21. Foodfirst.org: International Food Rights makers on human rights and mobilize them for action; and build an internationalmovement for human rights based on the indivisibility of civilpolitical and http://www.foodfirst.org/progs/eshr/intl/

Search: Home Programs International Food Rights February of 2001 will provide Food First with an incredible opportunity to help re-direct the global food system. Co-Director Anuradha Mittal has been invited to speak before New Zealand's Royal Commission of Inquiry during hearings designed to shape a national policy on genetic modification. Her testimony will argue that biotech corporations violate the basic human right to make educated decisions about food supply by refusing to label genetically engineered products, and will demand that corporate economic interests in biotechnology stop being placed above concerns for human health and the earth's biodiversity. Food First looks forwards to joining other key activist groups in encouraging New Zealand to follow Europe's example and place a moratorium on GE foods. Beginning November 13 and running through November 30th, 2000 the People's Caravan: Citizen's on the Move for Land and Food without Poisons will travel through the Tamil Nadu region in India, Bangladesh, and the Philippines. A collaboration between the Pesticide Action Network, Asia Pacific (PANAP), UBINIG, the Peasant Movement of the Philippines, and the Society for Rural Education and Development (SRED), the Caravan will: raise awareness of economic human rights violations; educate and mobilize people towards advocacy and policy changing efforts at local, national and even international levels using the framework of human rights; foster, build and strengthen partnerships for action with groups concerned with human rights issues; educate media and policy makers on human rights and mobilize them for action; and build an international movement for human rights based on the indivisibility of civil-political and social-economic human rights.

22. Course Directory And Information 1999-2000 -- Office Of The Registrar - Washingt civil rights (La Pierre) 3430 intl human rights (Legomsky) 3-430. Land Use (Mandelker)3-430. Pretrial-sec 1 (Kim) 3-6. civil Justice Clinic (Murphy) 3-5 http://law.wustl.edu/Registrar/Registration/Spring2000/ulsp00schtable.html

Office of the Law School Registrar: Course Directory: UPPERCLASS SCHEDULE - SPRING 2000 Revised: November 2, 1999 See Table Below Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Advanced Evidence (Kuhns) 8-9 (Newmark) Advanced Evidence (Kuhns) 8-9 ADR -sec 2 (Guthrie) 8-11 Advanced Evidence (Kuhns) 8-9 Empl Law Clinic (Tokarz) 8-9:30 Estate Pl/Drftng (Brody) 8:30-10 Fed Inc Tax (Staudt) Fed Inc Tax (Staudt) Adv. Legal Research (Berwick) ADR -sec 2 (Guthrie) 8-11 Fed Inc Tax (Staudt) Legl Prof (Cunningham)9:30-11 Fed Inc Tax (Staudt) Adv. Legal Research (Berwick) Empl Law Clinic (Tokarz) 8-9:30 Estate Pl/Drftng (Brody) 8:30-10 Legal Prof (Cunningham) 9:30-11 Corp Tax/Reorg (Wiedenbeck) Employment Law (Kim) Foundations of EC Law (Wexler) Corp Tax/Reorg (Wiedenbeck) Employment Law (Kim) Foundations of EC Law (Wexler) ADR -sec 2 (Guthrie) 8-11 Legl Prof (Cunningham)9:30-11 Corp Tax/Reorg (Wiedenbeck) Employment Law (Kim) Foundations of EC Law (Wexler) Common Law Dynamics Seminar (Gerber) 10-12 Legal Prof (Cunningham) 9:30-11 Consumer Trans (Greenfield) Corp/White Collar (Brickey) Family Law (Appleton) Consumer Trans (Greenfield) Corp/White Collar (Brickey) Family Law (Appleton) Consumer Trans (Greenfield) Corp/White Collar (Brickey) Family Law (Appleton) Common Law Dynamics Seminar (Gerber) 10-12 Family Law (Appleton) ADR -sec 1 (Guthrie) 12-3 Con Law II (Chamallas) 12:50-2 Corp Tax/Reorg (Wiedenbeck US Const/Foreign Affrs (Wexler)12-1:30 Con Law II (Chamallas) 12:50-2 Remedies (Cunningham) 12-1:30 Con Law II (Chamallas) 12:50-2

