41. Fur Trade Galbraith, JS 1977. The Hudson s bay company As a Imperial Factor. Innis, HA 1999. The fur trade in canada An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. http://www.eh.net/bibliographies/biblio/cehb/id26_m.htm

Fur Trade Brown, J. S. H. 1976a. Changing Views of the Fur Trade and Domesticity: James Hargrave, His Colleagues, and "the Sex". Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology Brown, J. S. H. 1976b. A Demographic Transition in the Fur Trade Country: Family Sizes and Fertility of Company Officers and Country Wives, Ca. 1759-1850. Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology Brown, J. S. H. 1980. Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Bryce, G. 1902. Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company Campbell, M. W. 1954. Her Ladyship, My Squaw. The Beaver (Autumn): 14-8. Campbell, M. W. 1973. The North West Company . Toronto: Macmillan. Campbell, M. W. 1983. The North West Company Carlos, A. M. 1981. The Causes and Origins of the North American Fur Trade Rivalry, 1804-1821. Journal of Economic History 41(December): 777-94. Carlos, A. M. 1982. The Birth and Death of Predatory Competition in North American Fur Trade, 1810-1821. Explorations in Economic History 19(April): 156-83.

42. The Hudson's Bay Company of department stores in western canada, the largest House, the warehouse of the Hudson s bay company in London became a center of the international fur trade. http://www.pcmaf.org/hudson.htm

The Hudson's Bay Company was an English corporation formed in 1670, when Charles II, king of England, granted a charter to Prince Rupert, his Bohemian-born cousin, and 17 other noblemen and gentlemen, thus giving them a monopoly over trade in the region watered by streams flowing into Hudson Bay. In the vast territory, which came to be known as Rupert's Land, their company also had the power to establish laws and impose penalties for the infraction of the laws, to erect forts, to maintain ships of war, and to make peace or war with the natives. The original capital of the company was about $220,000, a large amount of capital for the period. of approximately one million dollars. A monopoly so profitable could not long be maintained. Private trappers and even rival companies soon entered the field, penetrating from the Great Lakes far up the Saskatchewan River toward the Rocky Mountains. In 1783 a group of these speculators formed the North West Fur Company of Montreal and entered into fierce competition with the Hudson's Bay Company. During the following years the supply of fur-bearing animals was threatened by the slaughter of animals during the breeding season. Eventually, in

43. Civilization.ca - The Canoe: Portraits Of The Great Fur Trade Canoes the great canoes of the Canadian fur trade must be looked upon as canada is a canoe route The Hudson s bay company and the Canadian Museum of Civilization join http://www.civilization.ca/hist/canoe/can00eng.html

QUICK LINKS Home page Archaeology Arts and Crafts Civilizations Cultures First Peoples History Treasures Military history Artifact catalogue Library catalogue Other Web sites Boutique Portraits of the Great Fur Trade Canoes Canadian Museum of Civilization The great canoes of Canada's fur trade era opened up our nation's frontiers "Voyaging canoes played a crucial role in the economic, political, military, and missionary affairs of North America over a span of several centuries." Timothy J. Kent, Birchbark Canoes of the Fur Trade , vol. 1 (Ossineke, Mich.: Silver Fox Enterprises, 1997), p. viii. " . . . the great canoes of the Canadian fur trade must be looked upon as the national watercraft type . . . far more representative of . . . national expansion than the wagon, truck, locomotive, or steamship." E. Adney and H. Chapelle, Smithsonian Institution, 1983 Canada is a canoe route.

44. Parks Canada - The Fur Trade At Lachine National Historic Site Of Canada - Natur The famous governor of the Hudson s bay company, George Simpson, had built his the rare museums in Eastern canada commemorating the Canadian fur trade epic in http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/qc/lachine/natcul/natcul5_e.asp

