81. Voyageurs NP: The Environment And The Fur Trade Experience: 1730-1870 (Chapter 1 the highways of commerce throughout the fur trade era, and has remarked, the rivalry between the Hudson s bay company and the North West company was not http://www.nps.gov/voya/futr/ch1.htm

Special History: The Environment and the Fur Trade Experience in Voyageurs National Park, 1730-1870 Red River Expedition at Kakabeka Falls, Ontario. Frances Anne Hopkins, artist, 1877. (Courtesy of National Archives of Canada) Chapter One The Rainy Lake Region in the Fur Trade Geography of the fur trade Historians of the fur trade have shaped their material around three major themes. First, historians have interpreted the fur trade as an object of imperial rivalry, first between England and France and later between Britain and the United States, as these nations competed for possession of the North American continent. Second, historians have interpreted the fur trade as an incubus for three of North America's early corporate giants: Hudson's Bay Company, North West Company, and American Fur Company. Third, and most recently, historians have treated the fur trade as a system of cultural exchange between Europeans and Indians. For all three of these interpretive frameworks, geography provides essential context. To these two possibilities could be added a third. If the political history of North America had been different, the furs might have moved southward through the Mississippi Valley. The Rainy Lake Region was contested terrain in the fur trade largely because it was a key to all three geographic possibilities (

82. The Hudson S Bay Company In Oregon specified that any Canadian could trade in US trapped side by side with Astor s Pacific fur company. The Hudson s bay company was originally chartered by King http://www.endoftheoregontrail.org/road2oregon/sa04HBC.html

83. Fur Trade Bay the Hudson bay company; the Canadian Government offers the transformation of the Hudson s bay company, 18841891 A stranger to the fur trade Joseph Wrigley http://anomalies-books.net/Fur_trade_Bay.html

Home Search High Volume Orders Links ... Witchcraft and Sorcery Additional Subjects The KGB Against the "Main Enemy": How the Soviet Intelligence Service Operates Against the United States Little House on the Prairie - The Pilot Sugar Ray Caught in the Middle: Border Communities in an Era of Globalization ... Constance Harbison Featured Books Empire of the Bay: The Company of Adventurers That Seized a Continent Trudging through this book was a task, and not something I rather enjoyed. I believe if you are going to read something, you should enjoy it. And this... did nothing for me. If you want to know about Canada, or better yet, the Hudson Bay Company; the Canadian Government offers great links and information that was far more enticing then this novel. Written by Peter C. Newman Published by Penguin USA (Paper) (August 2000) ISBN 0140299874 Price $16.00 Trader, tripper, trapper: the life of a Bay man Very good boo Written by Sydney Augustus Keighley ISBN 092048638X Caesars of the Wilderness: Company of Adventurers Lovers of adventure, I implore you;read this book! I picked this one up on a whim several years ago and was completely awestruck! I could not put this one down to save my soul! Believe me, my friends, I would not steer you wrong on this one.

84. The Tudor And Stuart Port - About Maritime London - Port Cities size imageThree ships of the Hudson bay company off Greenwich What began as a simple fur trading enterprise evolved into a huge trading and exploration company. http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConWebDoc.476/Trade-and-expansio

UK Bristol Hartlepool Liverpool ... Southampton You are here:   PortCities London home About maritime London Text Only About this Site ... Feedback Explore this site About maritime London Early port Tudor and Stuart port 18th-century port ... Send an e-card The Tudor and Stuart port Introduction Royal Dockyards and Trinity House Trade and expansion in the 16th century Trade and expansion in the 17th century ... View this story in pictures Trade and expansion in the 17th century New opportunities A replica of the Godspeed at Greenwich in 1985. © NMM During the 17th century, London's merchant adventurers continued to seek out new commercial opportunities. In December 1606, three small ships - the Susan Constant Godspeed and Discovery - sailed from Blackwall with the backing of a Company of Merchant Adventurers. They founded the state of Virginia in North America. That was 14 years before the Pilgrim Fathers set out from Plymouth. Here is a photograph of a replica of one of the ships, the Godspeed Landfall Virginia Captain John Smith. © NMM The expedition finally reached Virginia after four months at sea. The leader of the Blackwall party was Captain John Smith, who helped to set up a trading settlement at Jamestown.

