21. Computer And Internet History Technology Behind It An extensive collection of links to information on the history of computers, the web, the computer companies, and Silicon Valley itself. http://www.imagescape.com/helpweb/history/background.html

The History of the Computers and the Internet ...or How the Heck did this stuff get started anyhow? "If someone says ' can't ,' that shows you what to do." Sites Relating to the History of Computing Smithsonian Computer History The Smithsonian Computer History Section includes an on-line slide show of their "Information Age" exhibit and the text of oral histories they are collecting from people who are the innovators of the computer era. The Virtual Museum of Computing The virtual museum is a collection of links to information about computers and computer history. A very detailed index indeed. Chronology of Personal Computers "This document is an attempt to bring various published sources together to present a timeline about Personal Computers." The History of Silicon Valley A short history of the computer industry in Silicon Valley. History of Silicon Valley and the Technology Behind It An extensive collection of links to information on the history of computers, the web, the computer companies, and Silicon Valley itself. Computer Industry History Sites Relating to the History of the Internet Hobbes' Internet Timeline A nice compilation of the history of the Internet, complete with a chronological discussion and graphs showing the explosive growth is housed by the Internet Society.

22. Bernie Poole's Presentation On The History Of Computers http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/historyofcomputers_files/frame.htm

23. Bernie Poole's Presentation On The History Of Computers 15Sep-01 A Brief history of computers http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/historyofcomputers.htm

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24. Readings And Surfings: Techno-Cultural Media Resources TechnoCultural Media Resources 1. history of computers and Communications 2. Library Reference, Books, and Publishing 3. Media, Journalism, and Multimedia 4 http://www.duke.edu/~wgrobin/ethics/surfmisc.html

Introduction Assignments Schedule Discuss ... About Site Readings Required Texts Recommended Texts Relevant Periodicals Surfings Ethical Legal and Civic Techno-Cultural Media Voices ... Webinator Search Techno-Cultural Media Resources History of Computers and Communications Library Reference, Books, and Publishing Media, Journalism, and Multimedia Postmodernism, Interactivity, Cyberculture, and Art ... Technology: Cognition, Computers, and the Internet The definitive site for the topics on this page is Alan Liu 's Voice of the Shuttle VoS , Web Page for Humanities Research, particularly the Science, Technology, and Culture section. Therefore, I refer to the appropriate pages on Liu's site for the sections below and provide additional pointers relevant to this class. VoS History of Language Technology History of Sci-Tech Museums of Sci-Tech and Museums 1. History of Computers and Communications A. Computers and the Internet B. Media, Telecommunications, Science, and Technology A. Computers and the Internet Apple Timeline 1976-96, from Wozniak and Jobs to the corporation A Brief History of VRML : From Pipe-Dream to Practicality, in the Blink of

25. History Of Computers During 1980 To 1990 COMPUTER HISTORY History for 1980 1990. Year, Event. 1983, The QIC Standard becomes the first standard in the computer history for tape drives. http://www.computerhope.com/history/198090.htm

Search Other Pages Home Site map Computer help Dictionary ... What's new Tools E-mail this page Print Preview Edit this page B.C. COMPUTER HISTORY History for 1980 - 1990 Year Event IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system for a new PC. The pair buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template. IBM allows the two to keep the marketing rights to the operating system, called DOS IBM hires Microsoft to develop versions of BASIC FORTRAN COBOL , and Pascal for the PC being developed by IBM. Microsoft licenses Unix and starts to develop a PC version, XENIX. The programming language FORTRAN 77 is created. The first Tandy Color computer is introduced. AST is founded. FIC is founded. Iomega is established. Quantum is founded. MS-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981.

26. History Of Computers History. The evolution of the computer. In a sense computers have been evolving from the beginning. Life forms have been increasing http://www.scri.fsu.edu/~odyssey/cyberkids/computers/history/

History The evolution of the computer In a sense computers have been evolving from the beginning. Life forms have been increasing their information (Processing abilities. All senses are ways of receiving information. The eyes perceive a range of electro-magnetic rays; The ears respond to pressure in the air; The nose reacts to various molecules. This input is transmitted along nerve fibers to our Central Processing Unit-The Brain. After processing the input information (data) the brain sends signals (output) to such output devices as our voice (speech output) and muscles. Computing machines are much simpler than people to understand but the processes involved are very similar. 600-500 BC Abacus One of the earliest known calculating machines was the abacus. 650 AD The Numeral Zero The Hindus invented the written zero which led to the development of written decimal arithmetic. Written calculations did not begin in the western world until about 650 AD. The Hindu people in India invented a written symbol for zero, an essential step to doing written calculations. The concept of zero and place values was integral to the use of the abacus ( a zero value was represented by a bead in the down position), but, before a symbol for zero was introduced by the Hindus there could be no real decimal arithmetic calculation in writing. 830 AD The First Standard Mathematics Textbook The Indian mathematics spread to the Arabs. In 830 a Persian scholar named Mohammed Ibn Musa Abu Djefar wrote a standard text book on the subject of mathematics! He was commonly known as Al Khwarismi and the subject of his book was Al Gebr We'l Mukabala or Algebra for short!

