21. Hantavirus: What Is It And What Can Be Done About It?, From The MSU Extension Se Reprinted May 2004. The history and diagnosis of hantavirus and how toavoid infection. hantavirus What is it and what can be done about it? http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt9404.html

MontGuide Fact Sheet #9404/Human Resources from the Montana State University Extension Service Reprinted May 2004 The history and diagnosis of hantavirus and how to avoid infection Would you like us to send you a paper copy of this publication? Send your name, address and $1 to: MSU Extension Publications PO Box 172040 Bozeman, MT 59717 Be sure to specify which publication you want! The Montana State University Extension Service is an educational resource dedicated to improving the quality of people's lives by providing research-based knowledge to strengthen the social, economic and environmental well-being of families, communities and agricultural enterprises. Take a look at more of our free publications or visit the Montana State University home page. Would you like to be notified by email when we post more MontGuide fact sheets to the Web? Send your email address to: publications@montana.edu Would you rather have this MontGuide in a PDF format viewable with Adobe Acrobat Reader? Hantavirus: What is it and what can be done about it?

22. Fundación Mundo Sano Informaci³n sobre diversas enfermedades transmisibles leishmaniasis, hantavirus , SIDA/HIV, Chagas, dengue, clamidiasis, malaria, paludismo, leptospirosis, salmonelosis, fiebre hemorr¡gica, estrogiloidiasis, criptococosis y borreliosis de Lyme. http://www.mundosano.org/

Triatoma infestans Chagas, El Ministro de Salud dijo que la Argentina ha recuperado valor sanitario El norte argentino en alerta por la epidemia de Dengue. Humanos peligran por animales Zoonosis Evento Lugar: Ciudad de La Habana (Cuba) Fecha: 17 al 28 de Mayo de 2004. Evento Palacio de Convenciones Habana, Cuba OPS/OMS FMS - Multiple Sclerosis in the Argentina Patagonia: Lack of a latitude gradient. RELCOV

23. Hantavirus Study Surprises Montana Researchers hantavirus Study Surprises Montana Researchers. by Evelyn Boswell. hantaviruscauses a severe respiratory disease called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/univ/hanta.html

Campus Business Agriculture Nature/Resources ... Students Montana State University Communications Services Hantavirus Study Surprises Montana Researchers by Evelyn Boswell BOZEMAN - Almost one-fourth of the deer mice tested in a recent Montana study had hantavirus at one time, according to scientists who have just released their results. Hantavirus causes a severe respiratory disease called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. In its initial stages, the disease has flu-like symptoms, but people who have it quickly become seriously ill. Three Montanans have died from hantavirus since it was discovered in the United States in 1993. Since Montana’s cases have been associated with deer mice, scientists focused on deer mice in a project called "Mouse in the House." Between October 1996 and August 1999, the researchers trapped 2,185 deer mice, said Amy Kuenzi, assistant research professor at Montana Tech in Butte. Of those, 2,003 mice were tested for hantavirus antibodies and 490 were found positive. That means that 24.5 percent of the tested mice were once infected with hantavirus. "That’s pretty high," commented Kuenzi, one of three scientists involved in the study.

24. Page Moved - Hantavirus Communicable Disease Fact Sheet, hantavirus infections In the U.S., human hantavirus infections were first identified in the southwest in 1993 To reduce exposure to hantavirus around the home, prevent or eliminate rodent infestations http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/consumer/hanta.htm

location.href="/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/hanta.htm"; Page moved click here if your browser does not forward you to the new page. http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/hanta.htm

25. Safety And Health Topics: Hantavirus Safety and Health Topics hantavirus. The following questions link to resourcesthat provide safety and health information relevant to hantavirus hazards. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hantavirus/

