81. Lao PDR Energy Sector : Hydropower Projects In Laos Lao PDR ASEAN Ministry Industry Handicraft National energy Commitee Hydro PowerProject hydropower Plants Laws Regulatory Environment Socio Economic NBCA http://www.lao-energy.com/

Lao PDR ASEAN Ministry Industry Handicraft National Energy Commitee Lower Mekong Basin. Hydro power potential identified and distributed : Theun Hinboun , Nam Ngum, Houey Ho, Nam Leuk and Xeset. Projected Hydropower Plants NT2 Symposium Laws Policies Implementation Benefits Impacts Assesment Approach Ressettlement Hydrology Public Consultation Disclosure

82. Hydropower Connecticut The Energy Advocate Solar Fraud hydropower. Putting gravity to work. hydropower The source of energy The formula.Connecticut as example. Niagara Falls produces about 2000 MW of electricity. http://www.energyadvocate.com/hydro.htm

Hydropower Putting gravity to work Hydropower The source of Energy The formula Connecticut as example Niagara Falls produces about 2000 MW of electricity. Why don't we use more hydropower in Connecticut, for example? Water behind a dam has energy by virtue of being at high elevation. One kilogram has 9.8 joules of energy for every meter of elevation it has. A hydroelectric power plant uses that energy to turn a turbine, thereby to generate electricity. The power available depends upon how high the dam is, and how much water flows. The power available from a hydroelectric plant operating at about 85% efficiency can be calculated from P (watts) = 8300 dam height (meters) flow rate (cubic meters per second) The average year in Connecticut brings us about 1.1 meters of precipitation. The land area of Connecticut is 5000 square miles, which is square meters. The total volume of water falling on Connecticut in one year is about million cubic meters. This amounts to 450 cubic meters per second. If we could use all of the water falling on the state, and we had a 200-foot dam (61 meters) to hold the water, we could get about 230 MW out of it, which is less than 10% of the Connecticut demand for electrical power. The Mayors of New Haven, Bridgeport, and most other major Connecticut cities might object to having their cities under water. So might environmentalists. The Solar Fraud discusses hydropower.

83. International Hydropower Association (IHA) On WWW energy in 2001, about 6% of total domestic gross energy demand, with the largestcomponent used for electricity production. hydropower comprised around 39% of http://www.hydropower.org/9_2.USA3.htm

Home International Hydropower Association (IHA) Country Reports UNITES STATES OF AMERICA Submitted by National Hydropower Association , NHA Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Water 3. Energy trends 4. Hydropower development ... 7. Conclusion 3. Energy Trends 3.1 General Information The U.S. is the world's largest energy producer, consumer, and net importer. The U.S. ranks 12th worldwide in reserves of oil, 6th in natural gas, and first in coal. Coal is the primary resource used for electricity generation, followed by nuclear power. Presently, renewable energy plays a relatively small role, but is expected to increase, according to the U. S Energy Information Administration (EIA). According to the EIA, the energy sources used for electricity generation in 2000 were as follows: coal (52%), nuclear (20%), natural gas (16%), hydropower (7%), oil (3%), and non-hydro renewables (2%). This mix varies greatly by region, with the Pacific Northwestern U.S. being largely dependent on hydropower. 3.2 Oil

84. International Hydropower Association Uses of conventional energy sources, particularly the petroproducts and coal,are on the On the other hand, a large hydropower potential remains untapped. http://www.hydropower.org/CountryReports/Nepal/9_2.Nepal_3.htm

International Hydropower Association (IHA) Country Reports NEPAL Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Water Trends 3. Energy Needs 4. Hydropower Development ... 5. Conclusion 3. Energy Trends 3.1 Sources of Energy The energy sector in Nepal comprises of three sub-systems: traditional, conventional and non-conventional (alternative) energy sources. Traditional energy sources refer to biomass while conventional energy are mainly to fossil fuels and electricity. Non-conventional energy sources refer to smallscale energy technology which harness renewable resources, such as agricultural residues, solar or wind, to generate a usable form of energy such as briquettes, electricity and motive power. 3.2 Energy resources consumption/use 3.2.1 Sectoral energy consumption 3.3 Issues in the present energy scenario

85. ORNL EERE Program - Renewable Energy - Hydropower Links And Information DOE s Office of energy Efficiency and Renewable energy http//www.eren.doe.gov/RE/hydropower.html.Electric Power Research Institute - http//www.epri.com/. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/eere/renewables/hydropower_links.htm

