81. UA Advertising/PR Undergraduate Information Development in nonwestern cultures (indigenous institutions) 12 selection of cultures and peoples will be hausa hausa is the largest natively spoken language http://www.apr.ua.edu/undergraduate/cultural.html

82. KAM Kanem Bornu And The Hausa Kingdoms A pastoral people, the Fulani were in search of a Devoutly Muslim, with a great deal of indigenous beliefs therein traces back to one of the early hausa kingdoms http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Classroom/9912/kanemhausa.html

Kanem Bornu and the Hausa Kingdoms Kanem-Bornu In the late 1300's, civil strife within Kanuri territory began to seriously weaken the empire. By the early 1400's, Kanuri power shifted from Kanem to Bornu, a Kanuri kingdom south and west of Lake Chad. When Songhay fell, this new Kanuri empire of Bornu grew rapidly. The Kanuri grew powerful enough to unite the kingdom of Bornu with Kanem during the reign of Idris Alawma (1575-1610). Idris Alawma was a fervent Muslim and set about building a Muslim state all the way west into Hausaland in northern Nigeria. This state would last for another two hundred years, but in 1846, it finally succumbed to the growing power of the Hausa states. Pictured above are Bornu trumpeters sounding the Frum-Frums. The Bornu were well known for their chain-mailed cavalry. These trumpeter may have served to lead the medieval African kingdom's powerful shock troops into battle. (Photo courtesy of WSU) The Hausa Kingdoms Being in close contact with one another, these kingdoms all shared a common language, Hausa. In the late 1300's Islam began to filter into Hausaland through traveling merchants. But the pace was relatively slow. It was not until the 1450's that a group of people from the Senegal River, known as the Fulani, began immigrating in large numbers into Hausaland that a strong Islamic presence took root. The Fulani immigration was driven by the desertification of north and western Africa. A pastoral people, the Fulani were in search of a land that could support their herds. Devoutly Muslim, with a great deal of indigenous beliefs therein, the Fulani not only brought Islam and its books, but also began to set up Islamic schools and learning centers all throughout Hausaland. Pictured above is a 1959 picture of Kano, a city that traces back to one of the early Hausa kingdoms. (Photo courtesy of WSU)

83. Ethnicity In Nigeria Once a nomadic people, they believe themselves to be group is the Ibo, who like the hausaFulani are a They do maintain an indigenous home, however the belt http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/nigeria/ethnicity.html

Ethnicity in Nigeria Simon A. Rakov, Vassar College '92 (English 32, Fall 1990) The ethnicity of Nigeria is so varied that there is no definition of a Nigerian beyond that of someone who lives within the borders of the country (Ukpo, p. 19). The boundaries of the formerly English colony were drawn to serve commercial interests, largely without regard for the territorial claims of the indigenous peoples (38). As a result, about three hundred ethnic groups comprise the population of Nigeria (7), and the country's unity has been consistently under siege: eight attempts at secession threatened national unity between 1914 and 1977. The Biafran War was the last of the secessionist movements within this period (3). The concept of ethnicity requires definition. Ukpo calls an "ethnic group" a "group of people having a common language and cultural values" (10). These common factors are emphasized by frequent interaction between the people in the group. In Nigeria, the ethnic groups are occasionally fusions created by intermarriage, intermingling and/or assimilation. In such fusions, the groups of which they are composed maintain a limited individual identity. The groups are thus composed of smaller groups, but there is as much difference between even the small groups; as Chief Obafemi Awolowo put it, as much "as there is between Germans, English, Russians and Turks" (11). The count of three hundred ethnic groups cited above overwhelmingly enumerates ethnic minority groups, those which do not comprise a majority in the region in which they live. These groups usually do not have a political voice, nor do they have access to resources or the technology needed to develop and modernize economically. They therefore often consider themselves discriminated against, neglected, or oppressed. There are only three ethnic groups which have attained "ethnic majority" status in their respective regions: the Hausa-Fulani in the north, the

