble spots around the globe. The Americans have taken it upon themselves to be the stout-hearted trouble-shooters of this brave new world. Yet, argues Chomsky, their selectivity is nauseatingly Machiavellian. The thesis is immediately engaging, especially for those of us in the so-called Third World, for its refusal to apply itself to such red herrings as: Is socialism still relevant? Is the capitalist system in crisis? Is internationalism dead? Who cares? Well, we the wronged majority do. Africa observed the 12th annual World AIDS Day on 1 December with a terrible trepidation. The number of HIV-infected individuals on the continent now stands at a horrendous 22.5 million. On 9 July 1999, US Vice President Al Gore announced a new Clinton Administration initiative to address the global AIDS pandemic, specifically in Africa and India. Over 95 per cent of all HIV-infected individuals are in the South.

63. Culture, An Untried Force For Africa's Development for Apple when apples are not indigenous to much Hausa child schooling in igbo communities will learn igbo. up guns, overthrew more knowledgable people and put http://afgen.com/culture.html

Culture, An Untried Force For Africa's Development Think of culture and immediately images of dance and song spring to mind but intellectuals studying this aspect of life say it is much more. Culture, they say, is the untried force for the economic development of Africa. The increasing value of cultural products such as literacy works, art, music, dance and drama, traditional festivals, rituals and ceremonies as economically saleable commodities as foreign exchange earners has become quite evident, says George Hagan, director of the Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana, Legon. He and other ranking policy and decision makers from West and central Africa discussed this and other cultural dimensions of development in Africa at a recent seminar in Dakar, Senegal, organized by the United Nations Institute of Development and Economic Planning . Hagan says the rising tide of cultural tourism, accessibility to world markets of cultural festivals and visual arts by the electronic media has added value to traditional cultural goods. Belief that culture is the basis for development stems from the conviction that development must centre on mass participation.

64. Africa South Of The Sahara - Culture And Society has links to Nigeria and igbo sites and rights and cultural autonomy of indigenous people Has photographers November 1997) from the africa Policy Information http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html

Topics Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Individual Countries Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa e Mediterraneo (Roma : Istituto sindacale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo) In Italian. A quarterly magazine about African culture and society. Has the table of contents. Topics covered: literature and theatre, music and dance, visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography), cinema, immigration. Owned by Lai-momo, a non-profit co-operative. Contact: redazione@africaemediterraneo.it [KF] http://www.africaemediterraneo.it Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

65. Browse E-Resources By Subject Development of nomadism in ancient northeast africa From time immemorialindigenous peoples and state igbo-Igala borderland;religion social control in http://library.tamu.edu/vgn/portal/tamulib/category/subject/firstchild/ADA/0,260

College Station, Texas 77843-5000 LibCat Chiron E-Resources Site Search ... Social and Cultural Anthropology Indicates Preferred Resource Indicated resource is temporarily unavailable. More information about this resource is available by clicking the "info" graphic. E-Journals and E-Books Indexes/Databases Electronic Resources According to my passport, I'm coming home Coverage: , Source: African material culture Coverage: , Source: American anthropology in Micronesia : an assessment / Coverage: , Source: Anthropological research:process and application / Coverage: , Source: Art of coming home Coverage: , Source: At home : an anthropology of domestic space / Coverage: , Source: Beyond the second sex:new directions in the anthropology of gender / Coverage: , Source: Caging the rainbow : places, politics, and aborigines in a North Australian town / Coverage: , Source: Cannibal within Coverage: , Source: Changing structure of global food consumption and trade Coverage: , Source: Choice and morality in anthropological perspective:essays in honor of Derek Freeman / Coverage:

66. Africa Languages Religion In Tanzania, people can speak English or Swahili inhabitants, however, also speak one or more indigenous languages Yoruba, Hause, and igbo are some of the nearly http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/5_3languages_religion.html

Languages: More than 1,000 different languages are spoken in Africa. Although most countries in Eastern and Southern Africa have adopted colonial European languages for official government business, most people speak indigenous or local languages. In Namibia, people may speak English, Afrikaans, German, Oshivambo, Herero, or Nama. In Tanzania, people can speak English or Swahili. Due to their colonial pasts, the majority of the countries in West Africa have adopted French, English, Spanish, or Portuguese as national languages. The majority of each countries' inhabitants, however, also speak one or more indigenous languages. Cameroonians may speak one or more of 24 different languages, in addition to French or English. Yoruba, Hause, and Igbo are some of the nearly 400 native languages of Nigeria. Most people in the North African countries speak Arabic and follow Islam . In some parts of North Africa, however, people are multilingual and speak several languages. For example, the official languages of Chad and Djibouti are Arabic and French.

