1. Nearctica - Paleontology - Vertebrates - Mammals Vertebrates Mammals. Special Segments. Books about Vertebrate paleontology. General. Marsupials. Mammoths and Mastadons. Horses. Artiodactyla. Whales. hominids. GENERAL. Pleistocene Animals of the http://www.nearctica.com/paleo/verts/pmammal.htm

Vertebrates - Mammals Special Segments Butterflies of North America Conifers of North America Eastern Birds List of N.A. Insects Home Eastern Wildflowers General Topics Natural History Ecology Family Environment Evolution Home Education Home Conservation Geophysics Paleontology Commercial Organizations Books about Vertebrate Paleontology General Marsupials ... Hominids GENERAL Pleistocene Animals of the Midwestern U.S . Illinois State Museum. An excellent site on the Pleistocene mammals of the midwestern United States with a general introduction to the age and its animals and separate sections on mastodons, mammoths, dire wolfs, ground sloths, saber-toothed cats and some othe not so famous extinct animals of North America. Fossils of the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits . George C. Page Museum. The Page Museum is the museum located at the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. This wonderful site has extensive information about this famous Pleistocene locality along with information about the animals that became trapped in the pits, how the fossilization occurred, the museum, and much more. However the most fascinating part is on the various mammals that became caught in the asphalt including mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed cats, dire wolves, and more. Highly recommended. The La Brea Tar Pits . University of California at Berkeley Museum of Paleontology. An introduction to the La Brea Tar Pits, the fossil animals and plants that have been found there, and the history of the regions.

2. The Talk.Origins Archive Outline Fossils and paleontology. Human Evolution and Fossil hominids. Geology. The Age of the Earth Biology and the Living World, Fossils and paleontology, Human Evolution and Fossil hominids http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/outline.html

Site Outline [Last updated: April 26, 2004] Outline of the Outline The Talk.Origins Archive Where to Start Navigation ... Textbooks Outline of The Talk.Origins Archive The Talk.Origins Archive Where to Start Welcome to The Talk.Origins Archive The FAQ Must-Read Files Navigation Browse Index Search Other Links Updates What's New Feedback Post of the Month FAQ Submission Guidelines Evolution ( Browse The Evidence For Common Descent 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution Evidence for Evolution: An Eclectic Survey Evidence for Jury-Rigged Design in Nature Plagiarized Errors and Molecular Genetics Also See: Fossils What is Evolution? Introduction to Evolutionary Biology What is Evolution? Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution Macroevolution ... What is Darwinism The Process of Evolution The Modern Synthesis of Genetics and Evolution Introduction to Evolutionary Biology The Evolution of Improved Fitness: By Random Mutation Plus Selection Are Mutations Harmful? ... Punctuated Equilibria Speciation Observed Instances of Speciation Some More Observed Speciation Events Evolution and Chance Genetic Drift ... Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computation Also See: Biology and the Living World Fossils and Paleontology Human Evolution and Fossil Hominids Creationism, Anti-evolutionism, and Anti-Darwinism (

3. Early Pleistocene Hominids-China Culotta, E. 1995. Asian hominids grow older known hominids in Java, Indonesia. Science 263111821. Tattersall, I. 1986. Species recognition in human paleontology http://www.cruzio.com/~cscp/art1.htm

Implications of New Fossil Material Attributed to Plio-Pleistocene Asian Hominidae Dennis A. Etler* Introduction The recent description of fossil material attributed to an early form of Homo from Longgupo cave in Sichuan, China (Huang et al. 1995) raises new questions about the role Asia played in the evolution of the modern Hominoidea. On the one hand it refocuses attention on the fossil record of Asian Mio-Pliocene hominoids such as Sivapithecus Ramapithecus and Lufengpithecus and the role they played, if any, in human phylogenesis. On the other hand it reopens questions about early hominid dispersal patterns and the evolutionary emergence of particular hominid taxa. Longgupo, Wushan, Sichuan The Longgupo remains, which consist of a fragmentary mandible and an isolated incisor, are dated between 1.8-2.0 MYA and regarded by their Chinese discoverers and American colleagues as too primitive to be considered H. erectus (Huang et al . 1995). Wood and Turner (1995) concur, suggesting they most likely represent an early form of Homo , such as H. habilis