23. Human Rights Information From Government Sources Green Library, intlDocs DPI/1676 Over 100 sponsored by the UN High Commissioner onHuman rights. International Covenant on civil and Political rights (CCPR). 24 http://www.stanford.edu/group/Jonsson/hrts.html

Human Rights Information from Government Sources Jonsson Library of Government Documents Guide to Government Publications Series CONTENTS Introduction Indexes Encyclopedias, Yearbooks Compilations ... About this Page INTRODUCTION This guide provides an introduction to basic information sources located in the Jonsson Library of Government Documents relating to study of human rights issues worldwide. INDEXES AccessUN . New Canaan, CT: Newsbank, 1966- . Electronic index to UN masthead documents, official records and selected sales publications including journal articles published since 1966. Permits searching across multi-year time span on various subjects. Includes full text resolutions, selected meeting records, and links to UN documents on the web. Allows searching by various document numbers and for speeches by representatives of various countries. Serves also as guide to the corresponding microfiche collection shelved as Microfiche 959. The URL for the AccessUN database is: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/su_proxy_access_un Human Rights on CD-ROM New York: UN, 1995.

24. INTL-News By Joe Broadhurst: Beyond Belief: Bush To Allow Insurance Cuts For Ret United Nation human rights. intl blogstuff. Site Meter; The agency approved a finalrule saying that such cuts do not violate the civil rights law banning age http://intlnews.typepad.com/intlnews/2004/04/beyond_belief_b_1.html

hostName = '.typepad.com'; INTL-News by Joe Broadhurst Welcome INTL News: International News Tracking Log by Joe Broadhurst Home donate to intl If you enjoy this page, please take a moment to help keep it alive by making a small donation! (Any amount will be appreciated) search intl news Categories Around the World Art Bastard of the Day Columnists ... May 18, 2004 WIRE Services Interfax Common Dreams Inter Press Swiss Politics ... TBO Online News sites Africa Online Aftenposten Aljazeera Ananova ... Yomiuri Daily must reads Advocate Alternet Der Speigel Disinformation ... World Press Review Columnists Ali Abunimah Arianna Huffington Cragg Hines Greg Palast ... Space.com Human rights AIDS Law Project Access Human Rights Amnesty Intl Centro de Estudios Jur­dicos e Investigaci³n Social ... United Nation - Human Rights intl news affiliates Satire Search Big News Network DeadBrain Humor Feed Net Satire WhiteHouse.org Weekly Canard Specious Report Onion, The ... Apocalypse-At-11 intl blogstuff var site="s12intl2" This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit here Main Beyond Belief: Bush to Allow Insurance Cuts for Retired Employees The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission voted Thursday to allow employers to reduce or eliminate health benefits for retirees when they become eligible for Medicare at age 65. The agency approved a final rule saying that such cuts do not violate the civil rights law banning age discrimination. The vote was 3 to 1, with Republicans lining up in favor of the rule and a Democrat opposing it.

25. INTL-News By Joe Broadhurst: Chileans Granted Right To Divorce intl blogstuff. could only have a marriage annulled by a civil registrar but thisdid not give them the rights of a May 08, 2004 in human rights Permalink. http://intlnews.typepad.com/intlnews/2004/05/chileans_grante.html

hostName = '.typepad.com'; INTL-News by Joe Broadhurst Welcome INTL News: International News Tracking Log by Joe Broadhurst Home donate to intl If you enjoy this page, please take a moment to help keep it alive by making a small donation! (Any amount will be appreciated) search intl news Categories Around the World Art Bastard of the Day Columnists ... May 18, 2004 WIRE Services Interfax Common Dreams Inter Press Swiss Politics ... TBO Online News sites Africa Online Aftenposten Aljazeera Ananova ... Yomiuri Daily must reads Advocate Alternet Der Speigel Disinformation ... World Press Review Columnists Ali Abunimah Arianna Huffington Cragg Hines Greg Palast ... Space.com Human rights AIDS Law Project Access Human Rights Amnesty Intl Centro de Estudios Jur­dicos e Investigaci³n Social ... United Nation - Human Rights intl news affiliates Satire Search Big News Network DeadBrain Humor Feed Net Satire WhiteHouse.org Weekly Canard Specious Report Onion, The ... Apocalypse-At-11 intl blogstuff var site="s12intl2" This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit here Main Chileans Granted Right to Divorce Chile's President Ricardo Lagos has signed a new law giving Chileans the right to divorce, despite opposition from the Roman Catholic Church. The law, approved by Congress in March, will take effect in six months. Until now, Chilean couples could only have a marriage annulled by a civil registrar - but this did not give them the rights of a legal divorce.

