41. Iceland -- Primary Documents history of iceland Primary Documents. Saganet Medieval icelandic Literature Images of manuscripts books published before 1901. http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/iceland.html

History of Iceland: Primary Documents Saganet : Medieval Icelandic Literature A massive project of the National and University Library of Iceland and Cornell University in association with the Arni Magnússon Institute. With title or subject browse and a help guide (850-1177, written ca. 1225; English translation) Heimskringla : Or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway by Snorri Sturluson. (850-1177, written ca. 1225; English translation) Icelandic sagas in Project Runeberg [Search for those items marked "Icelandic"] (Old Norse transcriptions) Icelandic sagas at Berkeley's [scroll to "Icelandic (Old Norse"] (English translations) Manuscript of Icelandic sagas written down by Ólafur Brynjúlfsson Digitized by the Danish Royal Library (1760; facsimiles) Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands The Constitution of Iceland (17 June 1944 with updates to 2002; Icelandic original). Constitution of Iceland (17 June 1944 with updates to 1999; English translation). Guide to Law Online: Iceland Library of Congress guide to constitutional, legal and government documents. Archival Documents of Reykjavík from Evidence! Europe Reflected in Archives

42. Iceland On The Web: Arts And Culture : History (Added 23Mar-2001 Hits 253 Rating 7.00 Votes 4) Rate It. Icelandic history Resources on the Web - This monthly updated site features annotated, categorized http://iceland.vefur.is/Arts_and_Culture/History/

Visit our sponsor Search: Results: Keywords: Phrases: AND: OR: Top Arts and Culture : History Categories: Individuals Nineteenth Century Twentieth Century Viking Era ... World War Two Links: Bakkabraedur - Collection of stories about the infamous trio. In Icelandic. (Added: 28-Apr-1999 Hits: 229 Rating: 1.00 Votes: 1) Rate It Det Arnamagnæanske Institut - Teaching and research institute within the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Copenhagen whose function is to further the study of the old manuscripts in the Arnamagnæan collection. (Added: 14-Feb-2001 Hits: 98 Rating: Votes: 0) Rate It Emigration from Iceland to North America - Electronic knowledge base for the benefit of Icelanders and people of Icelandic heritage world wide. (Added: 8-Oct-1998 Hits: 441 Rating: 6.20 Votes: 5) Rate It Fornleifastofnun Islands - Institute of Archaeology, a research institute in the field of archaeology and cultural history. (Added: 4-Jun-2002 Hits: 66 Rating: Votes: 0) Rate It gardur.is

43. A Short History Of Human Impacts In Iceland A Short history of Climate and Human Impact in iceland. In order to understand iceland s environental history we first need to learn something about climate. http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/iceland/history.htm

A Short History of Climate and Human Impact in Iceland by Patrick M. Colgan, Department of Geology, Northeastern University Introduction The environment of Iceland has changed enormously since the country was first settled in the 9th century. The history of human impact involves climate changes, land use, volcanic eruptions, and modern technology. In this section you will learn something about how Icelanders have interacted with their environment, and how they currently are working to solve problems such as soil erosion. When the icelanders settled the country the climate was similar to today's climate. The Earth cooled significantly during the little Ice Age (1300 to 1900 AD) transforming Iceland into truly grim place. This climate change combined with poor landuse practices reduced Iceland to place of misery and death. This is illustrated well in the writings of a priest during the worst times of the 16th century. Formerly the earth produced all sorts of fruit, plants and roots. But now almost nothing grows...