67. Anarchist People Of Color Website: Still Holdin' The Mayo For 2G-Whatever toward the east one finds the igbo, Yoruba, Gikuyu belief systems, mutual respect, and indigenous principles of Those peoples who had no machinery of government http://www.illegalvoices.org/apoc/books/aa/ch3.html

forum discussion area knowledge readings + ideas struggle organizing + work connex check it community events, contacts apoc lists e-barrio fre.a.q. q's + answers search find it translate lingua hit us back contact info Chapter 3: Anarchistic Precedents in Africa Continental Africa covers about 11,500,000 square miles, running from the Mediterranean Sea to the Cape of Good Hope, and from the Western Bulge (Senegal) to the Eastern Horn (Somalia), together with the offshore islands of Cape Verde, Fernando Po, Madagascar, Mauritius, Zanzibar, the Comoros, and others. The territory that lies between the Sahara Desert and the tropical rain forest is the home of a variety of peoples. Between Senegal and Gambia live the Wolor and Tukulor, while between Gambia and the River Niger Valley live the Soninke, Mandigo, Khran, Tuareg, Ashanti, Banbara, and Djula. The Songhai dominate the middle Niger area, and the Masai inhabit the Upper Volta basin. Across the river in what is presently northwestern and north-central Nigeria live the Hausa-Fulani, while the Kanuri live in the northeast. Further south and spreading toward the east one finds the Igbo, Yoruba, Gikuyu, Luo, Shona, Ndebele, Xhosa, Bantu, Zulu, etc. To the north of the Sahara lies Egypt and the Maghredb region, which are peopled by African Arabs and Berbers.

68. Met Timeline | Guinea Coast, 1400-1600 A.D. Islamic visual motifs and later indigenous Akan aesthetics. campaigns against the Yoruba and igbo increase the migration of the Fulani peoples to Hausaland http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/sfg/ht08sfg.htm

See also Central Africa Eastern and Southern Africa and Western and Central Sudan The increase in size, centralization, and prosperity of the Owo and Benin kingdoms during this period is partially the result of their participation in trans-Saharan trade routes and trade with the Portuguese . Artistic production responds to refinements in metallurgic technologies and an intensified use of symbolic and ritualistic emblems of kingship. Artists of the Guinea coast are influenced aesthetically through contact with Islamic traders and the Portuguese, who often directly commission the carving of ivory objects. Additionally, the Akan (in what is now Ghana) develop an elaborate system of cast brass gold weights to measure the precious gold dust being traded to North Africa and then to Europe; the design of these gold weights is heavily influenced first by abstract Islamic visual motifs and later indigenous Akan aesthetics. The royal court of Benin is believed to have originated in the thirteenth century. According to Edo oral tradition, the kingdom was governed by the thirty-one "Rulers of the Sky," or Ogiso kings. The Ada ceremonial sword, which in contemporary Benin court ritual remains an important emblem of kingship, is believed to date to this period. Eweka I, who may have been from the neighboring Yoruba dynasty, is the first Benin oba (king), succeeding the Ogiso kings around 1300. Eweka's authority is undermined by conflict with autochthonous chiefs. Oba Ewedo of the kingdom of Benin reorganizes the

69. Arewa-online IBO (or igbo). YORUBA. The Yoruba people live mostly in the Southwestern states. Virtual Festival Links to Yoruba Culture. IFA The indigenous Faith of africa. http://www.arewa-online.com/culture.html