U.S. Department of Labor www.osha.gov MyOSHA [skip navigational links] Search Advanced Search A-Z Index Safety and Health Topics: Hantavirus Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans from the dried droppings, urine, or saliva of mice and rats. The disease begins as a flu-like illness characterized by fever, chills, and muscle aches, but it can rapidly progress to a life-threatening condition marked by respiratory failure as the lungs fill with fluid. Animal laboratory workers and persons working in infested buildings are at increased risk to this disease, particularly during dusty clean-up activities. The following questions link to resources that provide safety and health information relevant to hantavirus hazards. What OSHA standards apply? What is Hantavirus and what workers are at risk? Hazard Recognition How is Hantavirus diagnosed and treated? Diagnosis and Treatment How can Hantavirus be controlled and prevented? Control and Prevention Where can I find additional information? Revised: 23 December 2003 Safety and Health Topics Hantavirus OSHA Standards ... www.osha.gov

26. Home - American Lung Association Site Factsheet with causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/hantavirus_factsheet.html

window.onload = RunScroller; The American Lung Association Turns 100! (June 6, 2004) Research Improving Lives: Jan Martin American Lung Association scientific research saves and improves lives in every community in America. Through research we can eliminate lung disease and the suffering it causes millions of Americans. Read about how the American Lung Association changed Jan Martin's life. (May 21, 2004) Public Health Groups Strongly Support Bipartisan FDA Tobacco Legislation (May 20, 2004) Lung Association Applauds U.S. for Signing Global Tobacco Control Treaty (May 11, 2004) Health Effects of Ozone and Particle Pollution The American Lung Association State of the Air: 2004 Knowing the truth about air pollution, and what you can do to help, is the first step in protecting you and your family's health. (April 29, 2004) Web-Based Smoking Cessation Support Let our online program help you reach your smoke-free goal. Lung Champions Share you experience and be inspired by your peers on the 'Living with Lung Disease Wall of Lung Champions.' American Lung Association of CaliforniaRedwood Empire Branch Join us on our Bike for Breath ride to celebrate the American Lung Association’s 100th anniversary. By cycling with us, you are supporting critical lung health education, research and advocacy programs for clean air, tobacco control and asthma management. Lung disease is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Register for one of two rides help us help others breathe easier, for the next 100 years.

27. Safety And Health Topics: Hantavirus - Hazard Recognition hantavirus Hazard Recognition. Anyone who comes into contact with rodents that carryhantavirus is at risk of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hantavirus/recognition.html

U.S. Department of Labor www.osha.gov MyOSHA [skip navigational links] Search Advanced Search A-Z Index Hantavirus: Hazard Recognition Anyone who comes into contact with rodents that carry hantavirus is at risk of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Even healthy individuals are at risk for HPS infection if exposed to the virus. The following references aid in recognizing disease characteristics and hazards associated with hantavirus. All About Hantavirus . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Infectious Diseases, 1 page. This page covers a variety of topics and links to references related to hantavirus. Links include information about how hantavirus is spread, rodent carriers, symptoms, prevention, and presentation material. Hantavirus: What It Is and What Can Be Done About It? . Montana State University (MSU) (2003, July), 7 pages. Also available in a 153 KB PDF , 4 pages. This document provides basic hantavirus information, including a brief history, disease description, and workers at risk. Epidemiology of HPS Slideset . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Special Pathogens Branch, 1 page. This page provides links to 10 separate downloadable PPT files that can be viewed as images. The entire slideset is available for download below.

28. FASEB Breakthroughs Essay - The Hantavirus Serendipity, Science, and a New hantavirus. by Sylvia Wrobel Redbrown stainingof antigens in the lung tissue from a hantavirus pulmonary syndrome patient. http://www.faseb.org/opa/hanta.html