26. International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights Declaration of human rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil are createdwhereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/un/intl-covenant-civil-political-rights.html

U.N.T.S. No.14668, vol.999 (1976), p.171 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person, Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights, Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for and observance of, human rights and freedoms, Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant, Agree upon the following articles: PART I Article 1 All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

27. Statewatch News Online: Civil Rights Groups Warn Of Grave Dangers In Internation will soon see nations with appalling human rights records generating with no regardto privacy or civil liberties Japan http//www2.tjnet.co.jp/intl/news/000214 http://www.statewatch.org/news/2004/mar/25icao.htm

Civil rights groups warn of grave dangers in international biometric passport system PRIVACY INTERNATIONAL - MEDIA RELEASE The open letter (pdf) - Statewatch is one of the signatories Background information package (htm) Civil rights groups warn of grave dangers in international biometric passport system 29th March 2004, Embargo: 22.00 hrs GMT, 29th March 2004 The letter, spearheaded by Privacy International and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raises concerns about little-known plans to imminently create international standards that will require the use of biometrics and RFID (radio frequency) technology in all future passports. The measures, being decided this week at a meeting of the ICAO in Cairo, will result in a distributed international identification database on all passport holders. The open letter has been signed by, among others, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Statewatch, the UK based Foundation for Information Policy Research, the Association for Progressive Communications and the US based Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. The ICAO has agreed that the initial international biometric standard for passports will be facial mapping. Adequate memory space in newly issued passports will be reserved for additional biometrics such as fingerprinting at the discretion of every government. The EU is already calling for fingerprints to be included, along with an associated European register of all biometrics. National authorities will store and share these vast data reserves.

28. Civil Liberties And Civil Rights: General laws; Laws of other nations; Treaties intl. collection of civil liberty law materialcompiled by collection of human rights law material compiled by PeaceNet http://www.lawguru.com/ilawlib/93.htm

Internet Law Library Library Main Page U.S. Federal laws U.S. state laws Laws of other nations ... About this Law Library LawGuru Menu Home Page Legal Research Multiple Search Tool Ask a Lawyer ... Legal Plans Free Newsletter Enter your e-mail address here to receive our free Newsletter Internet Law Library Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: General see also Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Gender see also Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Indigenous Peoples see also Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Religion and Government collection of civil liberty law material compiled by the Electronic Frontier Foundation ... About the Internet Law Library Internet Law Library Home Page The Internet Law Library was originally provided to the public courtesy of the United States House of Representatives Law Revision Counsel Office. Part of the Counsel's mission is to make the law (particularly the U.S. Code) available to the public. When the U.S. House of Representatives discontinued hosting the Library, our site and several others were allowed to carry it. FIND FORMS Popular Forms: Power of Attorney Bill of Sale Rental Application Wills ... Health Care,

29. Civil Liberties And Civil Rights: Religion And Government US state laws; Laws of other nations; Treaties intl. by Biagio Saitta (review); Church and State American civil Liberties Union human rights in Islam by Ayt http://www.lawguru.com/ilawlib/322.htm

Internet Law Library Library Main Page U.S. Federal laws U.S. state laws Laws of other nations ... About this Law Library LawGuru Menu Home Page Legal Research Multiple Search Tool Ask a Lawyer ... Legal Plans Free Newsletter Enter your e-mail address here to receive our free Newsletter Internet Law Library Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Religion and Government see also Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: General see also Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Indigenous Peoples Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) (Bible reading in public schools) American Civil Liberties Union material on church and state ... About the Internet Law Library Internet Law Library Home Page The Internet Law Library was originally provided to the public courtesy of the United States House of Representatives Law Revision Counsel Office. Part of the Counsel's mission is to make the law (particularly the U.S. Code) available to the public. When the U.S. House of Representatives discontinued hosting the Library, our site and several others were allowed to carry it. FIND FORMS Popular Forms: Power of Attorney Bill of Sale Rental Application Wills ... Health Care,