INVESTMENT NIGERIA GOVERNMENT STATES ... CULTURE CULTURE Travelling to Nigeria Hotels In Nigeria Travelling in Nigeria Map Of Nigeria ... Local (Other) Chambers of Commerce NCBTC took part in Trade Mission to Africa. ..read more Traditional music director e-Government - What is it? FORUM FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE BETWEEN CANADA AND NIGERIA CATEGORIES The Yorubas The Hausas The Igbos The Urhobos ... The President History (Sites open in a separate window) History Military Economy Niger Coast Protectorate ... Photo Archive RELIGION To most Nigerians, religion and faith are important aspects of everyday life. It controls the laws, how you think and act, what you believe, what you value, and more. The religions in Nigeria are roughly 36% Christian, 56% Muslim, and about 8% 'everything else', including traditional religions and beliefs. TRADITIONAL There are a number of different traditional religions available. They usually are specific to the different ethnic groups, and the deities are usually the gods and goddesses that the ethnic group believes in, and each ethnic group had a shrine dedicated to the deities that it believed in. The deities ranged from those who created the earth, to those who offer divine protection and/or blessings to it's worshippers, to those who had control over certain aspects of the world (like weather or war), to spirits that can be somewhat controlled by human beings. Most of these religions did not have written documentation of their beliefs and practices, but they did rely on a priest to teach them and to intervene on their behalf, and the priests were usually very highly trained for this, to the extent of being raised for this task sometimes.

70. Africa A-F cultural, dynamic equivalence, igbo people, Lambeth Conference drama, illiterate, indigenous, leadership, media authenticity, Bakongo people, Baptist missions http://www.fuller.edu/swm/abstracts/africa.html

BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" LINK="#00319C" ALINK="#5A8CD4" VLINK="#5A96BB"> SWM Home 30 Years of Mission Abstracts Africa Faculty Introduction How to use this volume Search Our Site Author: Addai, Joseph William Degree: Ph.D. ICS Title: Metaphors, Values, and Ethno-leadership: A Missiological Study with Implications for Christian Leaders in Ghana. (U.M. 9925349) 301 pp. Abstract This missiological research examines the problem of developing functional leadership in Ghana, Africa. The premise is that leadership values of any identifiable culture are reflected by their everyday metaphors, and than an understanding of those values is crucial to effective leadership in that context. Key Words African, Ashanti, Akan, biblical leadership, Ghana, Ghanaian, leader, leadership, culture context, world view, tradition, effective leadership, ethno-leadership, ethno-values, functional leadership, holistic leadership, leadership situations, African proverbs, symbols, stools, metaphor, assumptions, English influence, images Author: Adekeye, George Niyi

71. AllRefer Reference - Nigeria - Welfare | Nigerian Information Resource Among these are the chapters by MG Smith (Hausa), Paul and Laura Bohannan (Tiv), and Phoebe Ottenberg (igbo) in James L. Gibbs, Jr., (ed.), peoples of africa. http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/nigeria/nigeria76.html

You are here allRefer Reference Nigeria History ... Nigeria Nigeria WELFARE Welfare concerns in Nigeria were primarily related to its general lack of development and the effects on the society of the economic stringency of the 1980s. Given the steady population growth and the decline in urban services and incomes since 1980, it was difficult not to conclude that for the mass of the people at the lower income level, malnutrition, poor health, and overcrowded housing were perpetual problems. Nigeria had no social security system. Less than 1 percent of the population older than sixty years received pensions. Because of the younger age of urban migrants, there were fewer older people per family unit in urban areas. Official statistics were questionable, however, because at least one survey indicated a number of elderly living alone in northern cities or homeless persons living on the streets and begging. There was some evidence that the traditional practice of caring for parents was beginning to erode under harsh conditions of scarcity in urban areas. In rural Nigeria, it was still the rule that older people were cared for by their children, grandchildren, spouses, siblings, or even ex-spouses. The ubiquity of this tradition left open, however, the possibility of real hardship for urban elderly whose families had moved away or abandoned them. Traditionally, family problems with spouses or children were handled by extended kinship groups and local authorities. For the most part, this practice continued in the rural areas. In urban settings, social services were either absent or rare for family conflict, for abandoned or runaway children, for foster children, or for children under the care of religious instructors.