85. Fort Union And The Upper Missouri Fur Trade of the EuropeanNorth American fur trade, formally initiated by the1670 English charter to the Hudson s bay company. the Red River that drains into Hudson bay. http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0602.shtml

Fort Union and the Upper Missouri Fur Trade Barbour, Barton H. Published by EH.NET (March 2003) Barton H. Barbour, Fort Union and the Upper Missouri Fur Trade . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. xvi + 304 pp. $34.95 (hardcover), ISBN: 0-8061-3295-7; $19.95 (paperback), ISBN: 0-8061-3498-4. Reviewed for EH.NET by Ann Harper Fender, Department of Economics, Gettysburg College. A visit to a reconstructed fur trade post usually takes today's visitor off frequently traveled major highways. Fort Union, reconstructed and opened in 1995, rises impressively above the upper Missouri River between Williston, North Dakota and Culbertson, Montana, far from congested roads. Barton Barbour's engaging history reminds readers that such forts were sited along the major transport routes of their time. The northwest to southeast flow of the upper Missouri/Mississippi Rivers gave relatively cheap albeit seasonal access from St. Louis to the upper plains region. Fort Union, near the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, dominated the fur trade of the upper Missouri from 1830 until 1867. Barbour includes a chapter on the business aspects of Fort Union trade, a story resembling similar material on the Hudson's Bay Company. After a quick but very informative history of the North American fur trade, Barbour examines details of Fort Union's construction. He provides numerous sketches of the post, as well as material from private diaries and from journals kept as part of business records. Not often covered in such histories, this chapter attends to both evidence and speculation about how, or if, the fort disposed of effluent associated with housing and feeding approximately three hundred persons.

86. Canadian Council For Geographic Education The new Hudson s bay company took over the North West company Later, in 1832, the company built Lower Fort Garry the focal point of the fur trade away from the http://ccge.org/ccge/english/teachingResources/rivers/tr_rivers_RRtraders.htm

Français About Sitemap Geography Links ... YUKON RIVER Red River - Traders Economic exchanges among First Nations Long before Europeans arrived, an extensive trade network already existed in North America. Native peoples of North America traded food supplies and special stones used to make weapons and tools. Obsidian from present-day British Columbia, for example, could be chipped to a cutting edge sharper than today's stainless-steel surgical tools. The nomadic bison hunters of Manitoba traded their hides for the corn grown by more sedentary communities in the present-day Midwest of the United States. While such trades were not essential to survival, since each side could have easily have been self-sufficient, the contact enlarged the products available to them and developed relations between the communities. Native peoples congregated periodically for trade fairs. Present-day Wyoming was the site of major continental trade gatherings which were as much social and political reunions as commercial events.

87. Civilization.ca - Oracle - Canadian Inuit History The Hudson s bay company and other trading concerns also began to take an active interest in the With the fur trade came the Royal Canadian Mounted Police http://www.civilization.ca/educat/oracle/modules/dmorrison/page02_e.html

QUICK LINKS Home page Educators Artifact catalogue Library catalogue Other Web sites Boutique SUBJECTS Main Menu History Cultures First Peoples Archaeology Arts and Crafts The Whalers Disease The Hudson's Bay Company, the Police, and the Church ... The Creation of Nunavut [ Page 2 of 3 David Morrison Canadian Museum of Civilization The Whalers In the 1850s, Europeans and Americans began to appreciate the commercial value of the Arctic's animal resources. The North Atlantic commercial whaling industry, operating out of Britain and New England, began large-scale operations in what are now Canadian waters, where they killed thousands of whales. They hired hundreds of Inuit to work on their ships as hunters and seamstresses. A huge range and quantity of manufactured goods entered Inuit society, everything from rifles and tent canvas to whale boats and flour. At the same time, the Pacific whalers, based in San Francisco, were expanding north through Bering Strait and then east along the Alaskan coast to the Mackenzie River. By 1890, they were well established at Herschel Island. Because of the much longer distances involved, the Pacific whalers routinely stayed over for the winter. The crews of up to 15 ships in a season became involved in local Inuit life.