84. PLAYAHATA.COM A pastoral people, the Fulani were in search of with a great deal of indigenous beliefs intermingled The hausa, particularly after the influence of Islam, were http://www.playahata.com/pages/bhfigures/bhfigures22.html

Figures in Black History Courtesy of Morpheus Ghana, Mali and Songhai had come and gone on the African stage. Near central Africa another great empire called Kanem would rise around 1200AD. Kanem was originally a confederation of various ethnic groups, but by 1100AD, a people called the Kanuri settled in Kanem and in the thirteenth century the Kanuri began upon a conquest of their neighbors. They were led by Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (1221-1259), the first of the Kanuri to convert to Islam. Dibbalemi declared physical jihad (holy war) against surrounding minor states and so began one of the most dynamic periods of conquest in Africa. At the height of their empire, the Kanuri controlled territory from Libya to Lake Chad to Hausaland. These were strategic areas, as all the commercial traffic through North Africa had to pass through Kanuri territory. As a result of the military and commercial growth of Kanem, the once nomadic Kanuri eventually turned to a more sedentary way of life. Pictured here is a painting of the king of Bornu in royal procession arriving at one of his provincial residences around 1850AD. Pictured here are Bornu horsemen trumpeters sounding the Frum-Frums.

85. Map & Graph: Countries By People: Ethnic Groups Map Graph People Ethnic groups by country. are the most populous and politically influential hausa and Fulani 20%, Malay 10% (no indigenous population (2001 http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #28 Most Zambians don't live to see their 40th birthday Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups (note) Net migration rate Nationality (adjective) Persons per room ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century)

86. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results San, Bushman, Pygmy, Afrikaaner, Boer, Yoruba, Ibo, hausa, Ashanti, Masai few reminders are left of the indigenous Khoikhoi, a diminutive people, peaceful and http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_thesauru

87. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents The Yoruba people are predominant in the southwest. Religions Muslim, Christian, indigenous African. Languages English (official), hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, others http://www.traveldocs.com/ng/people.htm

Nigeria Africa PEOPLE The most populous country in Africa, Nigeria accounts for approximately one-quarter of West Africa's people. Although less than 25% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, at least 24 cities have populations of more than 100,000. The variety of customs, languages, and traditions among Nigeria's 250 ethnic groups gives the country a rich diversity. The dominant ethnic group in the northern two-thirds of the country is the Hausa-Fulani, most of whom are Muslim. Other major ethnic groups of the north are the Nupe, Tiv, and Kanuri. The Yoruba people are predominant in the southwest. About half of the Yorubas are Christian and half Muslim. The predominantly Catholic Igbo are the largest ethnic group in the southeast, with the Efik, Ibibio, and Ijaw (the country's fourth-largest ethnic group) comprising a substantial segment of the population in that area. Persons of different language backgrounds most commonly communicate in English, although knowledge of two or more Nigerian languages is widespread. Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo are the most widely used Nigerian languages. Nationality: Noun and adjectiveNigerian(s).

88. Nigeria in parts of the state have pitted indigenous people, most of Local people said aggrieved Fulani herdsmen who lost relatives of the West and the hausaFulani of http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/EDBD8CCEF3CF5F21