4. Mammals And Evolution - Pictures Of Extinct Mammals, Fossiles, Skulls, Paleontol PHOTOVALET (tm) Enter search term, Animals paleontology; Mammals and Evolution Extinct hominids, Images by Wernher Krutein and PHOTOVAULT. http://www.photovault.com/Link/Animals/Paleontology/Mammals/APMVolume01.html

PHOTOVALET (tm) Enter search term Animals: Paleontology; Mammals and Evolution - Extinct Hominids, Images by Wernher Krutein and PHOTOVAULT T his page contains samples from our picture files on Paleontology; Mammals and Evolution . These photographs are available for licensing in any media. For Pricing, General Guidelines, and Delivery information click here . You may contact us thru email or by phone for more information on the use of these images, and any others in our files not shown here. You may also use our search engine PHOTOVALET (tm) to find other images not found on this page. Please do not ask us or email us for free use of these images or for free information! Included in the Vault are images of: Fossils, Primate (Smilodectes gracilis) Rodent (Epigaulus hatchen) Carnivoran (Smilodon californicus) Dire Wolf (Canis dirus) See also: PALEONTOLOGY Paleontology; Amphibians Paleontology: Fish Paleontology; Birds ... Paleontology; Invertabrates Paleontology; Mammals Paleontology; Worms INSECTS Ants Bees ... Fish-Sea Water Click on any of the thumbnail images below to view an enlarged photo . . . . . Back to Category listings.

5. Paleontology - Updated April 2 1999 This category contains sources that could be more tangential, but would includethe great antiquity of homo sapiens and other hominids as well as other http://www.geocities.com/sunkenciv/paleontology.html

March 9 1999 This category contains sources that could be more tangential, but would include the great antiquity of homo sapiens and other hominids as well as other paleontological and archaeological topics. I'm not a Theosophist or follower of Theosophy, but I have no hostility toward those views even though I reject them. This category will contain conventional as well as controversial sources. I eliminated the little-used separate Archaeology page and put its two entries here (Feb 10 1999). See the new Catastrophism section in the Bookshop See the new Miscellaneous section in the Bookshop for additional titles. At a local bookstore I noticed Earth Under Fire; Humanity's Survival of the Apocalypse by Paul LaViolette . It was in the Metaphysics section. It pertained to a pre-cataclysm civilization so it looked like it might be interesting. I'll be looking for a used copy at some point in the future, but the first thing I noticed was his reference to Atlantis as a metaphor - the ice ages were ending, and there were great waves from the melting ice which were remembered as great armies invading everyone. How tiresome. Another uniformitarian take on a catastrophic event. In another chapter, in reference to the K-T boundary events, LaViolette wrote that for most of the species that perished at that point "extinction was terminal." Do tell. The dust jacket claims that the author is a scientist who made some predictions about high energy gamma rays that have since proved true. This book seems to be quite disappointing.

6. Dino Land's Travels In Paleontology: Lungamente Vive Il Dinosaurio In Italia. American museums the Florence Museum of Geology and paleontology’s exhibits paleontologistLorenzo Rock believes this fossil proves that hominids evolved due http://www.geocities.com/stegob/italy.html