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Planning Your Visit Search Enter a keyword: Introduction What's New Visitor Information History in the Making ... Site Management Contact Us The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site 1255 Saint-Joseph Boulevard Lachine Borough, Montréal, Quebec Canada Tel: (514) 283-6054 (winter) Fax: (514) 496-1263 (winter) Email: Lachine_cfl@pc.gc.ca Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site of Canada The Companies Coat of Arms for the North West Company © Old Fort Willian In the early 19 th century, the North West Company had become so powerful that three quarters of the furs passed through it, and therefore through the St. Lawrence Valley. The control exercised by the Hudson's Bay Company, located on the shores of Hudson Bay since 1670, was severely threatened, even though it had access to a shorter and less expensive route to England by Hudson Bay and Strait. Coat of Arms for the Hudson's Bay Company, 1921 © Hudson's Bay Company Archives / PAM HBCA Documentary Art P-237 (N8084) However, the increasing remoteness of the trapping lands and the brutal competition between the two companies at that time led to an increase in costs, so that the two rivals had to merge in 1821. So nearly all of the furs shipped to England would go through Hudson Bay leaving only 5% that passed in transit through the port of Montréal. However, Montréal had already started to diversify its economy. So other products such as timber and wheat replaced furs. This was also the era in which the Lachine Canal was dug to bypass the famous rapids located just upstream from the port of Montréal.

45. Parks Canada - Fur Trade At Lachine National Historic Site Of Canada - Activitie Exhibit about the companies © Parks canada / 182/PE/PR7/SPO00012. When you hear people talk about the fur trade, the Hudson s bay company probably comes to http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/qc/lachine/activ/activ4_E.asp

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Planning Your Visit Search Enter a keyword: Introduction What's New Visitor Information Activities ... Site Management Contact Us The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site 1255 Saint-Joseph Boulevard Lachine Borough, Montréal, Quebec Canada Tel: (514) 283-6054 (winter) Fax: (514) 496-1263 (winter) Email: Lachine_cfl@pc.gc.ca Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site of Canada Activities Virtual Tours on-line visit graphic © Parks Canada / Jean Audet / 182/00PR7/SPO-00011 Less than 30 minutes from downtown Montréal, The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site invites you to an enchanting spot along Lake Saint-Louis. Entering the old warehouse is like travelling back in time for nearly 200 years to relive the Canadian fur epic. Head off on the Fur Route By Master's Canoe Long Live the Companies! In the Voyageurs' Footsteps Head off on the Fur Route Exhibit about the voyageur © Parks Canada / 182/PE/PR7/SPO-00006 Touki the beaver mascot will be pleased to accompany you on this incursion into the Canada of the fur trade era. She will introduce you to the main actors of the fur trade: the famous voyageurs, those intrepid French Canadians who paddled and sang their way across the country, the bourgeois from Scotland and England who hired them, and the Amerindians with whom they traded. By Master's Canoe Another view of the exhibit about the Voyageurs © Parks Canada / 182/PE/PR7/SPO-00007 Are you ready to start your journey to the Northwest? The trading goods must arrive in Fort William before summer. A birchbark master canoe is stored away in the warehouse. Its builder, César Newashish, an Attikamek Indian from the Manouane Reserve, followed his ancestors' technique. No nails were used in the craft's construction. The strips of birchbark are sewn with watape or spruce root. The frame is made of white cedar. The entire canoe is waterproofed with spruce resin. Now all you have to do for your rendezvous in trading.

46. Ubcpress.ca :: University Of British Columbia Press This lively account of the unsung heroes of the Hudson s bay company provides new How To Order In canada, order your copy of fur trade and Exploration http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=1714

47. The Historic Fur Trade Three years after Simpson died in 1860, the Hudson’s bay company was sold of the HBC territory was surrendered to canada and the historic fur trade came to http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~reak/hist/fur.htm

The Historic Fur Trade The North American fur trade probably began as a supplement to the early shore-based fishing operations. Europeans were impressed by the quality of the furs in the possession of the natives they encountered and saw the potential for marketing such furs in Europe where supplies of good quality fur were becoming increasingly scarce. Native people, for their part, were interested in exchanging furs for European metal and cloth goods. The main impetus for the subsequent development of the fur trade as a major business, however, was a change in men’s headwear fashions in western Europe sometime in the late 16 th century. An enthusiasm for things Swedish led fashion-conscious men to favour a wide-brimmed felt hat of a type worn by Swedish military officers. Although other sources of fibre could be used, beaver fur was particularly well suited for processing into the high-quality felt needed to make this type of headwear. Shortly after 1600, French traders established posts in Acadia and on the St. Lawrence at Tadoussac and Quebec. Dutch traders about the same time began operating in the Hudson River Valley, establishing posts at Manhattan and what is now Albany. Thus began the rivalry between two great economic systems—the one based on the St. Lawrence, the other on the Hudson and the port of New York, soon to be joined by a third, based in London and gaining access to the North American interior by way of Hudson Bay. See