www.idpproject.org Nigeria Section : Causes and Background of Displacement Sub-section : Displacement related to ethno-religious conflicts Nigeria menu List of sources Maps Ethno-Religious violence between Hausa-Fulanis and other ethnic groups in Plateau State displaced thousands (September 2001- 2002) Major displacement caused by the September 2001 clashes between the Hausa-Fulanis (mostly Muslims) and "indigenes" groups (mostly Christians) in the State capital Jos Tensions rooted in disputes between one side seen as "indigenes" and the other as "settlers" After five days of fighting the Red Cross put the total number of displaced in Plateau State at some 60,000 Although calm returned to Jos, violence spread to other parts of Plateau State such as Langtang, Kuru and Pankshin districts New displacement during 2002 because of retaliatory attacks and bandit raids apparently involving Fulani herdsmen and elements from neighbouring Niger and Chad The specific incident that sparked off the violence occurred outside a mosque in the area of Jos known as Congo Russia. On Friday, September 7, a young Christian woman tried to cross the road through a congregation of Muslims outside the mosque. She was asked to wait until prayers had finished or to choose another route, but she refused and an argument developed between her and some members of the congregation. Within minutes, the argument had unleashed a violent battle between groups of Christians who appeared at the scene and Muslims who had been praying at the mosque or who happened to be in the neighborhood.

89. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate While most live in smaller towns and villages, others occupy several larger indigenous cities. Many people of nonhausa origin, including the city-based http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/5.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

90. Civilizations In Africa: Ghana left was filled by desert Berbers, an indigenous African people time (11801230), the Soso people, who were http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRCA/GHANA.HTM

Sahara , which in Arabic simply means "The Desert." Around 750 AD, under the influence of Islamic peoples, northern and western Africans began to use the camel to transport goods across this forbidding terrain. Camels do several things exceptionally well: they can carry unbelievably heavy loads for impossibly long distances and they can keep their footing on sandy terrain. It was as if someone had invented sand ships and its effect on western African culture was just as profound as if they were sand ships. The most important developments occurred in the Sahel area just south of the Sahara; the Sahel provided southern terminal points for the goods being shipped across the Sahara. The Sahel is a dry, hot area with fertile areas and grasslands; all of the major north African kingdoms grew up in this area: Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu: the Sahelian kingdoms Soninke , a Mande speaking people living in the region bordering the Sahara. They built their capital city, Kumbi Saleh, right on the edge of the Sahara and the city quickly became the most dynamic and important southern terminus of the Saharan trade routes. Ghana (this is why we now call the kingdom, Ghana). The kingship was matrilineal (as was all Sahelian monarchies to follow); the king's sister provided the heir to the throne. In addition to military power, the king appears to have been the supreme judge of the kingdom.

91. Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home this category (but not including hausa) as opposed central Bosavi area where people identify themselves and Identity Lessons from indigenous Language Education http://www.ogmios.org/1110.htm

Foundation for Endangered Languages Home Manifesto Membership details Proceedings ... Bibliography 10. Publications of Interest Wurm, S.A. (ed.) 1996. Atlas of the world’s languages in danger of disappearing. Canberra/Paris: Pacific Linguistics/UNESCO. A Partial Review by Roger Blench The notion that we need an atlas of the world’s endangered languages is an attractive one; all too frequently we read about some threatened speech-form and have only the vaguest notion of where it is spoken. As Stephen Wurm has been responsible for two major Language Atlases, of the Pacific and of China, I had high expectations of this volume. But unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, it is of limited use. This review will concentrate on Africa, since that is the region with which I am most familiar. The African continent probably is home to some 2000 languages, one-third of the world total, and comparable only to Oceania in terms of diversity. Africa is the continent where the least work on the description of all but major languages has been carried out, and to say (p. 21) ‘A large amount of work on endangered African languages has been carried out by linguists from outside Africa and also by linguists from institutions in African countries.’ is simply false. Compared with Oceania, the amount of work is vanishingly low and the rate of work produced is slowing down. Most endangered African languages are represented in the literature by little more than short wordlists. For crucial languages spoken by small foraging groups, such as Hadza, Dahalo, Ongota, Laal and the Khoisan languages little more than sketches are available. As my reports from Nigeria should show, much of the published information is anyway wrong.