30. UnderstandingPrejudice.org: Links On Prejudice - Racism Then human rights Concerns Along the USMexico Border (Amnesty intl.); The 1950s OperationWetback á la 1990s (Arizona Daily Wildcat). The Struggle for civil rights http://www.understandingprejudice.org/links/racthen.htm

document.write(''); Racism Then The following links relate to historic forms of racial prejudice and discrimination, including slavery, Jim Crow, the internment of Japanese Americans, the U.S. civil rights movement, and other topics. You may also wish to read more about old-style racism in the Reading Room U.S. History and Prejudice: Slavery Anti-Slavery.org (world's oldest international human rights group) Remembering Slavery (from the Smithsonian Institution) Encyclopaedia of Slavery (slave accounts and much more) Chronology on the History of Slavery (from 1619 to 1789) Slave Narratives (from the U.S. Library of Congress) Understanding Slavery (for students and teachers) Slavery Era Insurance Registry (California government site) Slave Records (AAGSNC Genealogical Resource Directory) Jim Crow Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia (at Ferris State University) Jim Crow History (for teachers and students alike) The Origin of Jim Crow (from the Afro-American Almanac) Remembering Jim Crow (from American RadioWorks) Jim Crow Laws (samples from the MLK National Historic Site) Behind the Veil (Duke University research project on Jim Crow) African American Life During Jim Crow (University of Virginia) Internment of Japanese Americans Densho (comprehensive educational site) Confinement and Ethnicity (U.S. National Park Service)

31. UFLaw | Levin College Of Law At The University Of Florida Minority/Immigrant/intl. IV. law International Lawyers Network human rights ResourceCenter Urban League Leadership Conference on civil rights Caribbean Bar http://www.law.ufl.edu/career/links/minority.shtml

Prospective Students Current Students UFLaw Home About UFLaw ... Employment Links I. Legal Services II. Sports/Media/Ent. III. Minority/Immigrant/Intl. IV. Labor V. Child Advocacy VI. Government VII. Internships/ Fellowships/ Scholarships/Honors Programs VIII. Corporate IX. Education X. Associations/Centers/ Institutes XI. Intellectual Property XII. Job Banks/Virtual Fairs/ Headhunters/Directories/ News Externships Frequently Asked Questions Job Information ... Support Services ::Career Development Links Minority/Immigrant/International/Human Rights Southern Poverty Law Center Minority Corporate Counsel Association Minority Business Network Minority Business Enterprise Legal Defense and Education Fund ... National Lesbian and Gay Association P.O.Box 117633 / Gainesville, Florida 32611 Contact UFLaw Contact webmaster@law.ufl.edu

32. International Human Rights Seminar Asian Law Caucus promotes, advances and represents the legal and civil rights ofthe Asian works to stop torture and other serious human rights abuses around http://www.uchastings.edu/library/Legal Research/Class Pages/intl-humanrights.ht

breadCrumbs(">"); International Human Rights Seminar Library Info. U.N. European Human Rights ... Misc. Links Library Information Where to Start: To find a topic or to get started on your research, you might want to look at Hastings Law Library Human Rights Research Guide , or browse the topics covered in the Encyclopedia of Human Rights, 2nd edition (JC571 E67 1996; Reserve stacks), or scan the topics covered at the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library Finding Books: You can search the Hastings Online Catalog for print titles at the Hastings Law Library. You can s earch other Library Catalogs (including ) for additional print resources at local libraries. Or you can search "WorldCat" on FirstSearch to find out if any books exist on your topic at any library worldwide. (Note: FirstSearch is only available from computers on campus.) If you do find a book on your topic that we don't own at Hastings, you can submit a request to have the book borrowed by Hastings through inter-library loan (ILL). It can take up to three weeks to get books from ILL, so plan ahead.