About Us User Facilities State Partnerships International ... Renewable Energy Hydropower Links and Information Hydropower Links and Information Further information on hydropower can be located through: Bureau of Reclamation Hydropower Program - http://www.usbr.gov/power/ DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - http://www.eren.doe.gov/RE/hydropower.html Electric Power Research Institute - http://www.epri.com/ Federal Energy Regulatory Committee - http://www.ferc.fed.us/ Foundation for Energy and Water Education - http://www.fwee.org/ Hydropower Research Foundation - http://www.hydrofoundation.org/ IEA Hydropower Agreement - http://www.ieahydro.org/ The National Hydropower Association - http://www.hydro.org/default.asp The World Commission on Dams - http://www.dams.org/ DOE EERE ORNL Index ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory , one of the Department of Energy 's multiprogram national research and development facilities

86. ORNL EERE Program - Renewable Energy - Hydropower Compared with other energy sources, hydropower produces very smallamounts of solid and liquid wastes and atmospheric emissions. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/eere/renewables/hydropower.htm

About Us User Facilities State Partnerships International ... Renewable Energy Hydropower Click here for more hydropower links and information Hydropower Hydroelectric power contributes about 12% of the electrical generating capability in the United States and nearly 20% of the world's electricity. Compared with other energy so urces, hydropower produces very small amounts of solid and liquid wastes and atmospheric emissions. Hydropower helps reduce greenhouse gases by offsetting electricity generation that uses carbon-based fuels. Despite its advantages, hydroelectric power generation has declined in recent years due to environmental requirements that include protection of fish passing dams, improvement of water quality, and provision of additional river flows for downstream aquatic habitat. DOE's Office of Hydropower Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy funds research at ORNL and other laboratories aimed at improving environmental performance of hydropower projects. Specific research activities include: Development of advanced turbines with environmental benefits Development of new turbine designs through the Advanced Hydropower Turbine System (AHTS) Program to maximize hydropower resources while minimizing adverse environmental effects. The initial phases of the AHTS Program has produced several new turbine designs that are expected to improve the survival of turbine-passed fish. One of these designs is being successfully tested at an intermediate-size scale.

87. Hydropower Quiz - 10/6/2000 - ENN.com hydropower plants capture the kinetic energy of falling water to generate electricity,using a turbine and a generator to convert the energy from the water to http://www.enn.com/features/2000/10/10062000/hydropower_32127.asp

Site Index: Home News ENN Earthnews Affiliates News In-Depth Topics Interact Online Quizzes Postcards Marketplace Business Center Store Advanced Search Advertise Join ENN e-mail Subscription Take our Survey Affiliate Tech Center Post Press Release Help About ENN Site Map Hydropower quiz Friday, October 6, 2000 By Lucy Chubb Click here to take the ENN hydropower quiz. Anyone lucky enough to have taken a whitewater rafting trip knows that moving water can have tremendous power. The energy created by the force of moving water is called hydropower, and humans have used it for centuries get a variety of jobs done. The early Greeks are believed to be the first to put water power to work, using it more than 2,000 years ago to turn wheels for grinding wheat into flour. In later centuries, hydropower has been employed to drive sawmills and pump water for irrigation and other uses. During the 19th century, engineers in the United States and Europe figured out how to harness this power to generate electricity, building the first hydroelectric dams in the early 1880s on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Hydropower plants capture the kinetic energy of falling water to generate electricity, using a turbine and a generator to convert the energy from the water to mechanical and then electrical energy. Today, nearly one-tenth of the electricity used in the United States comes from hydropower.

88. Northwest Hydropower: Salmon Or Energy? - 2/16/2001 - ENN.com Northwest hydropower Salmon or energy? Friday, February 16, 2001.By Lynda V. Mapes, The Seattle Times. If the energy crisis seems http://www.enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/02/02162001/krt_energy_42053.asp?site=

89. Science.gov Topic Hydropower For User Category All Categories PNNL) hydropower Program Reviews efforts to improve the technical, societal,and environmental benefits of hydropower Department of energy (DOE), Idaho http://www.science.gov/browse/w_121F4.htm

