61. "Sagas" Portray Iceland's Viking History Sagas Portray iceland s Viking history Stefan Lovgren for National Geographic News May 7, 2004. Filled with largerthan-life heroes http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0507_040507_icelandsagas.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story Travel E-mail this story Make the New Year a Smart Year Save 43 percent on National Geographic BONUS: Order online, get FREE collector's edition "Sagas" Portray Iceland's Viking History Stefan Lovgren for National Geographic News May 7, 2004 Filled with larger-than-life heroes and epic battles, they may be the most accessible of all medieval literature and a source of inspiration to classic authors like J.R.R. Tolkien. Yet many people have never heard of the Icelandic sagas. Read the full A sculpture in Iceland depicting an ancient Viking ship. More News Kids News The Environment Travel National Geographic Channel Special Series Emerging Explorers TravelWatch National Geographic Out There Oceans ... Pulse of the Planet Written by unknown authors in Iceland in the 13th and 14th centuries, the sagas contain 40 narratives, describing the life of Icelanders in the Viking age immediately before and after the year 1000. This was a time when they abandoned ancient gods and adopted Christianity. The early Icelanders also traveled westwards, culminating in what many believe is the true first voyage by a European to North America: Leif Eiriksson's expedition, described in the sagas as having taken place a thousand years ago.

62. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Iceland iceland. icelandic Language. icelandic Literature. Reykjavík, capital. Vikings, role in icelandic history. animal life. business and economy. cities. emigration. http://encarta.msn.com/related_761551693_3/Vikings_role_in_Icelandic_history.htm

var fSendSelectEvents = true; var fSendExpandCollapseEvents = true; var fCallDisplayUAText = false; MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Related Items from Encarta Iceland Icelandic Language Icelandic Literature Reykjav­k, capital Vikings, role in Icelandic history ... , Nordic peoples—Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians—who raided and settled in large areas of eastern and western Europe during a period of Scandinavian... View article Try MSN Internet Software for FREE! MSN Home My MSN Hotmail ... Feedback

63. Elementary Theme Pages By Jim Cornish Top of Page. Natural history of iceland. Important Events in icelandic history From 874 to 1998, learn about the events that helped shape iceland s history. http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/CITE/iceland.htm

Theme Pages for Elementary Students and Teachers prepared by Jim Cornish, Gander, Newfoundland, Canada The background image is Sarracenia purpurea , the pitcher plant- the floral emblem of Newfoundland and Labrador. March/April Features Mission to Mars TomatoSphere (A Mars-Related Project) NEW! Dragons NEW!! Explorers Maps and Map Skills Number the Stars Novel Study Homechild Novel Study ... Newspapers in Education NEW! Math Story Problems Cartooning Writing Prompts Literature Circles NEW! Hubble Space Telescope Space Shuttle Launch Profile HELP! Reading Resources For Parents and Teachers HELP! Other Themes by Subject Earth Science Ecosystems Life Science Meteorology ... Passages Search the Theme Pages Via STEM-Net Search for this: Choose a theme page from the list below to display lists of links. Earth Science Caves Dinosaurs Earthquakes Fossils ... Volcanoes Ecosystems Fresh Water Deserts Oceans Rainforests ... Boreal Forest Animals Ezines Ranger Rick OwlKids Canadian Museum of Nature Life Science Birds Fish Human Body Systems Insects ... ArtsSmarts: Newfoundland Pine Marten Meteorology Weather Clouds Hurricanes Tornadoes Space Astronomy Solar System Space Shuttle Hubble Telescope ... Canadian Astronauts Physical Science Simple Machines Matter Inventions Flight ... Paper Airplanes Archaeology/History Archaeology Ancient Egypt Anasazi Vikings ... Beothuks Geography Nations Maps Flags Nation Profiles ... Japan Language Readers Theatre Novel Studies Myths and Legends Children's Books Reviews ... Homechild Novel Study Arts

64. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Iceland : History : Settlement And Subjection, Scandinav AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on iceland history Settlement and Subjection, Scandinavian Political http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/I/Iceland-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 09, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Scandinavian Political Geography ... Iceland By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z I Iceland, Scandinavian Political Geography Related Category: Scandinavian Political Geography Settlement and Subjection Iceland may be the Ultima Thule Harold I . The Norse settlements also contained many Irish and Scottish slaves, mainly women. In 930 a general assembly, the Althing, was established near ReykjavIk at Thingvellir, and Christianity was introduced c.1000 by the Norwegian Olaf I , although paganism seems to have survived for a time. These events are preserved in the literature of 13th-century Iceland, where Old Norse literature reached its greatest flowering. (Modern Icelandic is virtually the same language as that of the sagas.) Politically, Iceland became a feudal state, and the bloody civil wars of rival chieftains facilitated Norwegian intervention. The attempt of Snorri Sturluson Aresson ; the Reformation brought new intellectual activity. The 17th and 18th cent. were, in many ways, disastrous for Iceland. English, Spanish, and Algerian pirates raided the coasts and ruined trade; epidemics and volcanic eruptions killed a large part of the population; and the creation (1602) of a private trading company at Copenhagen, with exclusive rights to the Iceland trade, caused economic ruin. The private trade monopoly was at last revoked in 1771 and transferred to the Danish crown, and in 1786 trade with Iceland was opened to all Danish and Norwegian merchants. The exclusion of foreign traders was lifted in 1854.

65. History The 18th century was the most tragic period in iceland s history, due to a series of famines and natural disasters. There were three http://www.iceland.is/embassy/icelandis.nsf/form/content.html?openForm&wt=4B0130

66. History Culture Culture; The Culture House – National Centre for Cultural Heritage; Department of history, University of iceland (Edu); National http://www.iceland.is/embassy/icelandis.nsf/form/content.html?openForm&wt=4B0130

67. "For Sale: Iceland's Genetic History" By Oksana Hlodan genomics genetic information and privacy For Sale iceland s Genetic history By Oksana Hlodan An ActionBioscience.org original article. http://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/hlodan.html

home search author directory updates signup ... education author bio Oksana Hlodan has been the editor of ActionBioscience .org since its launch in 2000. She developed curriculum and educator resources, taught methodology to educators seeking professional... genomics: genetic information and privacy For Sale: Iceland's Genetic History By Oksana Hlodan An ActionBioscience.org original article

68. Iceland Tourist Board history of iceland A Viking Oasis Modern day icelanders often point to the first Norse settlers as their ancestors, often speaking http://www.icelandtouristboard.com/history.html

History of Iceland A Viking Oasis Modern day Icelanders often point to the first Norse settlers as their ancestors, often speaking fondly of their colorful Viking past. Much of it is written down in the Landnamabok (Book of Settlements), one of the early sagas. While there is some argument as to the motives of the first widespread Nordic settlement, convention holds that the Norsemen were fleeing the tyranny of the Norwegian King Harald Haarfagri, who drove them from their ancestral lands in southern Norway. Arriving in Iceland, they threw high seats over the edges of their longboats and built their new homesteads where the seats washed ashore, believing that the divine hand of Thor would choose the spot. Sometimes it would take years before the seats were found. The exiled Norse quickly developed their own sense of national identity, creating in 930 what is regarded as the world’s first parliamentary system, The Althing . Local chieftains gathered at Thingvellir , a natural amphitheater, where they elected leaders yearly. To prevent leaders from abusing power, The Althing had no military to enforce its will, a stipulation that would later cause problems when regional chiefs decided to take matters into their own hands. But for the most part, these early years following the development of the Althing were peaceful. It was an era of optimism, even for

69. Iceland Europe By Region History Embassy of iceland history of iceland . Thumbshots, Embassy of iceland - history of iceland Provides highlights of the history and culture of the land. http://history.designerz.com/history-by-region-europe-iceland.php

History Map.Designerz.com Weather Science.Designerz.com Education.Designerz.com ... History News Channels Visited Clear Featured Links Web Hosting Domain Names Create a Web Site Keyword Analyzer ... Sign up for our mailing list Keyword Title Author History By Region Europe Iceland ... History A comprehensive resource on History By Region Europe Iceland Show History (History By Region Europe Iceland) content on your web site Reach History (History By Region Europe Iceland) Audience Save on History By Region Europe Iceland books, magazines and software See which History By Region Europe Iceland domain names are available Search History By Region Europe Iceland on other search engines Press Releases, Stories and Articles on History By Region Europe Iceland View all press releases Submit your press release View all articles Submit your article Featured Results (opens in a new window) Icelandic History on the Web An annotated directory of websites about Icelandic political, military, and natural history. Rate Icelandic History on the Web Embassy of Iceland - History of Iceland Provides highlights of the history and culture of the land.