44. Virtually Virtual Iceland - Culture, History, Travel, Society, Birds, Landscapes iceland, history, geography, people, vikings, settlers, photos, clickable map, phrases in icelandic, electronic postcards, scifi, humor, humour,. http://www.simnet.is/gardarj/iceland.htm

Virtually Virtual Iceland Main Page The Sagas Images Photos Landscape Stamps Birds ... Superstitions The Language Alphabet Runes and Pronunciation Names ... Links Designed by Click on The Seal of Iceland above to look at the story behind The Seal Click on any of The Icelandic Flags below to look at the story behind The Flag Click on the puzzle piece in the Icelandic colours to find out why these pages are here Virtually Virtual Iceland Links to other sites with information on Iceland The indefatigable Ed Jackson of Canada has put together several MUST VIEW pages for those who are interested in Iceland A Collection of Icelandic Photographs Excellent photos from Iceland Presented in a new manner and new photos added 19th Century Iceland A MUST - Lithos and commentaries from travelers to Iceland in the past century and A Gallery of 19th Century Icelandic Landscape Art Photographs of Iceland on the World Wide Web Links to sites featuring photos from the Top of the World Variations on a Theme Your host's mutilation of one of Ed Jackson's photographs from Iceland Can also be sent as Electronic Postcards Lunar Landscape - Photos from Iceland Donna S. Duncan

45. Summer Solstice In Iceland A Tiny Bit About Icelandic History Summer Solstice in iceland By Octavia Randolph, 2002 Photographs by Jonathan Gilman. A Tiny Bit About icelandic history. iceland was http://www.octavia.net/vikings/icelandhistory.htm

Summer Solstice in Iceland By Octavia Randolph, 2002 Photographs by Jonathan Gilman A Tiny Bit About Icelandic History Iceland was settled in 874 by a hardy band of prosperous farmers seeking to escape the long arm of the tyrannical King Harald Hairfair of Norway. Some of the settlers who crowded the original ships were Norwegians, but others were of Norwegian descent long resident in Ireland and the British Isles. Amongst them were Celtic slaves and servants, who of course contributed to the bloodlines of the new Icelanders. The Icelandic text , the Book of Settlements, lists 400 of the founding families of the new country, 38 of which had been powerful chieftains in Norway. But the settlers did not find the new land completely uninhabited. A small number of Irish monks, seeking complete peace in which to worship their God, had preceded them. Finding their solitude shattered, the monks (" papa ", priest) were unwilling to live amongst the newcomers, and according to an early annal "went away". It is not known whether they set out westward in their hide coracles, or what became of them, but they are recalled throughout Iceland today in place names such as Papey, an island in the east fjords. Although a few of the settling families were Christian upon arrival, their Christianity fell away within a few generations. Rejecting kingship, Iceland was founded as one of the earliest republics. Individual chieftains, who were after all land owning farmers first, were known as

46. The History Of Iceland (Gunnar Karlsson) - Review tourists in a way that will inevitably seem superficial. So writes Gunnar Karlsson in the brief introduction to his own history of iceland, which fortunately http://dannyreviews.com/h/Iceland.html

Danny Yee's Book Reviews Subjects Titles Authors ... Latest The History of Iceland Gunnar Karlsson University of Minnesota Press 2000 Amazon A book review by Danny Yee "Most general surveys of Icelandic history in English are unfortunately either old and dated or written for tourists in a way that will inevitably seem superficial." So writes Gunnar Karlsson in the brief introduction to his own History of Iceland , which fortunately for us fills the gap admirably. It is a professional work, with references, but it is accessible, never dry or dull, and structured so readers can easily find or skip particular topics. The History of Iceland is divided chronologically into four parts, within which short chapters focus on particular topics. Gunnar neatly mixes political, social, cultural, and economic history, with some glances at historiography. And he drops into first person occasionally, sometimes in the plural to reflect an Icelandic viewpoint on events, sometimes in the singular for a personal note. Part I covers medieval Iceland . Gunnar describes the colonization of Iceland, the constitution of the Icelandic Commonwealth, and its attempts to manage honour, revenge and feud through a legal system with no executive and then the increasing concentration of power and levels of violence, leading to the 1262 treaty by which Iceland was annexed to the kingdom of Norway. Other topics covered include the adoption of Christianity (associated with a specific decision of the Althing the assembly in 1000), the development of a separate Icelandic identity, the settlement of Greenland and voyages to North America, and demographics and resources. And there's room for a brief discussion of poetry and