88. N.W.Co. Fur Trade Licences was a major force in the fur trade between the The company was formed by Highland Scots, Loyalists resist the advances being made by the Hudson s bay company. http://www.trentu.ca/library/archives/89-1069.htm

TRENT UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES Fonds Level Description North West Company Fur Traders Licences TITLE North West Company fur traders licences fonds. 1789-1803. 1 folder. BIOGRAPHY / HISTORY CUSTODIAL HISTORY This fonds was in the custody of Jim and Bea Clark before it was donated to the Trent University Archives. SCOPE AND CONTENT This fonds consists of fur trading licences issued to traders by the North West Company. NOTES Title based on content of fonds. The records are fragile. Please use gloves while handling the records. Do not photocopy the originals. This fonds was donated by Jim and Bea Clarke. This fonds is in French. Restrictions: N Associated material located at the National Archives of Canada. For related records see: 95-1003.

89. The Museum Of The Fur Trade Maker; Some More Bits of Greenland History; trade Goods in M Morey; Look Before You Leap; The Hudson s bay company in the 1840s; Needles in the fur trade. http://www.furtrade.org/quarterly/vol21_30.php

Wednesday, June 09th, 2004 The Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly Volume 21: Numbers 1-4 Bound volume: $10 Those Board of Ordnance Indian Guns-Again! Pawnee Camp Equipage; A Letter by John W Williamson; An English Pattern Patchbox from Ft Union; The American Fur Company Source Material; Buffalo Tongues in the Fur Trade Old Ft Garry and the Red River Trade; “Those Board of Ordnance Guns-Again!-Supplement;” The Indian Department in Canada; Trade Combs Campbell Wampum; The Greenland Trade; A Brief History with Special Emphasis on Trade Guns; Collection Corner-Some Canadian Trade Horns Volume 22: Numbers 1-4 Single issues: $3 each The Southern Trade, A Slightly Different Story; Red Cloud's Mission to Crazy Horse, 1877; Collection Corner - T. Albright Rifle Silverwork for the US Office of Indian Trade; Cotas de Mallas and the Western Tribes; How Old is Machine Sewing?; Collection Corner-Deringer Percussion Rifle More British Hardware; Collection Corner-A Lead Bar from the Hanna-White Cabin; The Legacy of "Edward Warren" Trade Mirrors; Not-So-Old Rifles; The Wolfers

90. CheatHouse.com - The Hudson Bay Company ever s most powerful rival s rich fur trade s west sole trade and commerce that the company was to whose rivers and streams drained into Hudson bay they had to http://www.cheathouse.com/eview/41157-the-hudson-bay-company.html

There have been many fur trading posts, and different companies by many different people, but there is only one that has lasted as long, been the most powerful, and been as successful as the Hudson's Bay Company. The quest for the North West Passage started in 1576 by a man known as Martin Frobishe The Hudson Bay Company Note! The sentences in this essay are shuffled, making this essay unusable If you want to read the essay in it's original and proper state, click here. We use this page for our internal search engine, and it's not meant to be viewable. Social Sciences Home Essays [LOGIN] ... 1995-2004, Loadstone

91. Hudson's Bay Company - About Hbc - Our History The resulting ‘original six’ Hudson’s bay company department stores coffee, tea and tobacco were all lines that supplemented traditional fur and retail http://www.hbc.com/hbc/about/history/