72. AFRICAN BY NATURE® Presents Open Our Eyes: African People Are Incapable Of M can we accept the assertion that igbo peoples, past and by those remnants of Black indigenous Africoid peoples have us believe that these people migrated out http://www.africanbynature.com/eyes/openeyes_migration.html

African People Are Incapable Of Migration by Keith W. Jones African people are incapable of migration. That is an idea that many scholars would still like to have us people of African descent believe. I find it disappointing that even today, as we transition to a new millennium, this concept is still being pushed, taught, and written about. The static African concept, as I call it, is implied in our literature, newspapers, and cinema, and is disseminated during television broadcasts. One possible result of this concept is that, being incapable of movement might be linked to being incapable of accomplishment. That is, if one cannot think well enough to move from one location to a better location, even though all of his or her muscles are fully functional, then how can one possibly think well enough to develop technology, which will make life easier for himself or herself. I believe that what is most psychologically damaging, though, for people of African descent, are the Eurocentric and ethnocentric falsehoods still disseminated in most of the textbooks used in schools today, by our children and young adults. Put another way, when African American children and young adults go to school, they still are taught and they still read about untruths regarding the lack of scientific, intellectual, and technological accomplishments made by people of African descent. These untruths are in addition to what these young people are learning about the so-called mental and intellectual inferiority of African peoples to other ethnic groups. However, I am getting ahead of myself.

73. MOST Ethno-Net Publication Africa At Crossroads igboland and sought to erode indigenous values, including between Christianity and the igbo masquerade is levels like conversation between people, but also at http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/crossroadsoha.htm

MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS Africa at Crossroads: Complex Political Emergencies in the 21st Century, UNESCO / ENA, 2001 Mmanwu Awusa : Masquerading the Hausa Muslim in Igbo Tiger Performance Obododimma Oha BP 234 Saint-Louis Introduction The Tradition of the Igbo Masquerade and the Tiger Performance Okonkwo's wives, and perhaps other women as well, might have noticed that the second egwugwu had the springy walk of Okonkwo. And they might also have noticed that Okonkwo was not among the titled men and elders who sat behind the row of egwugwu. But if they thought these things they kept them within themselves. The egwugwu with the springy walk was one of the dead ancestors of the clan. He looked terrible with the smoked raffia body, a huge wooden face painted white except for the round hollow eyes and the charred teeth that were as big as a man's fingers. On this head were two powerful horns. Igbo tradition of masquerading also reflects the politics of gender. Women are normally not initiated into the mmanwu cult mainly because they are regarded as being incapable of keeping secrets. Furthermore, the mmanwu, as a sacred institution, is seen as something that womanhood defiles, especially when the woman menstruates. Only women who have reached menopause may be initiated into the cult (Uwatse, in Ikwuemesi 2000), especially if such women live in environments where the cult house (ekwuru) is located. In this case, it is feared that if they are not initiated, their presence may endanger the secrecy and sacredness of the cult.

74. USATODAY.com - Facts On African Countries On Bush Tour PEOPLE With a population of 126 million, Nigeria is the official language, but Hausa, Yoruba, igbo and Fulani are Christians, and 10% follow indigenous beliefs http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-07-07-bush-africa-glance_x.htm

Cars Jobs Franchises Business Opportunities ... Weather Politics Politics home Politics briefs Latest polls Political calendar Washington Washington home Washington briefs Government Guide Law Center Health Health home Medical resources Health information Editorial/Opinion Ed/Op home Columnists Cartoons More News Top news briefs Nation briefs World briefs States ... Click here to get the Daily Briefing in your inbox Posted 7/7/2003 2:24 PM RELATED STORIES Bush in Africa Strategists hope trip boosts standing Stowaway's claims investigated Kenyans feel ignored by USA Mrs. Bush reads to Ugandan kids Resources Text: Bush from Senegal Glance: 5 African countries ... : Highlights of Bush's trip BEYOND WORDS Look and listen Audio: Bush on AIDS Audio: Bush on Liberia ... Bush speech in Senegal Today's Top News Stories Reagan ceremonies to shift to nation's capital Bush seeks wider NATO role in Iraq Wholesale inventories fall unexpectedly in April Final 9/11 report slams FBI, CIA ... Add USATODAY.com headlines to your Web site E-Mail Newsletters Sign up to receive our free Daily Briefing e-newsletter and get the top news of the day in your inbox.