47. National Library Of Iceland - History history. The library (Landsbókasafn Íslands – Háskólabókasafn) was established with the amalgamation of the National Library of iceland and the library http://www.bok.hi.is/english/history.htm

document.write(secondIm) History The library (Landsbókasafn Íslands – Háskólabókasafn) was established with the amalgamation of the National Library of Iceland and the library of the University of Iceland and opened in a new building on 1st December 1994. Previous libraries The National Library of Iceland Established: Location since 1909: Safnahúsið, at Hverfisgata 15 Library holdings: 45.000 volumes, plus 14.000 manuscripts Legal deposit holdings: Two copies of all Icelandic printed works for preservation; also, two copies of all Icelandic sound recordings. Staff: Equiv. to 30 full-time positions The University Library Established: 1940, combining several existing departmental libraries Located from he beginning: Main building, University of Iceland Library holdings: 340.000 volumes Legal deposit holdings: One copy of each Icelandic printed work. Staff: Equiv. to 25 full-time positions

48. Iceland S History Of Whaling iceland s history of whaling. Historical whaling records demonstrate that iceland has an infamous history of overexploitation of whales. http://www.wdcs.org/dan/publishing.nsf/allweb/70DE313A7BC7E5C280256DDD0054AF86

JUNE 9th 2004 WDCS Home Latest News Adopt a Dolphin Adopt a Whale ... Whale Watching - Quick Links About WDCS Adopt a Dolphin Adopt a Whale Calendar Captivity Competitions Contact WDCS Faroe Islands get ACTIVE Iceland IWC 2003 Merchandise News out of the blue holi Report a Sighting Sightings Species Guide Strandings WDCS Mastercard WDCS (Japanese) Whale Watching Whaling Campaigns Whaling International Whaling Commission (IWC) Commercial Whaling ... Icelandic Whaling Iceland's history of whaling Historical whaling records demonstrate that Iceland has an infamous history of over-exploitation of whales. Between 1883 and 1939, Iceland killed 2,294 blue whales, 1,541 fin whales, 213 humpbacks, 98 sperm whales, 10 sei whales and 13,502 more unspecified whales (mostly blue and fin whales). Finally, in 1982, following years of over exploitation and poor regulation of whale stocks by many countries including Iceland, the IWC agreed an indefinite moratorium on commercial whaling. Iceland opposed the ban but unlike Norway and Japan, did not lodge an Objection to the decision. Iceland stopped commercial whaling just before the ban came into effect in 1986. However, Iceland, like Japan, saw the potential offered by a clause in the ICRW that permits whales to be killed for scientific research. In 1986, Iceland began to engage in so-called "scientific whaling" in order to avoid the moratorium on commercial whaling. By 1989 it had killed 292 fin whales and 70 sei whales for so-called ‘research’. Despite claims that it was conducting important science on these animals, more than 15 years later, most of the data collected from them has still not been published. However, a significant proportion of meat from the whales caught was exported to Japan for profit, illustrating the clear commercial motivation of this operation.

49. Iceland Included) (TTI Country Reports). Pingvellir.(iceland) (history and Memory Studies in Representation of the Past). iceland The Economy of http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107624.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Iceland Infoplease Atlas: Iceland Republic of Iceland National name: Lydveldid Island President: Prime Minister: David Oddsson (1991) Area: 39,768 sq mi (103,000 sq km) Population (2004 est.): 293,966 (growth rate: 1.0%); birth rate: 13.8/1000; infant mortality rate: 3.3/1000; life expectancy: 80.2; density per sq mi: 7 Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Reykjavik, 184,200 (metro. area), 114,800 (city proper) Monetary unit: Language: Icelandic Ethnicity/race: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts Religions: Church of Iceland (Evangelical Lutheran) 87.1%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 5.8%, other 7.1% Literacy rate: 100% (1997 est.) Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2002 est.): $8.444 billion; per capita $30,200. Real growth rate: Inflation: Unemployment: 2.8% (2002 est.).