70. Iceland - Flag History This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website iceland Flag history. http://flagspot.net/flags/is-hist.html

Iceland - Flag History Last modified: by rob raeside Keywords: iceland island europe cross ... scandinavian cross Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors by Edward Mooney, Jr. From 1350 to 1896 Alternate proposal of 1914 The flag of 1915 See also: Iceland Coat of arms of Iceland Governmental flags of Iceland Royal flags of Iceland From 1350 to 1896 From about 1350 Iceland's arms were on a red field a silver stockfish (a split and dried cod) with a golden crown. These arms were incorporated into the arms of the Kings of Denmark, and so were a part of the Danish Royal standard until this century. Incidentally, it was also part of several Greek royal flags, since the Greek royal family was related to that of Denmark. As Iceland went with Norway in union with Denmark, the Danish flag was used also in Iceland. Jan Oskar Engene , 6 January 2001 There was no need for an Icelandic flag during this period, since its only use would have been on sea, but ships used the Danish flag. The first idea regarding an Icelandic flag was put forward in 1809. In that year a Danish adventurer, Jörgen Jörgensen, captain of a British ship, became an usurper in Iceland for a few weeks. He declared himself king and soon afterwards announced a new flag, blue with three stockfish (see: http://www.ismennt.is/not/ggg/fani1.htm

71. Information About Iceland among other things, a trade monopoly with iceland, and volcanic eruptions, the greatest of which in the recorded history of mankind occurred in iceland in 1783 http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/ulfar/Iceland.html

The Republic of Iceland Please Note: This page is no longer being maintained. It was originally put up because there was no information on Iceland available on the Web. Shortly after things changed dramatically, so this page degenerated into a collection of links and had become far inferior to most other general Iceland sites, such as iceland.org , and Virtually Virtual Iceland . I'm leaving the brief history below, since this may still be of some interest to somebody. A Brief History Because of their flight from oppression the Icelandic settlers did not form any central government for their new country. They instead relied on a group of equally powerful lords, the so-called s. s made a pact with the Norwegian king, that gave the king limited influence in exchange for his support. This was the end of Iceland's early independance and the beginning of nearly seven centuries of foreign control. Iceland was to begin with under the Norwegian king, then later on, because of wars and coalitions in Scandinavia, in 1381 it fell under the Danish king. Under the rule of the Danish monarchy, Iceland suffered greatly. In the year 1550 Iceland was forced to disown Catholisism, which had been its Christian faith, and adopt Lutheranism, which, being a state religion, gave the Danish monarch greater power. Due to poor harvests, epidemics, the oppression of the Danish government, which enforced, among other things, a trade monopoly with Iceland, and volcanic eruptions, the greatest of which in the recorded history of mankind occurred in Iceland in 1783, the population of Iceland in the year 1800 was only 38000, half of what it was in the year 1100.

72. THE OFFICIAL WEB SITE OF THE ICELANDIC TOURIST BOARD This Page THE OFFICIAL WEB SITE OF THE ICELANDIC TOURIST BOARD This page, and all contents of this Web site are Copyright (c) 19961997 by interKnowledge Corp.,. http://www.geographia.com/iceland/history.htm

THE OFFICIAL WEB SITE OF THE ICELANDIC TOURIST BOARD

73. A Brief History Of Iceland A Brief history of iceland The First Settlers. The disasters. The eighteenth century marked the most tragic age in iceland s history. http://rhodesian.server101.com/a_brief_history_of_iceland.htm