92. AllAfrica.com: Nigeria: Genesis Of A Crisis had long been mutual suspicion between hausa/Fulani, generally seen as settlers and indigenous people. http://allafrica.com/stories/200405190424.html

Use our pull-down menus to find more stories Regions/Countries Central Africa East Africa North Africa PanAfrica Southern Africa West Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland São Tomé and Príncipe Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Topics AGOA AIDS Aid Arms and Armies Arts Athletics Banking Books Business Capital Flows Children Civil War Climate Commodities Company Conflict Conflict Economics Crime Currencies Debt Ecotourism Editorials Education Energy Environment Food and Agriculture Forests From allAfrica's Reporters Health Human Rights Humanitarian Responses ICT Infrastructure Investment Labour Latest Legal Affairs Malaria Media Mining Music NEPAD Oceans Olympics PANA Peace Talks Peacekeeping Petroleum Pollution Post-Conflict Privatization Refugees Religion Science Soccer Sport Stock Markets Terrorism Trade Transport Travel Tuberculosis Urban Issues Water Wildlife Women Central Africa Business East Africa Business North Africa Business Southern Africa Business West Africa Business Asia, Australia, and Africa

93. AllAfrica.com: Nigeria [analysis]: Genocide On The Plateau These same hausaFulani people and ethnic groups have lived with those same indigenous people for over http://allafrica.com/stories/200405100885.html

Use our pull-down menus to find more stories Regions/Countries Central Africa East Africa North Africa PanAfrica Southern Africa West Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland São Tomé and Príncipe Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Topics AGOA AIDS Aid Arms and Armies Arts Athletics Banking Books Business Capital Flows Children Civil War Climate Commodities Company Conflict Conflict Economics Crime Currencies Debt Ecotourism Editorials Education Energy Environment Food and Agriculture Forests From allAfrica's Reporters Health Human Rights Humanitarian Responses ICT Infrastructure Investment Labour Latest Legal Affairs Malaria Media Mining Music NEPAD Oceans Olympics PANA Peace Talks Peacekeeping Petroleum Pollution Post-Conflict Privatization Refugees Religion Science Soccer Sport Stock Markets Terrorism Trade Transport Travel Tuberculosis Urban Issues Water Wildlife Women Central Africa Business East Africa Business North Africa Business Southern Africa Business West Africa Business Asia, Australia, and Africa

94. Nomadic People - Encyclopedia Article About Nomadic People. Free Access, No Regi Moors The Moors is the ancient name for the indigenous nomadic Berber people in North africa, who converted to Islam in the 7th century. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nomadic people

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Nomadic people Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but nomadic behaviour is increasingly rare in industrialised countries. Typically there are two kinds of nomad, pastoral nomads and peripatetic nomads. Pastoralists raise herds and move with them so as not to deplete pasture beyond recovery in any one area. Peripatetic nomads are more common in industrialised nations travelling from place to place offering a trade wherever they go. Nomadic people in industrialized nations: Roma and Sinti The Roma (singular Rom ), commonly known and to them, pejoratively as Gypsies , are a traditionally nomadic people who originated in northern India but currently live worldwide, chiefly in Europe. Most Roma speak some form of Romany, a language closely related to the modern Indo-European languages of northern India. Their principal occupations over the centuries have been as itinerant peddlers, metal workers and horse dealers.

95. Nigeria/People - Encyclopedia Article About Nigeria/People. Free Access, No Regi indigenous beliefs 6%; Nonreligious/Other 0.4% (Mostly urban as a first language by about 24 million people, and as Native speakers of hausa are mostly to be http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nigeria/People

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Nigeria/People Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The most populous country in Africa Africa is the world's second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. At c. 30,244,050 km (11,677,240 mi ) including the islands, it covers 20.3% of the total land area on Earth, and with over 800 million human inhabitants it accounts for around one seventh of Earth's human population. The ancient Romans used the name Africa terra Afer may be the Phoenician `afar , dust; the Afridi tribe, who dwelt in Northern Africa around the area of Carthage; Greek aphrike , without cold; or Latin aprica , sunny. Click the link for more information. Nigeria Nigeria is a country in West Africa. It borders on Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, Niger in the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the south. Major cities include the capital Abuja, Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Port Harcourt. Federal Republic of Nigeria (In Detail) (Full size) National motto: Peace and Unity, Strength and Progress Click the link for more information.

96. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST XHOSA LINKS Afrika Innhold AMHARISK ARABISK FULANI hausa MORE SHONA Nomadic Tribes Two groups of indigenous people were said the Gamtoos River The Khoisan people no longer http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-xhosa.htm

language links XHOSA HOME THE BEST LINKS GUARANTEE Unlike many other web sites related to languages, only serious and useful sites are listed here. If you know a really good site for learning this language do email us GENERAL LINKS (UNDER CONSTRUCTION) XHOSA picasso.wcape.school.za/subject/xhosa/xhoshome.htm (AltaVista, Excite) XHOSA. WCSN Home Page. General Subject Index. WWW search. Sabelo's Isixhosa Home Page. Second Language. Std 6 Writing Evenkileni yempahla (dialogue) Ndim.. The Xhosa Virtual Resourse Network www.saol.co.za/xhosa/welcome.htm The Heritage Virtual Resource Network is the holding Organisation[Network] which steers and oversee all the networks within this domain.It is in this regard that The Heritage Virtual Resource Network announces the soon to be launching networks in its domain. These include the current Xhosa Network, the Sotho Network, the Afrikan Network and the Zulu Network will follow later after that. www.cyberserv.co.za/users/~jako/lang/xho.htm (Snap, Excite) South African Language: XHOSA VADA Software Talen V - Z www.vada.nl/softtvz.htm

97. SIM Country Profile: Nigeria The Fulani, hausa, Ibo, and Yoruba are the largest churches have together formed an indigenous body known Q. How many unreached people groups are estimated http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=1&fun=2

98. NIGERIA IRIN Focus On Indigene-settler Conflicts - OCHA IRIN of holding on to one’s indigenous area to state of Kaduna between the local Kataf people and hausa eventually becoming indistinct from their hausa hosts the http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=18860&SelectRegion=West_Africa&Selec

99. Cameroon - Countrywatch.com The oldest indigenous people of Cameroon are the so and dialects of Duala and other indigenous languages are Sudanic languages such as Fufulde, hausa and Arabic http://aol.countrywatch.com/aol_topic.asp?vCOUNTRY=31&SECTION=SOCIAL&TOPIC=CLPEO

100. Dehai Africa/World News Archive: (IRIN): NIGERIA: Muslim Death Toll In Raid On Y http://dehai.org/archives/AW_news_archive/0667.html

(IRIN): NIGERIA: Muslim death toll in raid on Yelwa tops 600 - Red Cross New Message Reply About this list Date view ... Author view From: Berhane Habtemariam ( Berhane.Habtemariam@gmx.de Date: Sat May 08 2004 - 07:11:25 EDT NIGERIA: Muslim death toll in raid on Yelwa tops 600 - Red Cross Jos is the capital of Plateau State YELWA, 7 May 2004 (IRIN) - More than 600 people were killed when militiamen from a mainly Christian ethnic group attacked Muslims in a small town in central Nigeria last weekend, a Red Cross official said on Friday. A heavily armed group of militiamen from the mainly Christian Tarok ethnic group raided the small town of Yelwa in Plateau state on Sunday in reprisal for an earlier Muslim attack on their own community. Their victims were mainly members of the Hausa and Fulani tribes. On Thursday, Umar Mairiga led the first team of Red Cross officials into Yelwa, 220 km east of the capital Abuja, to assess the situation. He told reporters afterwards that he was shown a mass grave where more than 250 people were said to have been buried. Mairiga said he had heard accounts from survivors indicating that several hundred people had been killed. "From what we have seen and heard we think it is correct that more than 600 people were killed," he said. Police said earlier this week they had found 67 bodies in Yelwa.

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