81. Introduction Of The Groundnut To The Gambia African and Eurafrican traders along the guinea coast were control the entire commerceof the region (including The a lead role in its economic history up till http://www.afrol.com/archive/groundnuts_gambia.htm

History The introduction of the Groundnut to The Gambia In the Western Sudan, the groundnut is one of the most important cash crops and food staple nowadays. Unlike the African bambara groundnut, it is not an indigenous species, but was brought by Portuguese traders from the Americas in the 16th century. It quickly spread through the Sudan due to its high nutrition values, draught resistance and later, as a product of long distance trade for its oils. Now it is one of the main agricultural products of landscapes that far apart as The Gambia and Northern Cameroon. Related items Pages The Gambia Economic history of rural Gambia Land Use in The Gambia Map of The Gambia ... Ingredients - groundnut Articles How cashew production in Mozambique came to an end Library Fyhri (1998) The Gambia: The complexity of modernising the agricultural Sector in Africa , thesis in geography, University of Oslo. Origins The groundnuts or peanuts are originally South American, were they were grown by Indian communities. It was introduced to West-Africa (first the Senegambia area) by the Portuguese in the 16th century. Here it spread quickly, though faster in the interior of Africa than along the coast. Cultivation on a larger scale began before 1830 in Senegambia, mostly as insurance against failure of the millet harvest, because of it's resistance to drought. The first small exports from Senegambia to Europe were reported from the year 1830. There fallowed a boom in exports when the potentials for peanut oil was realized. I industrializing Europe there now was an ever-growing demand for lubricating oils. Further, oils were needed in the production of soap, as there at the same time was massive campaigning for new standards of hygiene. And of course, vegetable oils were needed for cooking.

82. NCBuy: Guinea History - Country Reference Backgrounds guinea history. the 10th to the 15th century, when the region came into guinea scolonial period began with French military penetration into the http://www.ncbuy.com/reference/country/backgrounds.html?code=gv&sec=backhistory

83. Met Timeline | Guinea Coast, 1400-1600 A.D. this first contact will determine Benin history for the The stability and power ofthe region spur the of the largest cities on the guinea coast, established http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/sfg/ht08sfg.htm

See also Central Africa Eastern and Southern Africa and Western and Central Sudan The increase in size, centralization, and prosperity of the Owo and Benin kingdoms during this period is partially the result of their participation in trans-Saharan trade routes and trade with the Portuguese . Artistic production responds to refinements in metallurgic technologies and an intensified use of symbolic and ritualistic emblems of kingship. Artists of the Guinea coast are influenced aesthetically through contact with Islamic traders and the Portuguese, who often directly commission the carving of ivory objects. Additionally, the Akan (in what is now Ghana) develop an elaborate system of cast brass gold weights to measure the precious gold dust being traded to North Africa and then to Europe; the design of these gold weights is heavily influenced first by abstract Islamic visual motifs and later indigenous Akan aesthetics. The royal court of Benin is believed to have originated in the thirteenth century. According to Edo oral tradition, the kingdom was governed by the thirty-one "Rulers of the Sky," or Ogiso kings. The Ada ceremonial sword, which in contemporary Benin court ritual remains an important emblem of kingship, is believed to date to this period. Eweka I, who may have been from the neighboring Yoruba dynasty, is the first Benin oba (king), succeeding the Ogiso kings around 1300. Eweka's authority is undermined by conflict with autochthonous chiefs. Oba Ewedo of the kingdom of Benin reorganizes the

84. VFH Grant Program by contributing to students understanding of their Region s history and cultural toremain in or return to the Region after college The guinea Watermen Project. http://www.virginia.edu/vfh/grant/

NOTICE: Important Grant Program Changes effective Summer, 2002 The VFH Grant Program is central to the mission of the Virginia Foundation. Through the Grant Program, we are able to lend our financial support in response to the interests and concerns of organizations and communities throughout the state. Since 1974, the Foundation has awarded more than 2500 grants for a broad range of public education programs: some of these have explored subjects within the disciplines of the humanitieshistory, literature, anthropology, ethics, and philosophy; others have used the humanities to address important public issues. The Grant Program is open to any incorporated not-for-profit organization in Virginia and to out-of-state organizations proposing projects that are likely to have a significant Virginia audience. All prospective applicants are strongly urged to contact the VFH staff before submitting an application and to submit a draft proposal for preliminary staff review.

85. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Guinea history. times from the 10th to the 15th century, when the region came into guinea scolonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=97&RegionID=5

86. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Equatorial Guinea history. The first inhabitants of the region that is now Equatorial guinea are believedto have been Pygmies, of whom only isolated pockets remain in northern http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=189&RegionID=5

87. Equatorial Guinea History : Ultraspider.com eritrea ethiopia equatorialguinea gabon gambia ghana guinea bissau ivory yourself,embroidery, fashion, forniture, gardening, health, history, home decoration http://www.ultraspider.com/equatorial guinea history.dmoz

home equatorial equatorial guinea equatorial guinea history Africa index Directory vaionline: siti mondiali/regional/africa/society and culture Categoria in tutti siti mondiali home siti_mondiali regional africa society_and_culture aids_information@ 22) history @ (229) literature@ (18) poetry@ (11) historic_buildings@ (3) conservation_and Ravenna virtuale Cuba cyprus czech republic denmark djibouti dominica dominican rep. Ecuador egypt el salvador equatorial guinea eritrea estonia ethiopia fiji islands finland france f. Y. R. O. Macedonia gabon Ravenna virtuale Cuba cyprus czech republic denmark djibouti dominica dominican rep. Ecuador egypt el salvador equatorial guinea eritrea estonia ethiopia fiji islands finland france f. Y. R. O. Macedonia gabon Central african republic comoros congo brazzaville congo kinshasa djibouti egypt eritrea ethiopia equatorial guinea gabon gambia ghana guinea bissau ivory coast kenya lesotho liberia libya Rcs syndication newsletter This week images last weeks` images newsletter archives rizzoli periodici newsletter every week rizzoli periodici produces hundreds of highly professional, press quality pictures. Our newsletter will reach you via e-mail to in Rcs syndication newsletter Characters, comics, cooking, crochet, do it yourself, embroidery, fashion, forniture, gardening, health

88. French Guinea/Government - Encyclopedia Article About French Guinea/Government. French guinea/Government. Word Word. . Click the link for more information.); President of the regional Council Antoine http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/French Guinea/Government

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia French Guinea/Government Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Country name: conventional long form: Departement The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions . They are subdivided into 342 arrondissements . Départements are also found in Côte d'Ivoire. Administrative role Each département is administered by a Conseil Général elected for six years, and its executive is, since 1982 headed by the president of that council (formerly it was headed by the préfet'). Click the link for more information. of Guiana conventional short form: French Guiana The département of Guiana or French Guiana (French Guyane or ), is an overseas département département d'outre-mer, or DOM ) of France, located on the Caribbean coast of South America. First settled by the French in 1604, French Guiana was the site of notorious penal settlements (see Devil's Island) until 1951. The European Space Agency launches its satellites from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou. Click the link for more information.

89. Jews In Cape Verde And On The Guinea Coast In short, Jewish history plays a role in Cape as KiSwahili evolved in this other regionalcontext. associates, the grumettas, to only Portuguese guinea and to http://www.saudades.org/jewscapev.html

JEWS IN CAPE VERDE AND ON THE GUINEA COAST by Richard Lobban Paper presented at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth 11 February 1996 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND IN PORTUGAL In Iberia the Reconquista movement was growing in its mission to recover their lands from the Muslim Moors who had first arrived in the 8th century. Jews may have first arrived far earlier during the time of the Phonecians and Roman. Nevertheless, Maghrebi Jews were key allies of the Moors and centuries-long residents of Iberia. Probably as early as 1480 one may find the beginnings of the Spanish Inquisition and expulsion of Jews. It was however in 1492 the the Spanish Inquisition emerged in its fullest expression of intolerance, anti-Semitism. This social pathology quickly spread to neighboring Portugal where Portuguese Kings Joao II and especially Manuel I in 1496, determined to exile thousands of Jews to Sao Tome, Principe, and Cape Verde. The numbers expelled at this time were so great that the term Portuguese" almost implied those of Jewish origin. Those who were not expelled were converted by force or were even executed. Despite the important role of Portuguese Jews in commerce, navigational sciences, and in the cartography of Africa, they faced riots, pogroms, and profound oppression during the