48. Alexa Web Search - Subjects > Society > ... > By Region > North America > Fur Tr and Hudson s bay company This is about the fur trade in canada and how it led to the exploration of the country and the formation of the Hudson s bay company. http://www.alexa.com/browse/general?catid=213016&mode=general

49. Encyclopedia: Hudsons Bay Company over the Indian trade, especially the fur trade, in the rivers and streams flowing into Hudson bay in northern the first director of the company, Prince Rupert http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Hudsons-Bay-Company

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #5 China has the most workers , so it's a good thing they've also got the most TV's Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Populous Most Militaristic ... More Stats Categories Agriculture Background Crime Currency ... Welfare Updated: Apr 04, 2003 Encyclopedia : Hudsons Bay Company Sponsored links: The Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest corporation in Canada and is one of the oldest in the world still in existence. In the 17th century the French had a monopoly on the Canadian fur trade. However, two French traders

50. Hudson's Bay Company The Hudson s bay men purposely trapped out beaver to stopped in Honolulu where a company post recruited thorughout the Northwest after their fur trade service. http://members.aol.com/Gibson0817/hbc.htm

Main History htmlAdWH('7002737', '234', '60'); Hudson's Bay Company Beaver fur was in great demand for European hatmakers. They pressed the thick underhair of beaver into a velvety, waterproof felt that lasted a lifetime. In 17th century London, beaver was so valuable the floors of hatter shops were scoured for lost hairs. Beavers were trapped to extinction in England by the 16th century but beaver pelts from eastern Canada and upstate New York made up the difference. Investors with a royal charter established the first Hudson's Bay Company (the Company) posts on Hudson Bay in 1670. They traded knives, axes, guns, and blankets to Indian trappers for hundreds of thousands of beaver pelts a year. For 150 years they kept up their trade, pushing further and further west. At first they only had to complete with freelance trappers. Then the well organized Montreal-based Northwest Company came in. Then came the American "mountain men" who trapped along the Missouri and into the Rockies. The last big prize was the Columbia river drainage basin. In 1811, John Jacob Astor established the first American posts there, but these were captured by the Northwest Company during the War of 1812. By then the U.S. and England had agreed to jointly occupy the Columbia region. But in 1825, the Company had built the fort at Vancouver determined to dominate the area. In 1816, Dr. John McLoughlin was serving as doctor to the Northwest Fur Company, when a skirmish broke out between Northwest and Hudson's Bay Company. Some Indians were blamed for the murder of Robert Semple, governor of the Red River colony. McLoughlin knew they were innocent so handed himself over as a representative of the Northwest Company so they could have someone to blame. Instead he was arrested for the murder. While crossing Lake Superior, his arrestors' canoe collapsed and many drowned. McLoughlin almost died himself. This was supposedly when his hair turned white over night. He was tried on October 30, 1818, but all blame was dismissed. In 1919, he helped negotiate the merger between Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Fur Company. He was temporarily promoted to the Lac la Pliue district when the merger happened in 1820-21, bringing their total to 173 posts stretching nearly 3 million square miles.

51. The Hudson's Bay Company - Canadian Confederation but its activities no longer related to the fur trade. with the settlers of the Canadian Prairies was on this basis that the Hudson s bay company developed its http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-2964-e.html

The Hudson's Bay Company From its inception, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) fought with the representatives of France in North America for control of the fur trade, sometimes taking up arms. After the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, the French were forced to recognize the authority of the Company on the territory of Hudson Bay. Following the Treaty of Paris of 1763, French developers left North America and were replaced by English businessmen from Montreal (North West Company) . From 1774 to 1821, the HBC carried out a vigorous policy of exploration of the North American territory. It set up trading posts in an area ranging from northern Ontario to the west coast of the continent. The fur trade was no longer as profitable as it had once been, however, and competition from the North West Company adversely affected its cost effectiveness. The two businesses merged in 1821, primarily to the benefit of the HBC. The HBC extended its hold on British North America by getting a renewal of its charter from the British Parliament. This charter granted the HBC a monopoly to operate in the territory. That is how it became the owner of Rupert's Land and the Northwest Territory until 1870.