...their importance to society Serendipity, Science, and a New Hantavirus by Sylvia Wrobel Reprinted from The FASEB Journal , Vol. 9, October 1995. This essay follows a team of scientific investigators step by intriguing step as it pursues the cause of the mysterious 1993 deaths of healthy young adults in the southwestern United States. Using the science of the day, the team unravels the elusive origin of a potentially widespread killer- - tracking a new hantavirus to its home, tracing its lineage, and differentiating its DNA from the large hantavirus family. This is the first in a series. It took months to find the unknown bacteria that struck down Legionnaires gathered for a meeting in a pleasant hotel, years to find the unknown virus causing AIDS. Yet when healthy young people began dying in the Four Corners area of the American Southwest in 1993, from a cause not known, in an epidemic whose potential scope could only be guessed, pieces of the puzzle fell into place in 4 weeks. They were dying because of a previously unrecognized form of an old and unlikely virus, carried by the sweet- faced, big- eared deer mice that thrive in virtually all parts of North America. The new hantavirus appeared not to harm the deer mice, but once excreted it dried, became aerosolized, and simply lay there, where it could be breathed by any humans who unknowingly disturbed the contaminated dust. Within weeks scientists knew where this new virus lived, its lineage, how its DNA differed from various cousins in the large hantavirus clan, and how it worked. Within 6 months they were able to culture and grow the virus itself and create diagnostic tests.

29. DAAC Study: Hantavirus Risk Maps The deer mouse (shown here) and the whitefooted mouse (shown in the titlegraphic), carry viruses that can lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/Hanta/

by Michon Scott February 5, 2002 The deer mouse (shown here) and the white-footed mouse (shown in the title graphic), carry viruses that can lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. (Images courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) How can you minimize your risk of contracting hantavirus? Following these precautions may help: Make your home and workplace uninviting to rodents. Avoid leaving food where they can find it, and seal openings to your home with insulation and wire mesh. Avoid camping in trail shelters that may be rodent-infested. Refrain from stirring up dust, especially if you are entering a building or room that has been closed up for an extended period. If you find rodent droppings, don't sweep! Instead, carefully wet the area with detergent or disinfectant, pick up the contaminated materials with a damp towel, then mop or sponge the area with disinfectant. This image shows the relative size of deer mouse and white-footed mouse scat, compared with that of a cockroach and roof rat. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) For more information, see

30. Hantavirus - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES. SECTION I - INFECTIOUSAGENT. NAME hantavirus. SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE Hemorrhagic http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/msds-ftss/msds74e.html

Material Safety Data Sheets - Index MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES SECTION I - INFECTIOUS AGENT NAME: Hantavirus SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), CHARACTERISTICS: 3 segmented spherical to oval enveloped virus particles 80 - 115 nm in diameter. Bunyaviridae ; single stranded, negative sense RNA genome; 25 antigenically distinguishable viral species SECTION II - HEALTH HAZARD PATHOGENICITY: HFRS characterized by an abrupt onset of fever lasting 3-8 days, conjunctival injection, prostration, lower back pain, headache, abdominal pains, anorexia and vomiting; hemorrhagic manifestation appears from third to sixth day, followed by proteinuria, hypotension and shock; fatality (5-15%) occurs during the hypotension and oliguric phase, Hantaan virus (HFRS) causes most severe form of HFRS; HPS characterized by fever, myalgia, GI complaints then abrupt onset of respiratory distress and hypotension; mortality approx 40-50%; in survivors, recovery rapid with full restoration of normal lung function, convalescence takes weeks to months; Puumala (nephropathia epidemica) and Seoul virus cause less severe illness EPIDEMIOLOGY: Endemic in areas with its rodent reservoir including China, Korea, Japan, Scandinavia, Commonwealth of Independent States; other hantaviruses have been identified in urban rats in major Asian and Western cities including USA and Brazil; HPS viruses (Sin Nombre, New York, Black Creek Canal, Bayou, Laguna Negra, Andes) in North and South America ; Hantaan virus found principally in Asia, Puumala virus in Europe and Seoul virus world wide

31. Hantavirus - Fiches Techniques Santé/sécurité (FTSS) Translate this page FICHE TECHNIQUE SANTÉ-SÉCURITÉ - MATIÈRES INFECTIEUSES. SECTION1 - AGENT INFECTIEUX. NOM hantavirus. SYNONYME OU RENVOI fièvre http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/msds-ftss/msds74f.html