90. MAF Australia :: Papua New Guinea - History Papua New guinea history. MAF flying operations commenced in May1951 utilising just one Auster Autocar aircraft. Operations came http://www.maf.org.au/png/pnghist.php

Serving the Church and communities in remote areas Wednesday, 9th June, 2004 - 9:07 PM EST Home What Is MAF? What Do We Believe? What Do We Do? ... Contact Form For feedback or enquiries about this site, contact Webmaster@maf.org.au This site looks best with version 4 or later browsers Home MAF Regions Papua New Guinea > History Papua New Guinea - History MAF flying operations commenced in May 1951 utilising just one Auster Autocar aircraft. Operations came to an unexpected halt when the Auster crashed in the Asaroka Gap due to bad weather. The pilot Harry Hartwig died on impact. Despite this tragedy, the faith and determination of the supporters of MAF overcame the setback to ensure the aviation service continued in PNG. As a result, the network of MAF bases and routes has expanded across PNG serving several hundred remote communities. Initially, MAF flights predominantly supported expatriate missionaries in Papua New Guinea. With subsequent nationalisation of their positions, the missionary population rightly decreased. MAF now serves those who continue that work, including pastors, teachers, community development workers and medical staff, as well as the wider community. MAF flies for churches, missions and Christian organisations at a subsidised rate. We also work alongside the church to further the gospel of Jesus Christ. In addition we maintain a Christian witness while supporting local communities, many of whom rely on our aircraft as their primary means of transport.

91. Archaeology, Language, And History: Essays On Culture And Ethnicity And in a history of communities in the Huon Gulf region of New guinea, Joel Bradshawpaints a lively picture of everchanging patterns of fission and fusion http://dannyreviews.com/h/Archaeology_Language_History.html

Danny Yee's Book Reviews Subjects Titles Authors ... Latest Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity John Edward Terrell (editor) Amazon A book review by Danny Yee It is too often assumed that language, culture, and biology are uncomplicatedly coupled, and that their history can be modelled with simple "trees". Terrell asked the contributors to Archaeology, Language, and History not just to question this, but to start with what he calls the "strong Boas hypothesis", that "language, culture, and biology always vary independently of one another except under specific circumstances". Some largely ignored that injunction, however, and there is little common theory among the contributions. But perhaps a collection of largely unconnected papers is the logical format for an attempt to demonstrate the importance of local circumstances and the problems with oversimple theories. Archaeology, Language, and History contains some fascinating material, both theoretical and regional. I fear, however, that it is unlikely to receive much attention, largely because its approach suffers from a public relations problem. Major migration events may be rare and anomalous in human history, but they lend themselves to grand theorising, story-telling, and popularisation, after the fashion of Jared Diamond and Cavalli-Sforza . A collection of papers stressing the historical and geographical specificity of ethnicity and language use, and focusing on small-scale communities, is just not as approachable, either by lay readers or other scholars. It is also, of course, much harder to summarise.