52. The Fur Trade ... The Hudson's Bay And NorthWest Companies The Hudson s bay company was not competing well with the North West company in this By 1795, their share of the fur harvest was down to onefifth that of http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Atrium/4832/hudson3.html

Awards I won Aboriginal People Canada Page (Main) Provinces ... View Guest Book The Metis Nation, in partnership with trading firms in Montreal, established their own company The NorthWest Trading Company 116,000 square miles much of which is now Southern Manitoba. With the arrival of settlers in 1812 tensions began to surface and the Metis asserted their rights within the region. Click here to see a map of fort locations. The profits were so large from the fur trade with many nations vying for their share. On to the American involvement Go to Metis Main Page Go to to previous page Back to Alberta Back to Manitoba ... View Guest Book

53. Early Fur Trade the company failed financially and, in 1821, merged with the Hudson s bay company. See North West company. 1700 s, Russia began to develop the fur trade in the http://www2.worldbook.com/features/explorers/html/impact_early.html

The destruction of Indian America The fur trade Early fur trade Fur trade in the 1800's Effects of the fur trade ... Colonialism Early fur trade The earliest fur traders in North America were French explorers and fishermen who arrived in what is now Eastern Canada during the early 1500's. Trade started after the French offered the Indians kettles, knives, and other gifts as a means to establish friendly relations. The Indians, in turn, gave pelts to the French. By the late 1500's, a great demand for fur had developed in Europe. This demand encouraged further exploration of North America. The demand for beaver increased rapidly in the late 1500's, when fashionable European men began to wear felt hats made from beaver fur. Such furs as fox, marten, mink, and otter also were traded. In 1608, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain established a trading post on the site of the present-day city of Quebec. The city became a fur-trading center. The French expanded their trading activities along the St. Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes. They eventually controlled most of the early fur trade in what became Canada. The French traders obtained furs from the Huron Indians and, later, from the Ottawa. These tribes were not trappers, but they acquired the furs from other Indians. The French also developed the fur trade along the Mississippi River.

54. Alberta: How The West Was Young - Fur Trade And Mission History - Glossary century the company turned more and more to retail merchandising but kept up its northern fur trade operations until 1990. The Hudson’s bay company is now http://collections.ic.gc.ca/alberta/fur_trade/glossary.html

Fur Trade and Mission History: Glossary Fur Trade and Mission History Read Listen Sitemap Search Partners Help Archaeology and Pre-Contact First Nations and Métis Fur Trade and Mission History Home Email Us Feedback Heritage Community Foundation Glossary Beaver: The largest rodent in Canada, weighing anywhere between 15-35 kg, the beaver had a profound effect upon the exploration, development and history of the Canadian nation. Due to a demand for the beaver pelt as a textile material in Europe beginning in the 18th century, it was the beaver that sparked the extensive exploration of North America and provided the impetus for the establishment of the lucrative fur-trade economy that became the basis of the Canadian nation. The Beaver has, as a result, become a Canadian national symbol. Canoe: Small boat constructed of birch bark and cedar held together with tree roots and tar. Although it was designed and first used by the native populations of North America, the canoe became a very important means of transportation for early fur traders and explorers as well. The canoe has no standard size and, during the fur trade era, could range in size from 40 foot cargo vessels to smaller, sleeker 2-4 passenger versions which were much more efficient and maneuverable.