DINO LAND TRAVELS IN PALEONTOLOGY LUNGAMENTE VIVE IL DINOSAURIO IN ITALIA By Steve Brusatte Italy's first dinosaur discovery-Scipionyx, the amazing little theropod with organ imprints! Lungamente vive il dinosaurio il Italia? For those of you who understand Italian, you realize that this means "long live the dinosaur in Italy." How can this be? The boot country’s first reported dinosaur discovery in its long history was announced earlier this year, and its second was just found in Trieste, a city near the Yugoslav border. Despite the fact that the history gluttoned Italians boast only two dinosaur discoveries (although the first, Scipionyx, is complete with rare organ imprints) they love the terrible lizards-and paleontology in general, that is. This last July I had the exciting opportunity to visit Italy. My parents were married 20 years ago, in 1979, and for an encore of their original European honeymoon they planned a trip to Spain. This fell through, which worked out for the better, as we were able to travel to the land of our cultural heritage-Italy. From the second I heard about the trip I was destined to make the anniversary trip-which I was lucky to be taken along on-into a full-fledged paleontological extravaganza! Although I didn’t get to accomplish every goal, the trip provided a worthwhile experience in paleontology! On July 15 my family and I left Chicago’s O’Hare Airport (where, by the way, you are able to view a cast of the Field Museum’s Albertosaurus skull if you are lucky enough to maze through the busy crowds and long lines to find it). 8 hours later we landed in Zurich, Switzerland. In our one day in Zurich I decided not to drag my family to any dinosaur exhibits, but instead to wait a bit, for a few days, until we reached Florence. Instead, the wait lasted much shorter than I expected, and it was my father, not me, who noticed the first paleontological hot spot.

7. WWW Virtual Library: Anthropology: Specialized Fields: Paleontology and the timeline that has been built up of the origins of hominids to the Universityof Texas Vertebrate paleontology Radiocarbon Laboratory 0.00 (Added Jun http://vlib.anthrotech.com/Specialized_Fields/Paleontology/

This site uses javascript. Please turn it on. Careers Forum Library Members ... Contact Us Enter Keywords: All Categories This Category ONLY Advanced Search Search Tips FAQs Help ... Specialized Fields Paleontology Sub-Categories: Dinosaurs Fossils Organizations Suggest Category Links: Atapuerca, a Human Heritage Site Added: Jan. 13, 2002 Modified: Jan. 13, 2002 Hits: Votes: Rating: Found at: http://www.ucm.es/info/paleo/ata/english/ See Details about this Link Bookmark It! Nominate It! Rate It! ... epalaeontology.com Added: Mar. 01, 2004 Modified: May 04, 2004 Hits: Votes: Rating: Paleontological web-portal, presenting articles, news, links, forums and other resources to the paleontological community. In Italian and English. Found at: http://www.epalaeontology.com/html/ See Details about this Link Bookmark It! Nominate It! Rate It! ... Human Evolution Added: Aug. 17, 2002 Modified: Aug. 17, 2002 Hits: Votes: Rating: Explore human evolution from our ape ancestors, studying hominids like the Australopithecines and the Neanderthals and looking at our technological pr... Found at: http://www.ecotao.com/holism/huevo/

8. Fossil Hominids Themes Science paleontology / Paleozoology Paleozoology Fossilhominids. ..Fossil hominids, ..Palaeoanthropology. ..Oldest http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Paleontology/Paleozoology/FossilHom

Themes Science Paleontology / Paleozoology Paleozoology Fossil Hominids Fossil Hominids Palaeoanthropology Oldest Humanlike Fossils Found in Ethiopia Paleoanthropology: an exact science? ... Picture Gallery of Fossil Hominoids and Hominids...

9. Strange Science: Timeline Timeline of important events in paleontology and biology. chronicles some of the major events in the history of paleontology and biology Lucy's discovery establishes that hominids walked upright before developing large brains, overturning http://www.strangescience.net/timeline.htm

This (by no means comprehensive!) list chronicles some of the major events in the history of paleontology and biology. Other significant events appear in purple type. 610-425 BC-Philosophers Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoras, Xenophanes and Herodotus propose that marine fossils found inland lived in the sea, and that the now dry land was once underwater. This correct supposition will be forgotten for centuries. c.400 BC-Herodotus relates the griffin myth. (The myth is probably inspired by Protoceratops and Psittacosaurus remains.) c.78-Pliny the Elder publishes a 37-volume natural history encyclopedia. Containing both accurate and inaccurate information, it will become the basis of many scientific disciplines. 150-The physician Galen travels from Turkey to Alexandria to study anatomy. Galen will establish the concept of humors (phlegm, blood, black bile and yellow bile) that determine both health and personality. Belief in these four humors will dominate medicine and biology for many centuries. c.180-Pausanias records a description of the skeleton of the hero Ajax. (It is probably a fossil mastodon or rhinoceros.)