Contact Us Store Locator Français About Hbc ... Our History Our History The Fur Trade Learn more about our history Its first century of operation found Hbc firmly ensconced in a few forts and posts around the shores of James and Hudson Bays. Natives brought furs annually to these locations to barter for manufactured goods such as knives, kettles, beads, needles, and blankets. By the late 18th c. competition forced Hbc to expand into the interior. A string of posts grew up along the great river networks of the west foreshadowing the modern cities that would succeed them: Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton. The Rise of Retail Diversification The growth of retail spurred Hbc into a wide variety of commercial pursuits. Liquor, canned salmon, coffee, tea and tobacco were all lines that supplemented traditional fur and retail and helped to establish a thriving wholesale business. Large holdings of land negotiated as part of the Deed of Surrender took the company into real estate. The sale of homesteads to newly-arrived settlers would later evolve into a full-scale interest in commercial property holdings and development. Shipping and natural resources, particularly oil and gas, were other important sidelines. Focus on Retail Learn more about our history

92. The Fur Trade The fur trade. During the 1600s, colonization began in canada. France established a colony along the St.Lawrence River particularly current day Montreal. It was carried on mainly by the French and http://www.angelfire.com/zine/linz/indexy.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" The Fur Trade During the 1600s, colonization began in Canada. France established a colony along the St.Lawrence River: particularly current day Montreal. It was carried on mainly by the French and Dutch who used the St. Lawrence, Mississippi and Hudson Rivers to penetrate inland. In over a period of 15 years, 4,000 settlers recruited exclusively from among the French Catholic population in France, marginalized people in France, Fille de Rois, Corrieur du bois, and slaves. The Fur trade was later developed into the Hudsons Bay Company. The Hudson's Bay Company is the one of the oldest merchandising company in the English speaking world, and played a profound role in the development of Canada. The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company were the two major fur trading enterprises to open up the wilderness that later become the country of Canada. At first, fur was not the most important thing that was traded. Then, around the year 1600, something happened: hats made from beaver felt became very fashionable. Everybody wanted one! At the same time, beavers were becoming extinct in Europe. When a group of merchants from St. Malo, France, heard about the supply of beaver in North America, they sent an expedition to the St. Lawrence River. There they met First Nations people, who arrived by canoe. They brought furs, which they eagerly traded for tools such as knives and iron pots.

93. The Hudson Bay Company: An Historical Overview Of Canada's Oldest Company infringement by other companies on their furs and to Eventually the predominantly French North West Trading and the English Hudson s bay company merged in http://www.canadianaconnection.com/cca/hudsonbayco.htm

for Canuck Quips, Trivia EH?, and updates... Name Email Address Confirm Email Radisson and Des Groseilliers were the initial men behind the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company. they were French but unhappy with France's pursuit of furs. They switched sides more than once through the years. Early indoor winter clothing consisted of a large moose skin lined with several other pelts, a layer of flannel, and three inner layers of cut up blankets. When the two trading companies merged they created the most powerful and expansive fur trading company in the world. Hudson Bay Company Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest chartered trading company in the world. Amazing to think it is still operating today. Of course a few things have changed over the years. The buyers don't have to travel in canoes and befriend and trade with Indians. The CEO doesn't have to oversee an operation that sends ships, people and supplies to a remote and dangerous new world. Somehow this retail giant has survived the challenges presented a hundred years ago and the economic ones faced in the past two decades of retail closures in Canada. Hudson Bay Company just keeps renewing and reinventing itself. In 1670, King Charles II granted a Royal Charter to a group of adventurers, bestowing the right to 1.5 million square miles of land. This was the birth of the Hudson's Bay Company. The company then set off to establish homes in the new world in order to protect their land, stop infringement by other companies on their furs and to appoint a Governor for all this land.

94. The Atlas Of Canada - British North America Circa 1823 only significant part of British North America outside the Hudson’s bay company control in that part of Mingan seigniory controlled by the company and in http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/preconfederation/britishnorthame

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Site Search Our Site Enter your keywords Explore Our Maps Learning Resources Home Explore Maps ... Pre-Confederation Canada (1740 and 1823) British North America circa 1823 British North America circa 1823 View this map Hudson's Bay Districts By 1823, British North America had been divided into a Northern and Southern Department. Each Department was subdivided into fur trading districts presided over by a governor appointed by and responsible to the London Committee. A council of chief factors and traders from each of the districts aided him. They were also appointed by the London Committee. Northern and Southern Departments [D] Click for more information , 63 KB Painting of Early Settlers Arriving at the Red River Colony, 1812 The District of Assiniboia, as the grant was called, was administered by a governor, first appointed by the London Committee in 1821, and a small council. Since Assiniboia lay within in the Northern Department, the governor of the latter Department was considered the more senior of the two. Both governors were responsible to the London Committee. Northern and Southern Departments [D] Click for more information , 8 KB Hudson's Bay Company store at Moose Factory, Ontario, with scales for weighing. Established in 1672 to 1673, it was the second trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company.