27. Computer Industry History Computer Industry History. History History of Computing (The) Virginia Tech; history of computers at Grant MacEwan Community College; History http://www.elsop.com/wrc/h_comput.htm

About Products Free Trial Purchase ... Anti-Spam Info Computer Industry History [ History of: The Web The Computer Computer Companies People ... Twenty Five Years of the Microprocessor Unix History An incomplete history of the QED Text Editor - the ancestor of the Unix ed and vi editors Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System (The) First edition of the Unix Programmer's Manual, dated November 3, 1971 PDP Unix Preservation Society Home Page ... VisiCalc and Software Arts History Try a Free Evaluation Copy of our Product: LinkScan LinkScan is a website quality assurance tool that checks links and produces two types of SiteMaps using multi-threaded simultaneous processing that provides reports on HTML pages readable from any browser on any platform. Get a free evaluation copy Electronic Software Publishing Corporation (Elsop)

28. Internet Public Library: History Of Computers & Internet http//www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/frame_theorie.htm A narrative of Internet history, divided into five chapters The Development of Computers till 1960 s http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/hum30.03.30/

dqmcodebase = "/javascript/" Subject Collections Business Computers Education ... Social Sciences This collection All of the IPL Advanced Resources in this category: You can also view Magazines Associations on the Net under this heading. A Brief History of Algebra and Computing: An Eclectic Oxonian View http://vmoc.museophile.com/algebra/ A detailed history of algebra and computing that provides many hypertext links to the people and places that were important in its development. The author also includes many good resources to related sites and a list of print references with links where available. A Chronology of Digital Computing Machines (to 1952) http://www.davros.org/misc/chronology.html "The computer, as we now understand the word, was very much an evolutionary development rather than a simple invention. This article traces the sequence of the most important steps in that development, and in the earlier development of digital calculators without programability." The author also includes a bibliography of books he used in doing his research. Chronology of Personal Computers http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/

29. Internet Public Library: History Of Computers & Internet Home Magazines Computers and Internet Arts and Humanities History History by Topic Social Sciences history of computers Internet. http://www.ipl.org/div/serials/browse/hum30.03.30/

dqmcodebase = "/javascript/" Subject Collections Business Computers Education ... Social Sciences This collection All of the IPL Advanced No items were found.

30. The Virtual Museum Of Computing Computer Science history of computers links from Study Web. history of computers course material from North Carolina State University, USA. http://vmoc.museophile.com/

Virtual Library Museums Computing Pioneers The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC) Now accessible as: vmoc.museophile.org This virtual museum includes an eclectic collection of World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally and around the world. This museum opened on st June 1995 The museum receives about 200 visitors each day. Please contact Jonathan Bowen if you know of relevant on-line information not included here. Mirror sites are available in Sweden and USA courtesy of ICOM , and also elsewhere , including the UK , if you experience poor access speed. Automatic redirection to a mirror site is available. Selected recent additions and events Edgar (Ted) Codd (1923-2003), inventor of the relational database model, died on 18 April 2003. Roger Needham (1935-2003) died on 28 February 2003. Allan Bromley , who researched Charles Babbage 's drawings of the Difference Engine extensively in the London Science Museum archive, died in August 2002. This work led to the building of the Difference Engine No. 2

31. Statistics: Power From Data! History Of Computers Data and computers . history of computers. The history of computers, and the history of computers in education. 500 BC. Evidence of http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/power/ch4/history/computers.htm

Data and computers History of computers The history of computers, and the history of computers in education 500 BC Evidence of the abacus, the world's first calculating machine, exists from as far back as 2,500 years ago in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The earliest form of the abacus is a stone or clay tablet that uses pebbles for counting. Grooves are carved into the tablet and pebbles, representing numbers, are placed in these grooves. The pebbles can slide along the grooves from one side of the tablet to the other, thus allowing for easier counting. The abacus also helps ancient peoples perform simple calculations such as addition and subtraction. 1300 AD In 13th century China, the idea was to thread beads or drilled-out pebbles onto string or wires attached to a wooden frame. This becomes the basis for the modern-day abacus. Early 1600s John Napier, the Scottish inventor of logarithms and the decimal point, invents a hand-held device to help with multiplication and division. His device is known as Napier's Rods or Napier's Bones William Oughtred of England invents the Slide Rule . Unlike the slide rules of the future, his is circular in shape.