50. Icedog history and appearance of this rare spitztype breed, with pictures, from Bolstad Kennels in Montana. http://www.mts.net/~wcord/icedog.html

We regret that we are no longer raising Iceland Dogs. I am rebuilding this site to update links and information. This site is dedicated to the Iceland dogs with whom we have had the joy of living with. Our lives have been turned upside down and we would not have had any other way. THOR JELLA TRYGGVI AUSSI SKESSA KOLFINNA BOOTS BREKKA and a whole pile of puppies

51. Iceland/History - Encyclopedia Article About Iceland/History. Free Access, No Re encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/iceland%2Fhistory More results from encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com Natural history of icelandNature of iceland This document requires a browser that can view frames. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Iceland/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Iceland/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Iceland This article refers to the country of Iceland. For the supermarket chain of the same name see: Iceland (supermarket). The Republic of Iceland is an island nation in the northern Atlantic Ocean, located between Greenland and Great Britain, northwest of the Faroe Islands. Lýðveldið Ísland (In Detail) ( SVG Format ) (Full size) Click the link for more information. was settled in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, principally by people of Norwegian For alternative meanings, see Norway (disambiguation). The Kingdom of Norway is a Nordic country west of Sweden on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It has a very elongated form and has an extensive coastline along the North Atlantic Ocean, where Norway's famous fjords are found. In addition to Sweden, it borders Russia and Finland. The nearby island territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are under Norwegian sovereignty and are considered by Norway as part of the kingdom, while Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean and Peter I Island in the South Pacific Ocean are Norwegian dependencies and not considered part of the kingdom. Additionally, Norway has a claim for Dronning Maud Land in Antarctica. Click the link for more information.

52. Columbus World Travel Guide - Europe - Iceland - History And Government World Travel Guide iceland - history and Government - includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/isl/isl580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Iceland/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Iceland hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Europe /Iceland ICELAND History and Government History: The island was settled by the Norse seafarers in the ninth century; they established the world’s first known republic and parliament in about AD 930. The original seat of this democratic system may be found at Thingvellir, about an hour’s drive from Reykjavik, where the original Viking settlers used a natural amphitheatre, formed by a cliff wall, as an assembly. In the mid-13th century the islanders submitted to the authority of the King of Norway, and when Norway came under the control of Denmark in 1380, Iceland did too. In 1814, Norway became independent, but Iceland remained a Danish territory. In 1840 it was granted its own constitution – effectively allowing internal self-government. Full independence was granted in 1918, although Iceland continued to recognise the Danish monarch as head of state. It was not until 1944 that Iceland became a fully independent nation with its own head of state. Contemporary Icelandic politics display the customary Western European spectrum of political parties, although a notable feature has been the influence of women within the main parties (Independents, Progressives and Social Democrats). Iceland’s most famous political figure of recent times is also a woman, Vigdis Finnbogadottir, who served four consecutive terms as President between 1980 and her resignation in 1996. She was replaced by Olafur Grimsson, who in 2001 began a second term as President. The Parliament (

53. Iceland - Scandinavica.com Fact sheet providing a brief overview of the country. Includes history, sights, and recommended books. http://www.scandinavica.com/iceland.htm