10. Picture Gallery Of Fossil Hominoids And Hominids From China Themes Science paleontology / Paleozoology Paleozoology Fossil hominids Picture Gallery of Fossil Hominoids and hominids from China. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Paleontology/Paleozoology/FossilHom

Themes Science Paleontology / Paleozoology Paleozoology ... Fossil Hominids Click on Image to See Enlarged Photograph (Updated Sept. 25, 1996) The specimens depicted here (no enlargement available) are lower jaws of Eosimias centennicus one of a growing number of diverse primate taxa from Eocene deposits scattered throughout eastern and central China. These minute specimens (little larger than a Lincoln head cent) have features that clearly align with the higher, anthropoid rather than lower, prosimain primates. Dated approximately 45 million years ago these and similar Chinese fossils push higher primate origins back several million years and out of Africa into Asia. The presense of primitive higher primates such as Eosimias in China 45 million years ago supports the hypothesis, as purported by Ciochon and Etler, that the split between the three major divisions of living primates (i.e. lemurs, tarsiers and anthropoids) occurred even earlier, perhaps in the late Paleocene or early Eocene (see Ciochon and Etler 1994 for details). The lower jaw depicted here, from Lufeng, Yunnan, was initially attributed to

11. Questia Online Library - New Search We searched for paleontology OR paleontologist and found 1768 total results Mammoths, Sabertooths, and hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keyword

12. Paleontology Links paleontology Glossary USGS; Phylogeny Biodiversity Endangered Species; Phylogeny; ABibliography - Geographical Distribution of Reptiles Amphibians; hominids http://www.geology.iupui.edu/classes/g304/Links.htm

PaleoLinks Topics in Paleobiology Adaptation and Functional Morphology Biomechanics of Eurypterids Computational Paleontology Morphometrics - State University of New York @ Stony Brook Shell Coiling - Interactive Simulations: Raup's analysis comes alive! Virtual Reality Fossils - Natural History Museum, London Darwin Day Program - with links Darwinia - Online source for information on Charles Darwin The Alfred Russel Wallace Page- his ideas on natural selection, zoogeography, biodiversity, and more Evolution Links - Univ. of Toronto Evolution Links - Harvard Univ. Evolutionary Theory Evolution vs. Creation Debate Creationist Geologic Time Scale - An Attack Strategy for the Sciences Evolution vs. Creationism Understanding Evolution - A website for teachers - U. Cal. Berkley Extinctions Cretaceous Impact Cycles Mass Extinctions of the Phanerozoic Recoveries From Mass Extinctions Genetics and Development DNA From the Beginning - A primer on the basics of DNA, genes, and heredity.

13. Science -- Lockwood Et Al. 283 (5398): 9 Endocranial Capacity of Early hominids. With the use of computed tomography (CT), Glenn C like other forms of measurement in paleontology, are inaccurate unless all sources of http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/283/5398/9b

Science , Vol 283, Issue 5398, 9 , 1 January 1999 Abstract of this Article PDF Version of this Article ... Download to Citation Manager Alert me when: new articles cite this article Search for similar articles in: Science Online ISI Web of Science Search Medline for articles by: Lockwood, C. A. Tobias;, P. V. Search for citing articles in: ISI Web of Science (2) This article appears in the following Subject Collections: Paleontology [DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5398.9b] Previous Article Table of Contents Next ... Article Endocranial Capacity of Early Hominids With the use of computed tomography (CT), Glenn C. Conroy et al. ) estimate that the endocranial capacity of the Australopithecus africanus specimen Stw 505 is 515 cm . From this result, they reason that because previous estimates for apparently smaller crania are similar to or higher than that for Stw 505, the necessary downward readjustment of these capacities would require a reevaluation of early hominid brain evolution. We would like to revisit Stw 505 itself.