Fiches techniques santé/sécurité - agents infectieux - Index SECTION 1 - AGENT INFECTIEUX NOM : Hantavirus SYNONYME OU RENVOI : Bunyaviridae rongeurs sauvages (souris et rats), l'humain DOSE INFECTIEUSE : inconnue MODE DE TRANSMISSION : 3-60 jours, en moyenne 14-30 jours rongeurs sauvages : Apodemus Clethrionomys - virus Puumala Peromyscus (souris sylvestre) et campagnols du genre Microtus - Rattus spp. ZOONOSE : VECTEURS : aucun INACTIVATION PAR DES MOYENS PHYSIQUES : SURVEILLANCE : PREMIERS SOINS ET TRAITEMENT : IMMUNISATION : aucune PROPHYLAXIE : aucune SECTION VI - DANGERS POUR LE PERSONNEL DE LABORATOIRE DANGERS PRIMAIRES : DANGERS PARTICULIERS : EXIGENCES DE CONFINEMENT : ENTREPOSAGE : SECTION IX - RENSEIGNEMENTS DIVERS Date : mai 2001 Santé Canada, 2001 Fiches techniques santé/sécurité - agents infectieux - Index Avis importants English Contactez-nous ... Surveillance

32. Hantavirus Translate this page hantavirus. Dr. Rodolfo Maino. Resumen La illness . Key words hantavirus,hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, hantavirus transmission. Si http://www.drwebsa.com.ar/smiba/revista/smiba_01/hanta.htm

HANTAVIRUS Dr. Rodolfo Maino Resumen : La aparición de un brote epidémico de sindrome pulmonar por Hantavirus en la República Argentina, enfermedad que ya fue reportada con aterioridad, tiene como connotación mas importante el hecho de que es precisamente en nuestro país donde se han demostrado por primera vez el contagio interhumano de la afección. Summary :The appearance of epidemic cases of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, affection that was known already in the Argentine Repúblic, has as connotation the fact that it is in our country for the first time where it is demonstrated the interhuman infection of this illness . Key words : Hantavirus, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Hantavirus transmission. Si bien la definición del Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus (HPS) reconoce su existencia desde la comunicación del 14 de mayo de 1993 , cuando se notifica al Departamento de Salud de Nueva México de la muerte de 3 pacientes con patología pulmonar sin diagnóstico etiológico, en una región de EEUU conocida como "FOUR CORNERS", lugar donde se unen las fronteras de los cuatro estados de Utah, Arizona, Nueva México y Colorado, ya existían en ese momento sospechas de la presencia de cuadros clínicos de parecida evolución. La inmediata puesta en marcha de una conferencia entre los médicos tratantes y las autoridades federales de la salud hicieron posible analizar los datos clínicos comunes entre sí, que incluían pródromos, como fiebre, escalofríos y mialgias, seguidos luego por disnea, tos, trombocitopenia, severa inestabilidad hemodinámica, neutrofilia con formas inmaduras circulantes, aparición de linfocitos atípicos en sangre periférica, dehidrogenasa láctica elevada.

33. Colorado Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome hantavirus. Frequently Asked Questions. Q. I ve been hearing about hantavirusPulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in the news recently? What is it? http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/dc/zoonosis/hanta/hantafaq.html

Department Home About the Department Certificates Environment ... Regulations search entire web search www.cdphe.state.co.us Hantavirus Frequently Asked Questions Q. I've been hearing about Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in the news recently? What is it? A. HPS is a serious respiratory disease carried by certain wild rodents, mainly deer mice, and is passed to humans through contact with a rodent's infected urine, droppings or saliva. Breathing in contaminated mist or dust is the most common form of transmission. Q. How serious is it? A. HPS is extremely serious and can be fatal; the case fatality rate is high. Through March 28, 2003, a total of 335 cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome have been reported in the United States. The case count started when the disease was first recognized in May 1993. Thirty-eight percent of all reported cases have resulted in death. Of persons ill with HPS, 61% have been male, 39% female. The mean age of confirmed case patients is 37 years (range: 10 to 75 years). Q. Is there more risk of HPS this year due to the wet weather?