95. Cozy Up With A Canadian Icon company Point Blanket is named after canada’s first trading company, who occupied a vast parcel of land surrounding the Hudson’s bay from 1670. http://www.whereedmonton.com/Features/BackPage/6-92887.html

Cozy up with a Canadian icon The Hudson's Bay Company Point Blanket spans over 200 years by Kirsty Spence The legacy of Canada’s famed white wool blanket, known for its hallmark green, red, yellow and indigo stripes dates back to the late 1700s. The Hudson’s Bay Company Point Blanket is named after Canada’s first trading company, who occupied a vast parcel of land surrounding the Hudson’s Bay from 1670. Over the past two centuries, it has evolved from a staple good in the fur trade, to a fashionable outerwear line, to a popular souvenir, and also to luxurious home décor. The blanket began its ascent to icon status in the late 1700s when French and English traders used the Hudson’s Bay Company Point Blanket as a barter tool with First Nations peoples in exchange for their prized beaver pelts. The First Nations people used the blanket primarily as a garment and fashioned the durable wool blankets into capes and coats that weathered the rugged terrain and sub-arctic temperatures well. In 1779, French trader Monsieur Germain Maugenest placed the earliest documented order with a British textile firm for 500 blankets. Thomas Empson of Witney, Oxfordshire filled the order and remained the company’s main blanket manufacturer for roughly 60 years. The blankets were initially hand-woven by master craftsmen on handlooms, but the invention of modern machinery during the Industrial Revolution led to the mass-production of the blankets which in turn lowered the costs. Over the centuries the blanket has been manufactured in an array of colours including the traditional solid white, blues, reds and greens of the fur trade, to pastels tones, jewel tones, and earthy hues. However, the most recognized blanket is the “multistripe.” While the colour selection has varied over the years, the characteristic stripes and points remain constant. Standard blanket features include stripes varying in number, also known as bands, and “points,” indigo lines stitched along one side. Each “point” represents the size, weight and value of the blanket. During the fur trade, one point was equivalent to one high-quality adult beaver pelt. The much sought after pelts were used to make men’s top hats and coats and became currency. The blankets themselves were considered currency in some northern communities.

96. Literary Encyclopedia: Hudson's Bay Company interested only in maintaining its furtrading monopoly, and effort to settle the barren lands around Hudson bay. of operation did the company venture inland http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=521

97. A Brief History Of Fort Langley Fort Langley was part of a network of trading posts established by the Hudson s bay company on the Pacific Slope in Though its trade in furs was initially http://mypage.uniserve.ca/~gborden/fl-hist.htm

A Brief History of FORT LANGLEY ESTABLISHMENT Fort Langley was part of a network of trading posts established by the Hudson's Bay Company on the Pacific Slope in the early nineteenth century. Though its trade in furs was initially profitable, its main role became a supportive one including varied economic activities. It operated a large scale farm, initiated the famous west coast salmon packing industry and began B.C.'s foreign commerce. Fort Langley also blazed the first useable all-Canadian route from the coast to the interior and with its sister posts helped preserve British/Canadian interests west of the Rockies. It was an era when flag followed trade, and fur traders frequently acted as advance guards of empire. The first British interest was sparked by the rich supply of sea otter pelts brought back by mariners working the Pacific coast about 1793 and the abundance of fur collected by the North West Company in its exploration of the inland trade of the Pacific Slope from 1811. During his first visit to the Columbia District in 1824, Governor George Simpson of the Hudson's Bay Company worked out a plan to end American competition. He aimed by intensive hunting and underselling, to win control of the coast and the Columbia River region and to establish them as frontier zones to protect the company's valuable resources in the northern interior.