NAVIGATION RHODESIA ZIMBABWE ICELAND A Brief History of Iceland The First Settlers The first people said to have inhabited Iceland were Irish monks who settled there during the 8 th century, but they left with the arrival of the pagan Norsemen, who then settled in various parts of Iceland during the period 870-930 AD. Iceland was in fact the last European country to be settled, having no native population prior to the arrival of the Irish monks and the Norsemen. The main source of information regarding the settlement period in Iceland is the Landnamabok (Book of Settlements), written in the 12th century, which gives a detailed account of the first settlers. According to this book Ingolfur Arnarson was the first settler. He was a chieftain from Norway, arriving in Iceland with his family and dependents in 874. He built his farm in Reykjavik, the site of the present capital. While there is some argument as to the motives of the first widespread Nordic settlement, convention holds that the Norsemen were fleeing the tyranny of King Harald the Fairhaired, who was uniting the whole of Norway under his command at the time, and who had driven them from their ancestral lands in southern Norway. The rest of the settlers came from the British Isles, mainly Scotland. The core of the settlers were Nordic people who had been raiding and living in the Celtic world until King Harald the Fairhaired extended his dominions and drove them out with all of their freemen and slaves. Most of these slaves were of Celtic origin, and contributed their genetic inheritence to the modern Icelanders, which can be seen to this day.

74. Nations Online :: Iceland - Lydhveldidh Island Education Háskóli Íslands University of iceland. history history People of iceland Brief overview of iceland s history. Nature http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/iceland.htm

advertise with us This page is part of One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Europe Iceland One World - Nations Online Countries and Nations keywords: Iceland information, Iceland facts, Iceland geography, Iceland news papers, travel Iceland, tourist information for Iceland, Iceland map Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Iceland Country Profile Flag of Iceland Background: Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the United States Limited home rule from Denmark was granted in 1874 and complete independence attained in 1944. Literacy, longevity, income, and social cohesion are first-rate by world standards.

75. Jews And Iceland, Until 1940 The surviving family. In the short history of Jews in iceland there is one particular family that reigns supreme. They, as well as http://notendur.centrum.is/~snorrigb/Jewicel.htm

Iceland and the Jewish Question until 1940 Iceland and the Jewish Question until 1940 Before you start: This short thesis was originally written in an enlarged form as a part of my M.A. thesis from the University of Iceland. During my studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem I reduced the provided material in an English version presented as my tutorial to Prof. Yehuda Bauer. The English version was written in only a few days, and thus my use of grammar was somewhat incorrect occasionally, as well use of vocabulary. This could not be helped, since it is always very difficult to translate into a foreign language which you are not totally comfortable with. Thus, please ignore bad grammar and use of words and phrases, which will be corrected at a later date. As for the documentation, my library of documents and other sources has expanded radically since this article was written. At the present, I am collecting material for my PhD thesis, which will be dealing with the subject of Jewish immigration into Iceland and related subjects such as Nationalism, the Inter-Governmentary Committee on Refugees (founded at the Evian Conference in 1938), post-War refugees, German POW's from Iceland, etc. This page might therefore be updated whenever I have researched my sources towards an appropriate conclusion. Snorri G. Bergsson, 1 March 1998.

76. History Of Iceland The 20th century turned out to be a major transformation point in iceland s history. Entering the century with close memories of http://www.iceland.or.jp/Files/iceland/his.htm

Gen Info History Government Economy Tourism Ice/Jap History Period of Settlement (870 - 930 AD) The Icelandic Free-state (930 - 1262 AD) Union with Norway (1262 - 1380 AD) Danish Colonial Rule (1380 - 1945 AD ... The Republic of Iceland (1945 - present) Period of Settlement (870 - 930 AD) Iceland was settled by Norwegian Vikings, believed to have been fleeing the harsh rule of the Norwegian king, Haraldur Harfagri (the Fair-haired). The Vikings arrived from Scandinavia and Viking possessions in the British Isles, bringing a substantial portion of Celts with them. The initial settlement is believed to have occurred during the period 874 - 930 AD, even though the island had been settled by Irish monks before the arrival of the Vikings. Little is known about the monks except that they moved away when the Vikings started to arrive. The Icelandic Free-State (930 - 1262) Top The third event was the composition of the sagas, which include some of the great works of the classical literature of the Middle Ages. Beginning with heroic poetry that depicted the lives of warriors, heroes, and Gods, the sagas eventually turned to a more realistic, nonetheless dramatic, theme, telling grand stories about the early period of settlement, romance, family feuds, kings and history. Many of these national treasures are still preserved. Union with Norway Norwegian rule (1262 - 1380) Top After the prosperous period of independence, a period of steady decline followed. Internal feuds and unrest started to undermine the peace and stability that had lasted for more than three centuries. What had once been a country of law and order, was brought down to its knees by greed, hate, and vengeance. Seizing a window of opportunity during a civil war in the early 1260s, the Norwegian king promptly forced Iceland into a monarchical union, which was nothing more than the surrender of the freedom of self-determination and a national submission to the Norwegian crown.