Shopping Travel Email Nordic Culture ... en español Shopping Scandinavian Shop Community Your email Chat Forums Send a card ... Nordic games Living in Scandinavia Nordic Culture Employment Immigration Tourist info Newsletter Do you want to keep informed of our updates on Nordic culture? Click here to read more... Search in Scandinavica Find on this site Welcome to Iceland Map of Iceland (202K) WHO ARE WE ? We are 276,000 Icelanders living in the Republic of Iceland. Our capital is Reykjavik (170,000), the world's northernmost capital. Other towns: Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, Akureyri. We speak Icelandic. Icelandic has not evolved since the 12th century and is related to the other Scandinavian languages. English is widely spoken. Learn Icelandic here HOW IS OUR COUNTRY LIKE ? What does Iceland look like : The coastline is shaped by fjords and 52% of the land is a desert of lava and ice. Watch live web-cameras in Iceland here How is the weather : wet and windy. Average temperatures are 15ºC for Summer and -5ºC for Winter.

54. Milestones In Icelandic History - Books On History Of Iceland. history of iceland. A part of Randburg, the home of global commerce! Milestones in icelandic history - Books on history of iceland. http://www.randburg.com/is/vaka/milestone.html

Milestones in Icelandic History - Books on history of Iceland. Books about Iceland: Iceland´s Nature Geological books Photo Album Series Icelandic horses ... Saga Series History Capital city Reykjavik Icelandic Gourmet Miscellaneous Service ... think about this site? 100% Secure Transaction! Quick Delivery - Worldwide! Milestones in Icelandic History. 58 pp hard cover; 11 x 15.5 cm. In English. View and buy Back to page with history of Iceland. OTHER CATEGORIES IN THE ICELANDIC SHOPPING CENTER Woolen Goods Hand made Viking Jewelry Calendars and Playing Cards Maps of Iceland ... About Randburg document.write('')

55. Iceland, Information About Brief History Of Iceland . Information About Iceland The eighteenth century marked the most tragic age in iceland s history. In 1703, when the first complete census was taken, the population http://www.randburg.com/is/general/general_2.html

Search Randburg - Search Iceland Brief History of Iceland The first people known to have inhabitated Iceland were Irish monks or hermits who came in the eighth century, but left with the arrival of the pagan Norsemen, who systematically settled Iceland in the period 870 - 930 A.D. Iceland was thus the last European country to be settled. The main source of information about the settlement period in Iceland is the Landnámabók (Book of Settlements), written in the 12th century, which gives a detailed account of the first settlers. According to this book Ingólfur Arnarson was the first settler. He was a chieftain from Norway, arriving in Iceland with his family and dependents in 874. He built his farm in Reykjavík, the site of the present capital. During the next 60 years or so, viking settlers from Scandinavia, bringing some Celtic people with them, spread their homesteads over the habitable areas. In the year 930, at the end of the Settlement period, a constitutional law code was accepted and Alþingi established. The judicial power of Alþingi was distributed between four local courts and a type of a Supreme Court held annually at the national assembly at Þingvellir. In the year 1000 Christianity was peacefully adopted by the Icelanders at Alþingi, which met for two weeks every summer, attracting a large proportion of the population. The first bishopric was established at Skálholt in South Iceland in 1056, and a second at Hólar in the north in 1106. Both became the country's main centres of learning.

56. Iceland - History , when to go. •, nature. •, health. •, visas and red tape. •, books. •, costs, money and banks. •, travellers with disabilities. iceland history. http://www.cityreference.com/iceland/history.htm

Home Iceland Directory opening hours getting around information and maps gay and lesbian travellers ... insurance history food and drink where to go getting there directory ... Iceland

57. UBS - Global Asset Management - Iceland - History iceland, our business. Review the history of UBS on our corporate website. Learn more about our organization, products and services. http://www.ubs.com/e/globalam/emea/iceland/about/history.html

document.write(UBS_getContentImage('')); Home Service Finder Contact UBS Funds Fund Gate Bank for Banks ... Organization structure History Investment Philosophy Investment Process Clients Client Services ... About UBS Global AM History The separate asset management business group was formed after the merger of Union Bank of Switzerland and the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1998. Review the history of UBS on our corporate website Products and services in these webpages may not be available for residents of certain nations. Please consult the sales restrictions relating to the service in question for further information.