98. Hudson's Bay Company - Exploring Westward - 18th Century - Pathfinders And Passa The posts on Hudson bay were closer to the supplies of furs in the forests of the northern country, and company ships could sail with their cargoes of http://www.collectionscanada.ca/explorers/h24-1502-e.html

The Hudson's Bay Company Prince Rupert In 1670, and for many years to come, Rupert's Land was a great unknown to the Europeans who extracted furs from it. The HBC established a network of posts around the shores of Hudson Bay, but the Company was not interested in forming a colony, as the French had done beside the St. Lawrence River. It was interested only in trading for furs. The small wooden forts stood at the mouths of the important rivers, down which the Native people came in their canoes, bringing beaver skins to trade. In their competition with the French traders from Canada, the HBC had many advantages. The posts on Hudson Bay were closer to the supplies of furs in the forests of the northern country, and company ships could sail with their cargoes of trade goods right into the heart of the continent. The HBC did not have to spend large amounts of money building a colony, nor did they have to employ a large number of traders to travel inland. For many years company employees were content to remain at the posts waiting for the furs to come to them. Sections of the Saskatchewan River near Cumberland House, 1819

99. About The Hudson's Bay Company The Hudson s bay company, one of the oldest, still active for beaver pelts with the Cree near James bay. into a trading and exploration company that reached to http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/about/the_bay.html

HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY ARCHIVES A Brief History of the Hudson's Bay Company T he Hudson's Bay Company, one of the oldest, still active companies in the world, was almost 200 years old when Canada was created in 1867. Since its inception in 1670, the Company controlled fully one-third of present-day Canadian territory. That area, designated Rupert's Land, encompassed most of Northern Ontario and Northern Québec, all of Manitoba, most of Saskatchewan, the southern half of Alberta and a large part of the Northwest Territories. Control over this enormous domain was granted by Royal Charter following the successful voyage of the Nonsuch to trade for beaver pelts with the Cree near James Bay. What began as a simple fur-trading enterprise evolved into a trading and exploration company that reached to the west coast of Canada and the United States, south to Oregon, north to the Arctic and east to Ungava Bay, with agents in Chile, Hawaii, California, and Siberia; a land development company with vast holdings in the prairie provinces; a merchandising, natural resources and real estate development company and, today, Canada's oldest corporation and one of its largest retailers. It was not an uneventful progression.

100. The Hudson's Bay Company : National Maritime Museum its inception in 1670, the Hudson s bay company controlled fully beaver pelts with the Cree near James bay. into a trading and exploration company that reached http://www.nmm.ac.uk/site/request/setTemplate:singlecontent/contentTypeA/conWebD

Low graphics version Site map About us Contact us Search NMM Home Planning a visit What's on News ... Shop You are here: NMM Home Research / CLIWOC Go back one level CLIWOC Conferences Research opportunities ... Lectures The Hudson's Bay Company Logbooks from Arctic voyages Since its inception in 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company controlled fully one third of present day Canadian territory. Control over this enormous domain was granted by Royal Charter following the successful voyage of Nonsuch to trade for beaver pelts with the Cree near James Bay. What began as a simple fur-trading enterprise evolved into a trading and exploration company that reached to the west coast of Canada and the United States, south to Oregon, north to the Arctic and east to Ungava Bay, with agents in Chile, Hawaii, California and Siberia. In common with the Royal Navy officers, those of the HBC were also required to keep a careful record of their voyages and we are fortunate that so many of the logbooks of this enterprising Company have survived. Hudson's Bay Company logbooks The logbooks were kept on board all Company ships that sailed annually between London and their trading posts on the Bay. The usual route took them from the Thames Estuary up the east coast of the UK to Stromness in the Orkney Islands, where the Company’s servants and crew were embarked. From here they sailed round Cape Farewell in Greenland and entered the Hudson Strait south of Resolution Island. Once in the Bay the routes diverged either south to Moose Factory or to Churchill or York Factory.

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