77. Iceland Maps, Pictures, History And More iceland. Click on a link below to find travel guides, embassy info, flags, maps, brief history, facts, and more. Please email us http://www.worldrover.com/country/iceland_main.html

Travel Books Used Books Bestsellers Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Iceland Click on a link below to find travel guides, embassy info, flags, maps, brief history, facts, and more. Please email us if you have any questions or suggestions. Search the Net for: Travel Guides source: CIA World Factbook 1999 Vital Statistics Brief History Embassy Info Travel Guides Search Net: Term Paper Search Net: Travel Free Clip Art w/ Flags! Slash your student loans 53%!! Thanks Uncle Sam!! home ... embassies

78. Icelandic Horse Home Page The history of the Icelandic horse can be traced all the way back to ipsnowz.jpg (12908 bytes)the settlement of the country in the late 9 th century. http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/iceland.html

The Icelandic Horse Table of Contents History and Origin of the Breed The Life of the Icelandic Horse Breed Characteristics Breed Organizations History and Origin of the Breed The history of the Icelandic horse can be traced all the way back to the settlement of the country in the late 9 th century. Vikings who settled in Iceland brought with them their horses of various origins, though mostly of Germanic descent. Some sources claim that at the time of Iceland's settlement there was a breed in Scandinavia and Northern Europe called Equus Scandinavicus. Due to the isolation of Iceland, this stock remained pure while it was crossbred elsewhere. Other sources claim that the Icelandic horse is closely related to the English Exmoor pony. Whoever its cousins may be the Icelandic horse is pure-bred and unique today, over a thousand years after first coming to the land of fire and ice. The Icelandic horse has played a vital role in its home country from the beginning. In heathen times the horse was highly regarded and renowned in Norse mythology. The horse played a big part in Norse mythological stories. Several Norse gods and their enemies, the giants, owned them The most famous of all these mythological horses was Sleipnir, the eight-footed pacer. The influence of the Norse myths is still visible, as many riding clubs bear names of mythical horses, as do herds of horses in modern Iceland.

79. Alþingi - Althingi's Homepage Parliament of iceland. history, working information, sessions, and pictures. http://www.althingi.is/vefur/upplens.html

Í nærmynd Guðni Ágústsson 3. þm. SU, F, GÁ Althingi's homepage Welcome to Althingi's English home page where you will find some basic information about the Icelandic Parliament. Working and History Introduction Contact with members group secretaries and staff Íslensk heimasíða Danske sider Pier Ferdinando Casini forseti neðri deildar ítalska þingsins var á Íslandi í boði forseta Alþingis dagana 13.-15. september 2002. Hann varð fyrstur opinberra gesta til að heimsækja nýjan Skála Alþingis. Öllum fyrirspurnum, ábendingum og tillögum um vef Alþingis skal beint til ritstjóra vefs Alþingis.

80. WHKMLA : History Of Iceland, ToC Biographies of icelandic Saints, from Oekumenisches Heiligenlexikon (Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints, in German) Cartoon history of iceland, from iceland.org http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/scandinavia/xiceland.html

First posted on June 12th 2002, last revised on March 27th 2004 Viking State Decline of the Islands, 1340-1490 Danish Rule 1525-1790 Historical Atlas, Iceland Page EXTERNAL FILES Virtual Library History : Iceland CIA World Factbook : Iceland Timeline Icelandic History , from Nordic Usenet; another timeline from timelines.ws , based mainly on US newspaper articles; from EFTA Secretariat Biographies of Icelandic Saints , from Oekumenisches Heiligenlexikon (Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints, in German) Cartoon History of Iceland, from iceland.org Iceland, a brief history, from Scantours A Global History of Currencies : Iceland For the Record 2000 : Iceland , from UN Human Rights System DOCUMENTS FOTW : Iceland Coat of Arms, from Wappenlexikon , comment in German World Statesmen : Iceland , by Ben Cahoon Primary Documents of the History of Iceland, from Eurodocs List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Iceland, from ILO , 22 docs. since 1945 Free Trade Agreements signed by Iceland, from Icelandic Ministry of Foreign Affairs , in Icelandic; list of treaties, some linked

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