14. New Scientist Web Links Field Adventures in paleontology Enthusiastically written site by a Palaeontologist ofpalaeontology, it accompanies us from the first hominids discovered in http://www.newscientist.com/weblinks/categories/palaeontology1.jsp

15. Howcomyoucom.com Links More Evolution Related Links. hominids. The field of science which studies the human fossil record is known as paleoanthropology. It is the intersection of the disciplines of paleontology and http://www.howcomyoucom.com/MoreLinks.htm

Links Checked: January 4, 2001 More Evolution Related Links Related sites: Fossil Hominids The field of science which studies the human fossil record is known as paleoanthropology. It is the intersection of the disciplines of paleontology (the study of ancient lifeforms) and anthropology (the study of humans). Hominid Species Skeptic Magazine General Anthropology African Pliocene and Pleistocene hominids ... Biodiversity and Conservation: A Hypertext Book by Peter J. Bryant The National Health Museum Burgess Shale fossils Evolution and the Nature of Science Institutes (ENSI) Introduction to Ichnology ... William Calvin's Books and Articles National Geographic In Search of Human Origins Lords of Copan: Exploring a Maya necropolis Return of the Looted Treasures Revisit the Tomb of Tutankhamen ... Xpeditions Other Human Finds History of Egypt Egyptian Mythology Egyptian Kings Pyramids ... Smithsonian Institute Human Origins Program Related newsgroups: talk.origins sci.anthropology.paleo Further Studies: Animal health, wellbeing, and rights Chemistry Environment History of Science, Technology and Medicine ... Back to Homepage

16. Laura Lee News - Fossils May Be Earliest Human Link of hominids, the paleontology at the University of California at Berkeley said the state of development of the fossil teeth included strong clues that the individuals were indeed hominids http://www.lauralee.com/news/fossillink.htm

SEARCH All Audio Books Audio on Demand Books Audio Interviews Music Newsletters Videos Home News Contact Us On Demand Audio ... Choose a Show Fossils May Be Earliest Human Link By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD New York Times Fossil fragments classified as Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba at the National Museum of Ethiopia. The hand at the bottom right holds a fragment of collar- bone. Scientists say the presence of primitive dental and bone characteristics in the fossils indicates that the species might be the ancestor of both chimpanzees and humans. In Ethiopian fossil hunter has found the bones and teeth of forest- dwelling creatures who lived as much as 5.8 million years ago, a discovery that appears to challenge some assumptions of early human evolution and extend knowledge of the family tree back close to its roots. The fossils are the remains of creatures who apparently walked upright. They are more than one million years older than any other fossils definitively established as those of hominids, the group of species that includes humans, their direct ancestors and close relatives. The new find, described in today's issue of the journal Nature, is especially intriguing to paleontologists because the bones appear to be so primitive and apelike and their ages, 5.2 million to 5.8 million years old, put them close to the fateful evolutionary split between the lineage leading to modern humans and the one that produced chimpanzees. Molecular biological studies indicate that the divergence occurred 5.5 million to 6.5 million years ago.

17. Exhibits Vertebrates Paleontology Earth Sciences Vertebrate paleontology and Evolution Carroll, Robert L. Learn about Vertebratepaleontology and Evolution Mammoths, Sabertooths, and hominids Jordi Agusti http://earth-sciences.designerz.com/earth-sciences-paleontology-vertebrates-exhi

Map.Designerz.com Science.Designerz.com Earth Sciences News Earth Sciences Chat ... Earth Sciences Site Map Channels Visited Clear Featured Links Web Hosting Designerz Portals Store Science.Designerz.com Sign up for our mailing list ... Earth Sciences A comprehensive resource on Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Exhibits Show Earth Sciences (Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Exhibits) content on your web site Reach Earth Sciences (Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Exhibits) Audience Save on Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Exhibits books, magazines and software See which Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Exhibits domain names are available Search Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Exhibits on other search engines Press Releases, Stories and Articles on Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Exhibits Ecology Services Consultant Ecologists Ecology Services Limited is an environmental consultancy, based in Lancashire, North West, UK. ... Press Release by Ecology Services View all press releases Submit your press release View all articles Submit your article Featured Results (opens in a new window) Fossil Fish Exhibit Sharks and Green River Shale fish.