Home Site Map Index Help ... Communications Science.gov Search Advanced Search Enables you to search 47 million pages in real time Browse topic: (Science.gov home) Renewable Sources Hydropower D E F G ... R D - Provides a searchable database about the outcomes of past DOE research and development which have had significant economic impact, have improved people's lives, or have been widely recognized as remarkable advances in science [Department of Energy (DOE); Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)] - Provides non-technical summary information about selected research conducted or sponsored by DOE [Department of Energy (DOE)] - Access summaries of ongoing or recently completed science and technology projects funded by the Department of Energy [Department of Energy (DOE); Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)] DOE Subject Portals - Access a suite of Web portals pertaining to photovoltaics, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, superconductivity, heavy vehicle technology, wind energy, biopower, biofuels, and concentrating solar power [Department of Energy (DOE); Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)]

90. Science, Technology, Energy, Renewable: Hydro Includes a 360degree online tour. Federal energy Regulatory Commission(FERC) hydropower - US regulatory agency for hydropower. http://www.combose.com/Science/Technology/Energy/Renewable/Hydro/

Top Science Technology Energy ... Pumped Storage Related links of interest: Business:Energy and Environment:Renewable:Hydro Science:Environment:Water Resources:Rivers and Streams Bujagali Hydro Project - Official website for a proposed hydroelectric facility to be located on the Victoria Nile in Uganda. Project information, environmental impact assessment, frequently asked questions and related information. Bureau of Reclamation Hydropower Program - U.S. government agency. General information including the history of hydropower development, a glossary of terms, and major producers. California Hydropower Reform Coalition - Conservation and community organizations working to reduce the impacts of FERC licensed hydropower projects on the rivers of California. Contains relicensing resources. - Information on dams, water diversions, impoundments, and hydroelectric projects, their impacts, and related links. El Dorado Irrigation District FERC Project 184 Relicensing - Documents associated with the hydro-electric relicensing project, primarily located in the El Dorado National Forest in California. Includes calendar, scientific studies, and a list server for project information. Electricity from Hydropower - Describes small-scale hydroelectric technology (portable to 15 kilowatts, stationary from 50 kilowatts to 5 megawatts) utilizing new high efficiency (84%) cross-flow turbines, available from FINESA, Inc., Prague, Czech Republic.

91. Sustainable Energy Ireland - Renewables: Hydropower You are Here Info Centre Publications Renewables hydropower. http://www.irish-energy.ie/content/content.asp?section_id=851&language_id=1

92. Profiles--Hydropower hydropower uses the power of water to produce energy. Water sitting needs.Should hydropower’s piece of the energy pie be larger? Is http://www3.iptv.org/exploremore/energy/profiles/hydropower.cfm

Hydropower Biomass Fossil Fuels Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower History How it Works Benefits Limitations ... Wind Hydropower uses the power of water to produce energy. Water sitting in a dam has potential energy kinetic energy . It is moving. The running water spins turbines that run generators, which produce electricity. kW hours of electricity, the energy equivalent of 3.6 billion barrels of oil. Dive in, explore more about the power of water. History th How it Works kinetic energy of the falling water does the work of turning a turbine . The turbine is connected to a generator Benefits base load and peak load demand for electricity. Day to day, plants produce steady reliable amounts of electricity. During periods of peak demand, the plants can bring additional generators online very quickly, providing more power. Limitations While hydropower is a clean renewable resource, there are limitations. Hydropower plants can have dramatic affects on the environment.

93. Untitled Document hydropower The energy potential of moving water has been harnessed for thousandsof years, originally using water wheels to drive mills and machinery. http://www.greenenergy.org.uk/renewable_energy/

SOLAR ENERGY Passive Solar - Overview Solar Water Heating - Overview Solar Water Heating - DIY System Photovoltaics - How it works WIND POWER Small Scale - Overview HYDROPOWER Small Scale - Overview BIOMASS Buying Wood from Sustainable Sources Central Heating with Wood Stoves Choosing a Wood Burning Stove Preparing, Storing and Burning Wood Efficiently Energy from Waste Overview Municipal and Industrial Wastes Agricultural Wastes Energy from Crops - Overview GEOTHERMAL Heat pump - overview Renewable Energy A large amount of the energy we buy today comes from fossil fuel and nuclear power stations. During the burning of these fossil fuels, emissions are released into the atmosphere which impact upon our environment. These include carbon and sulphur dioxides which contribute to climate change and acid rain. Both fossil and nuclear fuels depend on limited resources. There are serious doubts surrounding the safety of nuclear technology, and how to dispose of the radioactive waste products. Over the last twenty years there have been major steps in the development of renewable energy technology for both industry and domestic use. This has been encouraged partly because of concerns about the environment but also to achieve better security of supply.