34. Hantavirus Overview. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been recognizedas a disease only recently in North America. So far, it s also http://www.geo-outdoors.info/hantavirus.htm

Home Search Mission About the Author ... Gear Sources Hantavirus Overview Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been recognized as a disease only recently in North America. So far, it's also fairly uncommon and the chances of becoming infected are low. However, HPS is potentially deadly and immediate intensive care is essential once symptoms appear. You can become infected by exposure to rodent droppings, and in dry climates by breathing dust contaminated with the virus. This virus is carried by rodents, especially the deer mouse. The first signs of sickness (especially fever and muscle aches) appear 1 to 5 weeks later, followed by shortness of breath and coughing. Once this phase begins, the disease progresses rapidly, necessitating hospitalization and often ventilation within 24 hours. Prevention is the best strategy, and it simply means taking some very practical steps to minimize your contact with rodents. HPS is not contagious from person to person in the United States. Precautions Persons who work outdoors or do outdoor activities such as camping or hiking in areas where the disease has been reported should take precautions to reduce the likelihood of their exposure to potentially infectious materials.

35. Hantavirus Disease Translate this page Enfermedad por hantavirus ¿Qué es la enfermedad por hantavirus? La identificado.¿Quién puede contraer la enfermedad por hantavirus? http://www.vdh.state.va.us/spanish/hantaf.htm

Enfermedad por Hantavirus antes Regrese a la Revisado y Traducido: 5/02/2000 M. Garcia Envie su y comentarios a: SpanishWeb

36. Hantavirus Disease hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. What is hantavirus pulmonary syndrome(HPS)? HPS lives. How can hantavirus infection be prevented? http://www.vdh.state.va.us/epi/hantaf.htm

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome What is hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)? HPS disease is a rare but extremely serious illness of the lungs caused by a family of viruses known as hantavirus. In 1993, the first United States cases were diagnosed in the southwestern part of the country. Isolated cases of HPS are now being diagnosed in other parts of the country and several different types of hantavirus have been identified. Who can get HPS? Where is the virus found? Persons who have exposure to wild rodents or rodent-infested areas are at highest risk of getting HPS. Hantavirus is carried by infected rodents, primarily deer mice in the southwest US, cotton and rice rats in the south, and the white-footed mouse in the northeastern coastal area. The virus, which is found in the animal's urine, saliva and droppings, gets in the air as mist or dust when droppings or nests are stirred up. How is the virus spread? The main way that HPS is spread to humans is by breathing air contaminated with rodent urine, droppings or saliva. It can also be transmitted by handling rodents or by touching your nose or mouth after handling contaminated materials. A rodent's bite can also spread the virus. There is no evidence that cats, dogs, farm animals, or insects transmit the disease to humans. You cannot get HPS from another person. What are the symptoms of HPS disease?

37. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome --- United States: Updated Recommendations For Ris hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome United States Updated Recommendationsfor Risk Reduction. Other Diseases Associated with hantavirus Infection. http://medical.smis.doi.gov/hantammwr.htm

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome - United States: Updated Recommendations for Risk Reduction Prepared by James N. Mills, Ph.D. Amy Corneli, M.P.H. Joni C. Young, M.S. Laurel E. Garrison, M.P.H. Ali S. Khan, M.D. Thomas G. Ksiazek, D.V.M., Ph.D. Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases TRW Inc., Cleveland, OH Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN The material in this report was prepared for publication by the National Center for Infectious Diseases, James M. Hughes, M.D., Director; Office of Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Activity, Scott Lillibridge, M.D., Director; and the National Immunization Program, Walter A. Orenstein, M.D., Director. Summary This report provides updated recommendations for prevention and control of hantavirus infections associated with rodents in the United States. It supersedes the previous report (CDC. Hantavirus infection-southwestern United States: interim recommendations for risk reduction. MMWR 1993;42[No. RR-11]:113