55. A Cultural Journey Back In Time York Factory made the first public sale of fur. of the traders that had a trade relationship with captured all but one of the Hudson s bay company posts along http://collections.ic.gc.ca/YorkFactory/furtrade.html

Home Search Project Team Contact ... Help The Past Culture The Fur Trade Early Fur Trade Traders Trade Posts Treaty Five ... Early Fur Trade During the late 17th century, a conflict began between the English and the French for colonial domination. The struggle was also for control over the fur trade industry. The explorers were attracted to Hudson Bay for the fur trading over the furs of animals such as fox, beaver and marten. The high demand in Europe was for beaver pelts, which were fashionable at the time as top hats. The economic potential and gain was responsible for Fort York switching hands between the French and the English during the 17th century. The Aboriginal people traded their furs that they had obtained either by hunting or trapping. During the winter they traded their furs for cloth, guns blankets and tools as well as luxury items such as tobacco and brandy. In the summer months, other Natives would travel great distances to the Hudson's Bay posts in Hudson Bay to trade with whomever occupied the posts at the time. In 1672 a man named Edward North at Fort York made the first public sale of fur. Later in 1682, Captain Zachary Gillam, would sail in a ship named the Prince Rupert, to the Nelson River. He had eighty men accompany him to establish a trade relationship with the Aboriginals along the Nelson River.

56. HUDSON Case side effects of the Northwest fur trade would undoubtedly the Euro American maritime traders were mostly Northwest was not colonized by the Hudson bay company. http://www.american.edu/TED/hudson.htm

CASE NUMBER: 113 CASE MNEMONIC: HUDSON CASE NAME: Hudson Bay Fur Trade in 1800s TED Case Studies Hudson Bay Company Fur-Trading in 1800s (HUDSON) IDENTIFICATION LEGAL CLUSTERS GEOGRAPHIC CLUSTERS TRADE CLUSTERS ... OTHER FACTORS I. Identification 1. The Issue For more than a half century the Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Nootka, Salish, and Chinook Indians spent much of their time hunting fur bearers and trading their pelts, especially the "blackskins" of sea otters, to Russian, British, and above all, American shipmasters. These pelts were traded for firearms, textiles, and foodstuffs. More and more land furs were traded on the Northwest Coast from the mid 1810's until the early 1840's, by which time the depletion of all of the fur bearers by over-hunting, the depression of the fur markets by civil strife or changing fashion, and the depopulation of the Indians themselves by disease and warfare had reduced the Northwest trade to insignificance. This trade had far reaching effects both physically and culturally to the Northwest Coast. 2. Description

57. Unit 4: The Canadian Fur Industry When the North West company and the Hudson s bay company joined in 1835, with it came the decline of the fur trading industry in canada. http://geogate.geographie.uni-marburg.de/vgt/english/canada/module/m2/u4.htm

Unit 4: The Canadian Fur Industry (Alfred Hecht) Teaching aim : Historically fur was one of the most important staples Canada had to offer. The examination of the history of the fur trade industry is almost identical with scrutinizing Canadian history. Today, fur is of much less importance. Nevertheless, it still plays a certain role in some areas and to some people, especially to the Natives. Keywords : Furs, fur trade, indigenous peoples, trade companies, Hudson's Bay Company, North West Company, trade posts, trade routes, waterways, trapper, export, import. About a century after the exploitation of fish began in Canada, a second natural resource increased in importance - fur. Demand in Europe for furs, especially beaver, was strong up to the early 1900s. To meet this demand, European trappers ] moved westward across Canada in search of the desired fur-bearing animals often entering traditional native Indian hunting and gathering territories. ] and Pierre Radisson ] were amongst the first Europeans to penetrate deep into the forest belt of the North in search of furs. In the process, the trappers also explored and mapped much of Canada's unique landscape. The French were instrumental in guiding the fur trapping empire through Montreal; the great North West Company was the main French organiser. In contrast, the British focussed their fur trading routes on Hudson Bay from which they shipped their furs to Europe ]. The British

58. Hudson S Bay Company Ends Its Fur Trade - Unforgettable Moments The Hudson s bay company began as a simple furtrading enterprise, but evolved into a huge trading and exploration company with agents around the http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-545-2740-20/that_was_then/politics_economy/hudso