94. Hydro Links International energy Agency, hydropower International coalition striving toprovide balanced information regarding hydropower as an energy resource. http://www.hydrofoundation.org/hydropower/links.html

Hydro Links Federal Agencies Associations and Groups Education International Hydro Resources Federal Agencies: Bonneville Power Administration BPA wholesales federally generated electric power, the majority of which comes from hydropower, in the Northwest. Responsibilities also include development of conservation resources and improvement of fish and wildlife resources in the region. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is an independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy. Part of its charter is to licenses and inspect private, municipal and state hydroelectric projects. Tenessee Valley Authority TVA achieves excellence in public service for the good of the people of the Tennessee Valley by supporting sustainable economic development, supplying affordable, reliable power, and managing a thriving river system. US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Design Center The Hydroelectric Design Center exists to serve the Corps' District Offices in executing their hydroelectric and pumping plant missions. US Bureau of Reclamation The Bureau of Reclamation manages, develops, and protects water and related resources for the United States government. This page provides information on Hydropower and Power Facilities that are part of the Bureau's activities.

95. Document Sans-titre hydropower / NUCLEAR and OTHERS. Source Observ/EREDF. The World Renewable Electricitysources. Source Observ/ER-EDF. HYROPOWER is the first renewable energy http://www.icold-cigb.org/energy2000.htm

The Greenhouse effect ? Three graphics to understand the facts : What about ENERGY? In this graphic 1000 kWh = 0,26 toe/tep for nuclear and only 0,086 toe/tep for hydraulic (the correct value should be 0,26 ) ( 1toe = 10600 th = 42 G J ; 1Btu = 1056 J ; 1 kWh = 3600 k J ) The World Energy consumption (8 555 Mtoe / year) in the market (source IFP - France) toe = "ton oil equivalent" or in french tep ie" tonne equivalent petrole " The World Electricity sources THERMAL (FOSSILE) / HYDROPOWER / NUCLEAR and OTHERS Source: Observ/ER-EDF The World "Renewable" Electricity sources Source: Observ/ER-EDF HYROPOWER is the first renewable energy of the World : White Paper from IHA but a political confusion stays total in the mind of many : is not the "wind" as final solution?... in EEC hydro is considered as renewable below 10 MW and not above ! to know about The Greenhouse effect ? Is the wind able to feed world electric energy needs? The answer is below : ie NO and the cost would increase by a factor between 2 to 4 but it is the possible "local" best solution !

96. LearnAboutEnergy.Org - Energy Focus - Geothermal! hydropower plants are more energy efficient than thermal power plantstoo. That means they waste less energy to produce electricity. http://www.learnaboutenergy.org/focus/part11.htm

Home Energy Focus Part 1 Part 2 ... Part 10 - Part 11: Part 11: Hydropower What is Hydropower? Hydropower (from hydro meaning water) is energy that comes from the force of moving water. The fall and flow of water is part of a continuous natural cycle. The sun draws moisture up from the oceans and rivers, and the moisture then condenses into clouds in the atmosphere. The moisture falls as rain or snow, replenishing the oceans and rivers. Gravity drives the water, moving it from high ground to low ground. The force of moving water can be extremely powerful. Hydropower is called a renewable energy source because it is replenished by snow and rainfall. As long as the rain falls, we will not run out of this energy source. History of Hydropower Hydropower has been used for centuries. The Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flour more than 2000 years ago. In the early 1800s, American and European factories used the water wheel to power machines. The water wheel is a simple machine. The water wheel picks up flowing water in buckets located around the wheel. The weight of the water causes the wheel to turn. Water wheels convert the kinetic energy (energy pertain to motion) of water to mechanical energy. The mechanical energy can then be used to grind grain, drive sawmills, or pump water. In the late 19th century, the force of falling water was used to generate electricity. The first hydroelectric power plant was built at Niagara Falls in 1879. In the following decades, many more hydroelectric plants were built. At its height in the early 1940s, hydropower provided 33 percent of this country's electricity. By the late 1940s, the best sites for big dams had been developed. Inexpensive fossil fuel plants also entered the picture. At that time, plants burning coal or oil could make electricity more cheaply than hydro plants. Soon they began to under price the smaller hydroelectric plants. It was not until the oil shocks of the 1970s that people showed a renewed interest in hydropower.