33. Research Guide - International Human Rights Research law librarians http//www.ll.georgetown.edu/intl/intl/human.html. HOPAC using thesubjects human rights Periodicals or civil rights - Periodicals http://www.uchastings.edu/library/Legal Research/Research Guides/humanrights.htm

breadCrumbs(">"); Research Guide - International Human Rights Research This guide provides an overview of international human rights research tools at the Hastings Law Library and on the Internet. It includes information about indexes, books, periodicals, and websites with useful human rights information. The resources listed should give you a good start on your research and lead you to more specific documents and materials with in-depth subject-specific human rights information This guide includes: Where to Start: Research Guides, Encyclopedias, and Bibliographies Collections of Human Rights Documents Compilations of Human Rights Resources (and Documents) Organized by Subject United Nations Human Rights Resources and Documents ... Locating Periodical Articles on Various Human Rights Issues PRINT RESOURCES Encyclopedia of Human Rights, 2nd edition JC571 E67 1996 (reserve stacks) Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues Since 1945 JC571 L26 1999 (reserve stacks) Encyclopedia of Public International Law KZ1160 E53 (6th floor stacks) [Volume 2 includes a good discussion of various human rights issues.]

34. International Gay And Lesbian Human Rights Commission - resources, info better on US civil rights issues); links www.ll.georgetown.edu/intl/cals/asylumresearch onlineimmigration-related human rights research guides http://www.iglhrc.org/site/iglhrc/content.php?type=1&id=78

35. SSHL: Instruction & Help: Course Guide PS 138 of Europe human rights Web (intl Govt Org Country Reports on human rights Practices1993 to cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and http://sshl.ucsd.edu/instruction/guides/ps138.html

Political Science 138 - Politics of Human Rights Library Resources Resources on the Web Contact Library Resources PAIS International (Public Affairs Information Service) [UCSD Only] 1972-present. Lists articles, books and government publications on issues of public policy, including politics, government, economy, marine policy, and law. News Sources World News Connection [UCSD Only] 1994-present. Translations and summaries by U.S. government of international magazine, newspaper, and newswire stories, transcripts from speeches and radio and television broadcasts, and nonclassified technical reports. Worldwide Political Science Abstracts [UCSD Only] 1975-present. Research within the political science discipline and its complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration/policy. Search ROGER for books and journal titles in the UCSD Libraries, for example: Human Rights Quarterly CIA World Factbook Resources on the Web AAAS Science and Human Rights Program Amnesty International Amnesty International is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights.

36. E;Intl Civil Commission Meets With UN High Commissioner For Human To chiapas95@eco.utexas.edu; Subject E;intl civil Commission Meets with UN High CCIODHmet with Mary Robinson, High Commissioner of the UN for human rights. http://www.eco.utexas.edu/~archive/chiapas95/1998.08/msg00010.html

Date Prev Date Next Thread Prev Thread Next ... Thread Index E;Intl Civil Commission Meets with UN High Commissioner for Human To chiapas95@eco.utexas.edu Subject : E;Intl Civil Commission Meets with UN High Commissioner for Human From owner-chiapas95@eco.utexas.edu Date : Mon, 3 Aug 1998 21:28:43 -0500 (CDT) Reply-To chiapas@eco.utexas.edu http://www.pangea.org/ellokal/chiapas http://www.nap.cuhm.mx/nap0.htm General Director: Roger Maldonado Director Europe: Darrin Wood Coordinator: USA-Mexico-Europe: Susana Saravia (Anibarro) Advisory and support team: Mexico *When reproducing NAP's translations; please give credit* *NAP's team works on a volunteer basis and does not receive any funding from any source* To unsubscribe from this list send a message containing the words unsubscribe chiapas95 to majordomo@eco.utexas.edu. Previous messages are available from http://www.eco.utexas.edu or gopher://eco.utexas.edu Prev by Date: S;TRES COMUNICADOS DE COMUNIDADES, Aug 3 Next by Date: S;Intl. Civil Commission Meets with UN High Commissioner for Human Prev by thread: S;TRES COMUNICADOS DE COMUNIDADES, Aug 3

37. En;IPS,US On Amnesty Intl's List Of Rights Violators,Mar 27 Subject En;IPS,US on Amnesty intl s list of leadership in the field of human rightsand its many institutions to protect individual civil liberties, is http://www.eco.utexas.edu/~archive/chiapas95/1999.03/msg00470.html