38. Communicable Disease Fact Sheet hantavirus Infections. Version en español. (hantavirus PulmonarySyndrome). What are hantaviruses? hantaviruses are a type http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/hanta.htm

Return to Communicable Disease Home Page From the ... What's New Hantavirus Infections (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome) What are hantaviruses? Hantaviruses are a type of virus found in rodents in different parts of the world. In the U.S., human hantavirus infections were first identified in the southwest in 1993. In recent years, sporadic cases have been found in several eastern states including New York. Studies have shown that mice are often infected and appear to be the source of infection. Is this illness common to humans? No. Human hantavirus infections are rare. Sporadic or isolated cases may occur throughout the country, with larger numbers in dusty areas conducive to virus transmission. How is the virus transmitted? The virus is carried by rodents such as mice which are found throughout North America. Infected rodents shed the live virus in saliva, droppings and urine. Humans are infected when they inhale microscopic particles that contain viruses from rodent urine or droppings. Insect bites and pets are not believed to play a role in hantavirus transmission. Can people infect each other?

39. Hantavirus In Deer Mice hantavirus in Deer Mice Publication AP041 June 1, 2000, Strains of the Virus.There are different strains of hantavirus that can cause human illness. http://www.gov.nf.ca/agric/pubfact/Hantavirus.htm

Hantavirus in Deer Mice Publication AP041 June 1, 2000 Introduction Hantaviruses are a group of viruses recently identified in North America as being a risk for human health. The importance of these viruses and the facts on their presence in Newfoundland are discussed. First identified in the southwestern US In 1993, a new respiratory illness in humans, called Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), was described in the southwestern US (Four Corners Region). Though not a new disease it was only at that time that the actual virus that caused the disease was identified. At first it was thought to be only associated with hot, dry areas though since then it has been found in other areas as well. Strains of the Virus There are different strains of hantavirus that can cause human illness. The most common one is called Sin Nombre virus but another strain that is also found in Canada is called Monongahela virus. Spread by rodents In different parts of North America different rodents may be responsible for the spread of this disease. In Canada, the most important one is the deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus

40. UC Davis - Office Of Environmental Health & Safety UC Davis EH S. hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. Moo! Significance hantavirusPulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a respiratory disease caused http://ehs.ucdavis.edu/animal/health/hantavirus.cfm

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Significance Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a respiratory disease caused by a virus known as Sin Nombre Virus . The virus is carried by wild rodents, especially deer mice. The virus produces no clinical signs in the deer mice, but can produce a deadly infection in man - over 50% of human cases have been fatal. Biology Sin Nombre belongs a family of viruses known as Hantaviruses. Deer mice (genus Peromyscus) and other wild rodents can carry the virus without ill effect and can shed the virus in their urine, feces, and saliva. Sin Nombre virus is not associated with laboratory mice or with ordinary house mice or laboratory mice (genus Mus). Deer mice, in general, inhabit wild areas and rural rather than urban or suburban areas; you won’t find them in your kitchen in a city, but you might in a mountain cabin. Humans become infected with the hantavirus when they inhale dust which has been contaminated with rodent urine. Most individuals who have become infected have lived or worked in areas that were heavily contaminated with rodent droppings. Campgrounds, abandoned cabins, and other areas that have become infested with high populations of wild rodents should be considered risky. Digging up a rodent nest, trapping wild rodents or performing necropsies on wild rodents would also be considered risky activities. If a human being becomes infected, signs of illness usually appear about two weeks after exposure, although the time can range from a few days to as long as six weeks. The first signs are fever, headache, and pain in the abdomen, joints, and back. Afterwards the patient’s lungs begin to fill with fluid and breathing becomes extremely difficult. A high proportion of the patients die, but early treatment offers the best chance of survival.

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