75. Embassy Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria Ibadan was until recently the largest indigenous African city. Owerri is predominantly inhabited by the igbo penpIe of Kano and of the Hausa and Fulani peoples. http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/history.shtml

HISTORY AND PEOPLE NIGERIA Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, economy and politics, that sheds light on the tremendous potential of this African Giant. However, little is known to the outside world about the many exciting tourist attractions available in Nigeria: Historic sites nestled amid rivers and rain forests, breathtaking mountain vistas, remote creek villages, miles of pristine beaches and exotic national wildlife reserves. There are also museums, festivals, music and dance, a rich cultural melange right down to everyday traditional markets. These are just some of the spectacular sights and sensual delights awaiting the traveler to Nigeria. Nigeria has the largest population of any country in Africa (about 120 million), and the greatest diversity of cultures, ways of life, cities and terrain. With a total land area of 923,768 sq. km. (356,668 sq. mi.) Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa. Its coastline, on the Gulf of Guinea, stretches 774 km (480 mi.). Nigeria shares its international border of 4,470 km (2513 mi.) with four neighbors: Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. Until 1989 the capital was Lagos, with a population of about 2,500,000, but the government recently moved the capital to Abuja. CLIMATE AND WEATHER Nigeria lies entirely within the tropics yet there are wide climactic variations. In general, there are two seasons, dry and wet, throughout Nigeria. Near the coast, the seasons are less sharply defined. Temperatures of over 900F are common in the north, but near the coast, where the humidity is higher, temperatures seldom climb above that mark. Inland, around the two great rivers, the wet season lasts from April-Oct. and the dry season from Nov.-March. Temperatures are highest from Feb-April in the south and MarchJune in the north; they're lowest in July and Aug. over most of the country.

76. Llewellyn Journal - Out Of Africa: How-to Use Stones, Minerals And Metals For A and salt are used by Dibla (igbo Wisemen/Healers healing, magical and divination traditions of indigenous people around the world with a focus on africa. http://www.llewellynjournal.com/article/507

journal home article topics list of articles mission statement ... bookstore Book Search: Out of Africa: How-to Use Stones, Minerals and Metals for a Charmed Life Date: By: Stephanie Rose Bird print send to a friend Ashe African shamans, warriors, hunters, and healers all employ the power of ashe to accomplish the task at hand. There is a venerable history that is not very prominent in general literature about the deft skill with which these specialized members of the community combine sticks, stones, roots, bones, and minerals to capture and direct power. The names of these skilled professionals vary from culture to culture. The goal is to capitalize off the synergy generated from bringing together disparate parts together to create a single more powerful unit. The parts are usually organic, but minerals, stones, and metals are also combined with herbs, roots, and flowers to heal, protect, assure success, and attract prosperity. This article is an excerpt from my new Llewellyn book, Sticks, Stones, Roots and Bones: Hoodoo Rootwork for a New Age. This article focuses on ways to harness the powers of the universe inherent in stone, metal, and minerals called ashe. My approach is historical and folkloric with practical applications. Remedies are treated as folklore and should never replace professional help. Since magic is drawn from within, I can give no guarantee concerning the efficacy of rituals or recipes presented. The missing ingredients are your personal powers, focus, and intent.

77. Islam-Online Web Site - Your Source To The World Of Islam! Communication Center about 50% of africa s 800 million people, while the and there are some who combine indigenous religions with Muslims; Where as almost all igbo (another ethnic http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=n681wB

78. Chinua Achebe: In His Own Words write and create only in his native Gikuyu language to build up an indigenous literature and Chi in igbo Cosmology. In africa Is People. Massachusetts Review http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/achebe2.htm

Humanities 211 (Historical Contexts, Oral Arts, Film) Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998: Learning Resources http://scout.wisc.edu/Reports/SocSci/1998/ss-981006.html Chinua Achebe In His Own Words Works by Chinua Achebe Interviews with Chinua Achebe URL of this page: http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/achebe2.htm ON THE VALUE OF LITERATURE AND STORY TELLING Note: Interpretative summaries is this section are Cora Agatucci's "...only the story...can continue beyond the war and the warrior. It is the story that outlives the sound of war-drums and the exploits of brave fighters. It is the story...that saves our progeny from blundering like blind beggars into the spikes of the cactus fence. The story is our escort; without it, we are blind. Does the blind man own his escort? No, neither do we the story; rather it is the story that owns us and directs us. Chinua Achebe, Anthills of the Savannah From "What Has Literature Got to Do with It," collected in Hopes and Impediments "Literature, whether handed down by word or mouth or in print, gives us a second handle on reality."