32. World History Compass, History Of Computers pictures. Computer History Collection Exhibitions, reference materials, interviews. Smithsonian National Museum of American History. http://www.worldhistorycompass.com/compute.htm

World History Compass Home Page New Links About WHC Support WHC Main Index General and International History Ancient Egypt Ancient, General ... Museums Search WHC Computers Center for the History of Information Processing Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Charles Babbage's First Difference Engine A comprehensive history of Charles Babbage's First Difference Engine with archival sources and many pictures. Computer History Collection Exhibitions, reference materials, interviews. Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Computer Museum Computer Science, University of Virginia. ENIAC Virtual Museum Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. University of Pennsylvania. History of Computing Main events in the history of computing since 1937. From MB Solutions. Hobbes' Internet Timeline Internet for Historians, History of the Internet A course outline by R.T. Griffiths, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Past Notable Women of Computing A number of biographies of pioneering women of computing. Resources and bibliographies. Yale University. The Software History Center The history of the software industry and the stories of its creative entrepreneurs and software developers starting from its beginnings in the 1950s.

33. History Of Computers Most information and pictures found here are courtesy of the Computers History Web Site , whose efforts in documenting these milestones are well appreciated. http://www.cyberiapc.com/cmphistory.htm

The Abacus Blaise Pascal's calculating machine The Reckoning Machine developed by Baron von Leibnitz Charles Babbage Herman Hollerith: Founder of IBM (Use of Punched cards George Stibitz built a digital calculator that displayed the result of the addition of two bits Atanasoff and Berry designed the first digital computer. The Atanasoff Berry Computer Konrad Zuse developed the first fully functional, automatic, programmable, general purpose, digital computer called Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper developed the MARK I , a electro-mechanical computer, used by the US Navy for serious calculations. J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly complete the ENIAC The first RAM is used John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and Wiliam Shockley invented the transistor John v. Neumann drafted a report on a stored-program computer (Neumann computer). This led to the construction of the EDVAC Jack S. Kilby developed the first

34. History Of Computers It uses material from the Wikipedia article History_of_computing. history of computers continued Search web or Kosmoi for history of computers . http://kosmoi.com/Computer/History/

EncycloZine Astronomy Biology Chemistry ... Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround Louis V. Gerstner Jr. The Brand Gap: How to Bridge the Distance Between Business Strategy and Design Marty Neumeier Direct from Dell: Strategies that Revolutionized an Industry Michael Dell, Catherine Fredman Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet Katie Hafner Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company Owen Linzmayer, Owen W. Linzmayer A Quarter Century of UNIX Peter H. Salus Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture David Kushner The New New Thing: A Silicon Valley Story Michael Lewis The Perfect Store: Inside eBay Adam Cohen DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation Edgar H. Schein, Paul J. Kampas, Peter Delisi, Michael Sonduck History of Computers About Us A - Z Site Map Top Pages ... Cell Phones See also: History Kosmoi.com Computer History Earliest Devices Humanity has used devices to aid in computation for millennia; an example is the abacus - a Chinese invention. The first machines that could arrive at the answer to an arithmetical question more or less autonomously started to appear in the 1600's, limited to addition and subtraction at first, but later also able to perform multiplications. These devices used techniques such as cogs and gears first developed for clocks. The difference engines of the 1800s could carry out a long sequence of such calculations in order to construct mathematical tables, but were not widely used.

35. February 16, 1996, Hour One:History Of Computers THIS WEEK ON SCIENCE FRIDAY scifri rainbow logo. Science Friday Archives 1996 February February 16, 1996 history of computers http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1996/Feb/hour1_021696.html

THIS WEEK ON SCIENCE FRIDAY... Science Friday Archives February History of Computers Fifty years ago this month, the U.S. Army and the University of Pennsylvania teamed up to produce an all-electronic machine that heralded the beginning of the Information Age. In this hour of Science Friday, we'll look back on the half-century since ENIAC was invented and reflect on how computers have revolutionized our lives. Guests Mitchell Marcus University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Sherry Turkle Author, "Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet" Professor of the Sociology of Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Joel Shurkin Author, "Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors" San Francisco, CA Listen to this program in RealAudio!