97. NREL: National Wind Technology Center Home Page Wind Power Today and Tomorrow an overview of the Wind and hydropower TechnologiesProgram (PDF 4.7 MB) Wind energy Program Multi Year Technical Plan for 2004 http://www.nrel.gov/wind/

National Wind Technology Center The National Wind Technology Center, located at the foot of the Rocky Mountains near Boulder, Colorado, is a world-class research facility managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy. NWTC researchers work with members of the wind energy industry to advance wind power technologies that lower the cost of wind energy through research and development of state-of-the-art wind turbine designs. The following documents are available as Adobe Acrobat PDFs. Download Acrobat Reader Wind Power Today and Tomorrow: an overview of the Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program PDF 4.7 MB Wind Energy Program Multi Year Technical Plan for 2004 - 2010 PDF 2.5 MB Wind Resources in the Upper Midwest 2004 DOE Wind Energy Awards June 30, 2004 PDF 356 KB Download Acrobat Reader Community Wind Energy Minneapolis, Minnesota June 23 - 24 Lecture - Austin's Energy: Power Can Be Clean and Renewable by Mark Kapner, Senior Strategy Planner, Austin Energy. This talk addresses renewable energy topics well beyond the city of Austin. February 13th, 7 p.m. CST

98. Tajikistan 2002. Energy Production And Use capacity of operating power plants comprises 4,412.7 Megawatts, 93% of which isbeing produced by hydropower plants. Tajikistan s peak energy production was http://www.grida.no/enrin/htmls/tadjik/soe2001/eng/htmls/energy/intro.htm

T ajikistan possesses comparatively small resources of fossil fuels. In all, 18 oil and gas deposits (Kanibadam, Airitan, Niyazbek, Kichikbel, etc.) and 40 coal deposits (Nazarailok, Shurab, Fan-Yagnob, etc.) are explored and registered in the republic. The oil and gas deposits are small. Coal deposits are sufficient in Tajikistan and make over 4 billion tonnes, but its deposits according to estimates are not efficient for industrial and energy-related use in current conditions. Until the 1990s, from 400 to 800 thousand tonnes of coal were annually mined in the republic, while in recent time 15-20 thousand tonnes, which is less than 5-10% of country’s needs. T he oil and gas industry of the republic is insufficiently developed. The accessible oil- and gas-bearing levels have been almost entirely exhausted by the present time. Production of oil makes 18-20 thousand tonnes annually and production of natural gas 40 million cub.m. Prospected oil resources need a complex deep boring (5-7 km), which is impossible at current stage. The largest gas resources (85%) are accumulated in the south of the republic. According to expert estimates, oil resources are exploited just for 9.5%, those of gas - 3.5%. I n some areas of Tajikistan, fossil fuel production caused deterioration of environmental conditions. Thus, the underground coal mining in Shurab district (northern Tajikistan), after the work was completed and no rehabilitation was carried out, promoted the formation of holes and, consequently, internal destruction of mines and considerable depression of

99. How Much Northwest Energy Comes From Hydropower? How much Northwest energy comes from hydropower? These two graphs show whereNorthwest energy comes from, and how much capacity each source provides. http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/powersupply/source.htm

home about us fish wildlife energy ... Power Supply How much Northwest energy comes from hydropower? These two graphs show where Northwest energy comes from, and how much capacity each source provides. Updated quarterly. Also see our regularly updated power supply outlook . For more information, contact Jeff King

100. Hydro - Long History In Hydropower - Undiminished Faith In Renewable Energy Long history in hydropower Undiminished faith in renewable energy. FeaturesLong history in hydropower - Undiminished faith in renewable energy. http://www.hydro.com/en/press_room/features/long_history.html

Long history in hydropower - Undiminished faith in renewable energy Waterfalls (photo illustration) Second-largest today Three legs to stand on Extensive modernization Better technical possibilities What must be done to create renewed interest in hydropower? A modern power project Printer friendly version Up one level Features Long history in hydropower - Undiminished faith in renewable energy Navigation for Long history in hydropower - Undiminished faith in renewable energy Hydro

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