58. Hæstiréttur Íslands Includes the court's history, photographs, background, and facilities. http://www.haestirettur.is/

Leitarvél Dómar Dómsuppkvaðningar Dagskrá ... Dansk Nýir dómar Lögreglustjórinn í Reykjavík (Egill Stephensen saksóknari) gegn X (Jóhannes Albert Sævarsson hrl.) (Kveðinn upp: 9.6.2004 ) Lögreglustjórinn í Reykjavík (Egill Stephensen saksóknari) gegn X (Jón Einar Jakobsson hdl.) (Kveðinn upp: 8.6.2004 ) Ólöf Adda Sveinsdóttir (Eva B. Helgadóttir hdl.) gegn Áshreppi og (enginn) Byggðasamlagi Húnavallaskóla (Othar Örn Petersen hrl.) (Kveðinn upp: 8.6.2004 ) Lögreglustjórinn í Reykjavík (Egill Stephensen saksóknari) gegn X (Sigmundur Hannesson hrl.) (Kveðinn upp: 7.6.2004 ) Lögreglustjórinn í Reykjavík (Egill Stephensen saksóknari) gegn X (Bjarni Hauksson hdl.) (Kveðinn upp: 7.6.2004 ) Lögreglustjórinn í Reykjavík( Egill Stephensen saksóknari) gegn X (Jón Einar Jakobsson hdl.) (Kveðinn upp: 7.6.2004 )

59. Travel In Keflavik - Iceland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Keflavik,iceland,history,Gallery,Photos,restaurants,hotels,car rental,rentals,campings,travel agencies.! http://www.eurotravelling.net/iceland/keflavik/keflavik_history.htm

Keflavík History Although today the largest town on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Keflavík is much newer than neighbouring Njardvik, being first mentioned in written sources in the 13 th century as the base of English traders, who were then followed by German and Danish merchants. For many years it was second only to Reykjavik as an export harbour. Keflavík is first mentioned in written sources about 1590 as the base of an English trader, who was followed by German, and later Danish, merchants. Keflavík Airport Iceland was constructed by the Americans during World War II for military purposes and inaugurated on the 23. March 1943. The airport played a major role for the allies and is situated on the Reykjanes peninsula 50 kilometres southwest from Reykjavik the Capital. In 1994, Keflavík and its two neighbours - Njardvik and Hafnir - merged into a single local authority, officially known as Reykjanesbaer. Known as the "Liverpool" of Iceland, Keflavík in the 1960's was the cradle of the country's rock scene, producing a slew of pioneering groups and musicians whose sounds influenced succeeding Icelandic musicians.

60. Travel In Hofn - Iceland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Hofn,iceland,history,Gallery,Photos,restaurants,hotels,car rental,rentals,campings,travel agencies.! Höfn - history. http://www.eurotravelling.net/iceland/hofn_history.htm

Höfn - History HISTORY OF ICELAND Updated January 1997 Brief History of Iceland The first people known to have inhabited Iceland were Irish monks who settled there in the eight century, but left with the arrival of the pagan Norsemen, who systematically settled Iceland in the period 870-930 AD. Iceland was thus the last European country to be settled. The main source of information about the settlement period in Iceland is the Landnamabok (Book of Settlements), written in the 12th century, which gives a detailed account of the first settlers. According to this book Ingolfur Arnarson was the first settler. He was a chieftain from Norway, arriving in Iceland with his family and dependents in 874. He built his farm in Reykjavik, the site of the present capital. During the next 60 years or so Viking settlers from Scandinavia, bringing some Celtic people with them, spread their homesteads over the habitable areas. In the year 930, at the end of the Settlement period, a constitutional law code was accepted and the Althingi established. The judicial power of the Althingi was distributed between 4 local courts and a Supreme Court of sorts was conducted annually at the national assembly at Thingvellir.

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