36. History Of Computer Science A Very Brief History of Computer Science. Index for history of computers; History of the Electronic Computer; Histoire de l Informatique; http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~shallit/Courses/134/history.html

A Very Brief History of Computer Science Written by Jeffrey Shallit for CS 134 at the University of Waterloo in the summer of 1995. This little web page was hastily stitched together in a few days. Perhaps eventually I will get around to doing a really good job. Suggestions are always welcome. A translation of this web page into French has been prepared by Anne Dicky at the University of Bordeaux. Before 1900 People have been using mechanical devices to aid calculation for thousands of years. For example, the abacus probably existed in Babylonia (present-day Iraq) about 3000 B.C.E. The ancient Greeks developed some very sophisticated analog computers. In 1901, an ancient Greek shipwreck was discovered off the island of Antikythera. Inside was a salt-encrusted device (now called the Antikythera mechanism ) that consisted of rusted metal gears and pointers. When this c. 80 B.C.E. device was reconstructed, it produced a mechanism for predicting the motions of the stars and planets. (More Antikythera info here John Napier (1550-1617), the Scottish inventor of logarithms, invented

37. History Of Computers - Encyclopedia Article About History Of Computers. Free Acc encyclopedia article about history of computers. history of computers in Free online English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. history of computers. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/History of computers

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia History of computers Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition This article is part of the History of computing The history of computing is older than computing machinery and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables. The timeline of computing presents a summary list of major developments in computing by date. See also: Euclidean algorithm, mathematical table, common logarithm, numeral system. Click the link for more information. series. History of computing hardware (before 1960s) History of computing hardware (1960s-present) The history of computing hardware (continued from history of computing hardware) picks up with the development of the integrated circuit. Third generation The explosion in the use of computers began with 'Third Generation' computers. These relied on Jack St. Claire Kilby's invention of the integrated circuit (or microchip). The first integrated circuit was produced in September 1958 but computers using them didn't begin to appear until 1963. While large 'mainframes' such as the IBM System/360 increased storage and processing capabilities further, the integrated circuit allowed the development of much smaller computers that began to bring computing into many smaller businesses. They were eventually called minicomputers.

38. Milestone In Computing Milestones in the history of computers. Below is a list of famous people and computers in the history of computing. The list is divided http://www4.wittenberg.edu/academics/mathcomp/bjsdir/bjshistory.shtml

Milestones in the History of Computers Below is a list of famous people and computers in the history of computing. The list is divided into five categories or generations based on the type of technology used in the construction of the computers or computing devices. Up until the outbreak of the Second World War, computing devices were mechanical or electro-mechanical. The first "known" mechanical calculator (aside from the abacus) was Wilhelm Schickard's "Calculating Clock" (1623). This device was lost early on so for many years it was believed that a calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 was the first mechanical calculator. Pascal's Pascaline could only add and subtract and although Pascal tried to market his invention, its high cost and technical unreliability did not make it a "best seller". Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz also invented a calculator, one that could also multiply (using repeated addition). Again, the technology of the time did not make for a reliable device although Liebniz's ideas were basically sound. Charlies Babbage, a 19th century "polymath" devised a calculating machine, the Difference Engine I (1823) which could be used to mechanically generate mathematical tables. He even obtained funding from the British government to build it. Unfortunately, the machine was never completed partly because of the technological diffculties inherent in constructing so complex a mechanical device and perhaps partly due to Babbage's becoming interested in buildling a more ambituous calculating machine, the Analytic Engine (also never constructed). The Analytic Engine was essentially a general purpose calculating device. It had a "store" which could store numbers and a "mill" which would perform a sequence of calculations. A friend of his, Augusta Ada Byron, later the Countess of Lovelace, became interested in Babbage's work and did much to popularize his device. She even wrote a "program" for the Analytic Engine and thus she is considered to be the first computer programmer.

39. A Brief History Of Computers Computers Not Just a PC on a Desk. by Don Lindsay. And it s easy to think that all computers look like that, and that they always did, and always will. http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~lindsay/talk/

40. KidCompute : History Of Computers history of computers. In this section you will find out all about the development of computers from the 1950 s to the present. You http://www.kidcompute.com/history.html

Basic Tutorials Make a Website History of Computers Play with Pictures Computer Words Home Page The 1950's ... The 1990's History of Computers In this section you will find out all about the development of computers from the 1950's to the present. You'll be astonished by how quickly things have changed, so that now almost everyone has a computer in their own home. Click the links on the left to find out more. The 1950's A summary of the major events in the computer world in the 1950's The 1960's A summary of the major events in the computer world in the 1960's The 1970's A summary of the major events in the computer world in the 1970's The 1980's A summary of the major events in the computer world in the 1980's The 1990's A summary of the major events in the computer world in the 1990's Today and Beyond A few ideas about what computers will be able to do in the future. Mobile Phones Discount Mobile Phones Contract Mobile Phones Mobile Phone UK ... Web Design by Danaher Design

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