18. Artiodactyla Mammals Vertebrates Paleontology Earth Sciences paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla Books. the Indians Kurten, Bjorn Learnabout Before the Indians Mammoths, Sabertooths, and hominids Jordi Agusti http://earth-sciences.designerz.com/paleontology-vertebrates-mammals-artiodactyl

Map.Designerz.com Science.Designerz.com Earth Sciences News Earth Sciences Chat ... Earth Sciences Site Map Channels Visited Clear Featured Links Web Hosting Designerz Portals Store Science.Designerz.com Sign up for our mailing list ... Earth Sciences A comprehensive resource on Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla Show Earth Sciences (Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla) content on your web site Reach Earth Sciences (Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla) Audience Save on Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla books, magazines and software See which Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla domain names are available Search Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla on other search engines Press Releases, Stories and Articles on Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals Artiodactyla Ecology Services Consultant Ecologists Ecology Services Limited is an environmental consultancy, based in Lancashire, North West, UK. ... Press Release by Ecology Services View all press releases Submit your press release View all articles Submit your article Featured Results (opens in a new window) Leptomeryx Morphometrics Summary of a post-doctoral project that measured various features of the North American artiodactyl.

19. ENSI/SENSI Papers & Articles:Hominid News SOME MAJOR RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HOMINID paleontology. by many of the key workers,by Ann Gibbons Becoming Human In Search of the First hominids. Science. http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/paphom.c.html

Return to Papers and Articles SOME MAJOR RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HOMINID PALEONTOLOGY Science Article Summary for ENSI by Craig E. Nelson 6 March 2002 [Summary and diagram available in pdf format; see bottom of page] SOME MAJOR RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HOMINID PALEONTOLOGY Article Summary for ENSI by Craig E. Nelson 6 March 2002 In the last two years, several new discoveries have been announced, and some described, that radically increase the Hominid materials available from Africa from 3.3 to 6 million years ago. These were summarized, with comments by many of the key workers, by Ann Gibbons ["Becoming Human: In Search of the First Hominids ." Science . 15 Feb. 2002. = vol 295, p. 1214-1219.] Gibbons' article includes a nice time-line, a map of the localities and figures of some of the key fossils. The following material is summarized, paraphrased and quoted from Gibbon's article. Six points deserve special emphasis: It has commonly been thought that bipedal posture may have evolved as a response to more open habitats produced by climatic drying. However

20. The Loom: A Science Blog About Evolution, Paleontology, Biotechnology, Neuroscie Scientists suspect that hominids were using these simple stone axes to hack It surveysnew research on evolution, paleontology, and comparative biology and http://www.corante.com/loom/

About Us Buy Reprints Advertise Contact Us ... Services June 03, 2004 No Press Releases, Please A press release turned up in the comments for a couple of my posts. While that's not as bad as Viagra-ad spam, it's not in the spirit of blogosphere. If you post a press release, it will be deleted. Post a comment in your own words, and it will stay. Permalink Comments (0) Related Entries Email this entry Battle of the Hole Punchers One of the most exciting lines of research in evolution today is how parasites have become so good at making us sick. A case in point appears in the latest issue of Genome Biology (full text of paper here ). It appears that parasites have stolen one of our best lines of defense and now use it against us. When bacteria or other pathogens try to invade our bodies, we marshall an awesome system of biochemistry to ward them off. Recently, a group of French and German molecular biologists took a look at a key piece of that system, a molecule studding the surface of our cells called alpha-2-macroglobulin. Parasites penetrate a host cell by releasing enzymes that can punch a hole through the cell wall. But alpha-2-macroglobulin can snag these enzymes before they do damage, tucking them away in a cage where they can be destroyed. It is now clear that the common ancestor of all animals on Earth evolved an ancestral version of alpha-2-macroglobulin, which was then passed down and gradually altered over a billion years of animal evolution. But the European researchers found some surprises as they hauled up their genomic nets. They found many versions of the alpha-2-macroglobulin gene in bacteria as well. Not in all bacteria, mind you, but in a wide range of species, most of which live inside animals. When the researchers looked at a family tree of bacteria, the ones carrying versions of alpha-2-macroglobulin were scattered across its branches. In many cases, their closest relatives lacked the gene.

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