79. ANTHROPOLOGY 210 influence the lives of the majority of african people. and affect the lifestyles of africa s indigenous and contemporary such as the Nuer, the igbo, and the http://web.whittier.edu/academic/anthropology/DIyam/Anth212.htm

­­­­ANTHROPOLOGY 212 Peoples and Cultures of Africa Spring 2003 David Uru Iyam Platner 213 diyam@whittier.edu Time: Tue/Thur. 11.00-12.20 Location: Music 202 Office Hours: Mon/Wed 10:00-12:00 (and by appointment) A. Course Description Peoples and Cultures of Africa is designed to give students an understanding of the diverse cultures of sub-Saharan Africa. A strong understanding of the fundamental patterns of traditional African cultures is seen as essential for seeing current events in Africa in the context of their tenacious indigenous institutions that still influence the lives of the majority of African people. We will examine Africa's major ecological zones, the main subsistence strategies practiced in Africa, and how the ecology and cultural practices influence each other and affect the lifestyles of Africa's indigenous and contemporary populations. Ethnographic films reflecting some aspects of Africa's lifestyles will complement assigned readings focused on specific cultural locales. We will explore the lifestyles of Africa's farmers and herders based on studies done among the Biase of southeast Nigeria, the Dinka of the Sudan, and the Maasai of east Africa; studies on other groups such as the Nuer, the Igbo, and the Dinka will be introduced to aid our understanding of the cultural diversity within and between African groups. While indigenous African cultural practices will form the basis for the course, we will examine the new social and cultural practices that influence the survival of indigenous societies. Consequently, we will locate indigenous coping strategies within their historical context in order to understand their role in contemporary context.

80. IK Monitor Articles (7-2) The igbo typically proceed from the cheapest and most day africa the majority of the people lack access medical practices based on indigenous beliefs, knowledge http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/7-2/enwereji.html

Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, July 1999 Contents IK Monitor (7-2) IKDM Homepage ikdm@nuffic.nl Views on tuberculosis among the Igbo of Nigeria by Ezinna Enwereji Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that causes the untimely death of some 75,000 Nigerians each year. The persistence of tuberculosis in a given area is due to a complex web of factors: cultural values, beliefs and practices, poor socioeconomic conditions, migration and urbanization, in combination with an ill-managed and ineffective tuberculosis programme. Any effective treatment of tuberculosis must be based on an understanding of traditional cultural views and insights concerning the cause, spread and treatment of the disease. This article assesses these views and suggests ways to improve communication at the community level. In every society certain general beliefs exist. Some of these insights are easily changed and may be described as 'soft views'. Othersthe 'hard views'are so deeply rooted in the culture that they are quite difficult to alter. This is of particular relevance when it comes to contagious diseases, in particular, such issues as how individuals contract diseases, how these diseases are spread and how they can best be treated. This article deals with such hard and soft views on tuberculosis. In Igboland, doctors and epidemiologists continue to wrestle with the problem of tuberculosis, which is currently spreading at an alarming rate, especially among rural dwellers and the urban poor. Without appropriate treatment, tuberculosis is fatal. According to a recent NTBLCP (1997) report, each year 150,000 Nigerians contract tuberculosis, 50-60% of whom die due to lack of adequate treatment. This article evaluates various aspects of indigenous beliefs and traditional therapeutic claims related to tuberculosis, in an effort to identify and ultimately encourage those that are beneficial, while discouraging those that do not help to promote public health. The aim of this article is to find ways of synthesizing certain indigenous beliefs and practices related to tuberculosis with Western knowledge, in order to heighten awareness of measures to treat and prevent tuberculosis among rural dwellers.

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