After more than three centuries, the Hudson's Bay Company is getting out of the fur trade. The company was created in 1670 to trade animal pelts for goods at remote outposts across North America. But by 1991 the appetite for fur has pretty much dried up and The Bay is cutting its losses. It's a sad day for some 100,000 Canadians employed in the fur industry, but the anti-fur lobby is claiming a huge victory. Did You Know? Printer-friendly page Send this page to a friend The Story ... Send this page to a friend • The Hudson's Bay Company began as a simple fur-trading enterprise, but evolved into a huge trading and exploration company with agents around the world. Its numerous trading posts were fought over by English and French battleships until the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. As Canada became settled, the company gave up control of its land in the 1869 Treaty of Surrender and sold off much of the land it owned over the next 85 years. Previous Next Printer-friendly page Send this page to a friend • In the late 1800s the Hudson's Bay Company started opening department stores. The original six were founded in Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, Edmonton, Victoria and Saskatchewan. By 1978 The Bay had become the largest chain store in Canada. In 2003 it operates more than 500 stores, led by The Bay and Zellers chains. Previous Next Printer-friendly page Send this page to a friend • By the 1920s beavers were becoming scarce in the Canadian north and west and independent fur farms began to provide much of the fur stock, squeezing the Hudson's Bay Company out of the business. The Bay then got involved in conservation efforts and ran fur farms of its own. It also warehoused, auctioned and sold furs on consignment around the world.

59. HUDSONS BAY COMPANY Britain in 1763, numbers of furtraders spread over even to encroach on the hudsons bay companys territories combined into the North-West fur company of Montreal http://24.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HU/HUDSON_S_BAY_COMPANY.htm

HUDSONS BAY COMPANY HUDSONS BAY COMPANY , or the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudsons Bay,a corporation formed for the purpose of importing into Great Britain. the furs and skins which it obtains, chiefly by barter, from the Indians of British North America. The trading stations of the Company are dotted over the immense region (excluding Canada proper and Alaska), which is bounded E. and W. by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and N. and S. by the Arctic Ocean and the United States. From these various stations the furs are despatched in part to posts in Hudson Bay and the coast of Labrador for transportation to England by the Companys ships, and in part by steamboat or other conveyances to points on the railways from whence they can be conveyed to Montreal, St John, N.B., or other Atlantic port, for shipment to London by Canadian Pacific Railway Companys mail ships, or other line of steamers, to be sold at auction. An Order in Council was passed confirming the terms of the Deed of Surrender at the Court of Windsor. the 2~rd of june 1870. In 1872, in terms of the Dominion Lands Act of that year, it was mutually agreed in regard to the one-twentieth of the lands in the Fertile Belt reserved to the Company under the terms of the Deed of Surrender that they should be taken as follows: Whereas by article five of the terms and conditions in the Deed of Surrender from the Hudsons Bay Company to the Crown, the said Company is entitled to one-twentieth of the lands surveyed into Townships in a certain portion of the territory surrendered, described and designated as the Fertile Belt.

60. Royal Canadian Mounted Police History At that time in the Midwest, no border existed between canada and the United States. In 1869, the Hudson s bay company relinquished fur trading rights in the http://okok.essortment.com/canadianmounted_reqj.htm

Royal Canadian mounted police history Learn how a party of wolf hunters was inadvertently responsible for the creation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The Cypress Hills straddle the southern borders of the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta. For as many as 7000 years, the Hills were a winter Eden in the prairies for people of the time. Archaeologists have confirmed presence of at least four distinctive cultures. During the 1870's five different tribes were wintering in the Hills, including Assiniboine. bodyOffer(27059) At that time in the Midwest, no border existed between Canada and the United States. In 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company relinquished fur trading rights in the region. With that move, the only official authority in the region was removed. Essentially, lawlessness prevailed. The Canadian government of the day was anxious to establish sovereignty in the region and, indeed, from coast to coast. Americans were settling their prairies much faster than Canadians. North-south relations, primarily trade ties, were much stronger than East-West. By 1870 the Canadian government was planning a nation-wide railroad to counter this trend by bringing in a tremendous influx of settlers to inhabit the prairies. To achieve this objective required more than a railroad. The Canadian government recognized it would require the cooperation of natives, just as native cooperation had been required to make a success of the fur trade. Moreover, the rule of law, Canadian law, would be required to prevail if sovereignty was to be a reality.

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