Date Prev Date Next Thread Prev Thread Next ... Thread Index En;IPS,US on Amnesty Intl's list of rights violators,Mar 27 To chiapas95@eco.utexas.edu Subject : En;IPS,US on Amnesty Intl's list of rights violators,Mar 27 From owner-chiapas95@eco.utexas.edu Date : Sat, 27 Mar 1999 08:06:22 -0600 (CST) Reply-To chiapas-i@eco.utexas.edu http://www.eco.utexas.edu/faculty/Cleaver/chiapas95.html or gopher://eco.utexas.edu Prev by Date: En;Newswire,new Frederich Katz book on Pancho Villa,Mar27 Next by Date: Es;Jornada,Mitterand on Consulta,Mar 24 Prev by thread: En;Newswire,new Frederich Katz book on Pancho Villa,Mar27 Next by thread: Es;Jornada,Mitterand on Consulta,Mar 24 Index(es): Date Thread

38. OUP USA: Civil Liberties And Human Rights In England And Wales: David Feldman add to cart. civil Liberties and human rights in England and Wales. Apr2002 In Stock. Price $170.00 (04). S H $5.00 (US) $10.00 (intl). http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/HumanRightsLaw/?ci=0198765592&

39. OUP USA: Making Civil Rights Law: Mark V. Tushnet Price $72.00 (04). S H $5.00 (US) $10.00 (intl). Making civil rights LawMark V. Tushnet Price $30.00. Browse More Titles In human rights Law. http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/CivilRightsLaw/?ci=0195084128&

40. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES RELATING TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on civil and Political rights.Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of human rights provides Everyone is http://www.qrd.org/qrd/world/misc/intl.law.and.sexual.orientation

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES RELATING TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION - SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR THE U.S.A. INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948, sets out the principles which, together with the two International Covenants, form the International Bill of Human Rights. Many of the principles therein now arguably form part of customary international law. In addition, some states, including Canada, have ratified the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status... The phrase 'other status' also appears in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 2 of the latter Covenant provides: Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Where not already provided for by existing legislation or other measure, each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take the necessary steps, in accordance with its constitutional processes and with other provisions of the present Covenant, to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the present Covenant. Article 26 of the Covenant provides: All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protective against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE The Human Rights Committee is established by the ICCPR. The Committee reviews periodic reports submitted by States Parties to the Covenant in accordance with Article 40. The Human Rights Committee thus has competency to consider allegations of discrimination in any grounds, including the ground of sexual orientation, in relation to the rights provided in the Covenant. On occasion the Committee raises the issue of discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation when considering States PartiesU periodic reports, however the Committee has no systematic policy in this regard. Non-governmental organizations can bring specific issues to the attention of the Human Rights Committee when it considers these reports. In 1993 the International Lesbian and Gay Association, an international non-governmental organization representing the interests of lesbians and gay men everywhere, was granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. COMMUNICATIONS REGARDING SEXUAL ORIENTATION UNDER THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL Where a State has ratified the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, the Human Rights Committee may receive and consider communications from individuals claiming to be victims of violations of any of the rights set forth in the Covenant. The Committee has received such communications alleging discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation or preference. The Committee is currently considering a complaint by an Australian man that the laws criminalizing homosexual behaviour in the Australian state of Tasmania violate his rights under the Covenant. The communication has been ruled admissible, however a decision on the merits is not expected until early 1994. Nonetheless, the fact that the Committee has ruled the communication as admissible is in itself significant, whatever the eventual finding on the merits of the complaint. It would thus appear that sexual orientation is a prohibited ground of discrimination in the International Bill of Human Rights, and in particular under the two Covenants. There is also jurisprudence from the European Court of Human Rights to the effect that criminal laws prohibiting some homosexual acts violate the European Convention of Human Rights. This is a further indication of the development of international law in this area. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE U.S.A. The United States of America has ratified the ICCPR, but not the Optional Protocol thereto nor the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Sodomy laws still exist in about half the States of the U.S.A. The U.S.A. filed its first report due under the ICCPR in September 1993. It would be interesting to see if any mention was made of such statutes in this report, and how the U.S.A. views its international obligations when they impact on State as opposed to Federal jurisdiction. In any case, if and when the Human Rights Committee finds in favour of the complainant in the Australian case noted above, it will be even clearer that the U.S.A. is in breach of its international obligations under the Covenant. The time for another concerted lobbying campaign looks good for summer 1994. The Human Rights Committee decision should be out, the Gay Games will be held in New York, along with the Annual World Conference of the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) from June 25-July 3. ILGA is planning a march on the United Nations to highlight discrimination against gay men and lesbians around the world on June 26. David Patterson 12 November 1993

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