92. Regional Press Freedom Seminar - Papua New Guinea AsiaPacific regional Press Freedom Seminar. Country Report - PapuaNew guinea. The Papua New guinea Media Council is comprised of http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/activities/meetings/asiapac/png.html

Asia-Pacific Regional Press Freedom Seminar Country Report - Papua New Guinea The Papua New Guinea Media Council is comprised of nine members, six are media outlets and three are media and advertising agencies. The current President is Mr. Peter John Aitsi, General Manager of PNGFM - a commercial radio station. He is continuing the the good work initiated by the two former Presidents. The Media Council was originally set up to protect the interest of the media organizations, it was as a vehicle to share information about possible "bad accounts". Over the years the focus of the Council has widened significantly to address aspects of improving the performance of the media as a whole. This focus has taken the form of industry wide training courses, and the uniformity of approach by the media houses in tackling common goals. The Media Council Board is made up of members of the various media organizations, and has established a specific working committee that concentrates on identify and facilitating training opportunities for the people within the industry. The training courses developed and made available to University Students, the general public and other interested groups that may wish to take part. The long-term focus of the Council is to continue to encourage and develop the professionalism within the industry by the media houses and the people that choose media as a career. The principal is to develop better quality performance by our people and our organisations to ensure the interests of the People of Papua New Guinea are protected by a responsible, active, free media.

93. RSPAS - PAH Publications McCormack, Professor Gavan Peace and regional Security in the war in Papua and NewGuinea, 194245. East Asian history Journal Geremie Barmé (Editor); Journal http://rspas.anu.edu.au/pah/publications.php

Pacific and Asian History publications RSPAS home Search Directory ... Contact us On this page: Online Papers Journals Publications by Members of the Divison Online Papers Denoon, Professor Donald (ed) and Bourke, Myra J (transcribed by) Hindsight: A Workshop For Participants in the Decolonisation of Papua New Guinea [PDF format] (organised by Professors Hank Nelson and Donald Denoon, 2002) de Rachewiltz, Dr Igor F. Wood's, Did Marco Polo Go To China? , A Critical Appraisal Jackson, Dr Peter Non-normative Sex/Gender Categories in the Theravada Buddhist Scriptures McCormack, Professor Gavan From number one to number nothing: Japan's Fin de Siecle Blues McCormack, Professor Gavan Nakaumi McCormack, Professor Gavan Okinawan Dilemmas: Coral Islands or Concrete Islands McCormack, Professor Gavan Peace and Regional Security in the Asia-Pacific: A Japanese Proposal Nelson, Professor Hank Report on Historical Sources on Australia and Japan at war in Papua and New Guinea, 1942-45 Page Top Journals East Asian History Journal Journal Of Pacific History Jennifer Terrell (Executive Editor) Page Top Publications Available for Sale Purchase PAH publications through RSPAS Bookshop Bibliography of Statistical Sources on Southeast Asia, c. 1750-1990

94. ABC.NET Web Directory - - Regional - Africa - Guinea Bissau - affairs. Open in a new Window, » guineaBissau Page - Listing historyand politics information for this region. About Us, Contact us! http://www.abc.net/dir/index.php/Regional/Africa/Guinea_Bissau/

HOME DIRECTORY META SEARCH NEWS ... World Search: search the entire directory search this category only Top Regional Africa Arts and Entertainment ... Travel and Tourism See also: World: Portuguªs: Regional This category in other languages: French German Greek Italian ... FCO Country Profiles - Guinea Bissau - Notes on geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. Guinea-Bissau Page - Listing history and politics information for this region. About Us Contact us! Advertise Privacy! ... NO-2-SPAM! Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor Powered by DWodp live

95. SearchBug Directory: Regional: Africa: Guinea: Government Tapes audioclassics.net These audio books present the most important ideas in politicalhistory and the Related Category regional Africa Government (229 http://www.searchbug.com/directory.aspx/Regional/Africa/Guinea/Government/

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96. List Of Keywords Beginning With P kraj (czechia) pardubicky kraj pardubice region symbols, czech la commune de paris history of the de paris future olympic games guinea samory toure s http://atlasgeo.span.ch/fotw/flags/keywordp.html

P List of keywords beginning with P Last modified: Keywords: web index keywords Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors Keywords beginning with a b c d ... house flags of british shipping companies (7) p.m.c. p.v.p uruguayan anarchist flags p argentine navy chilean civil flags afloat p flag (parents and friends of lesbians and gays) peruvian flags at sea póvoa de lanhoso póvoa de lanhoso municipality (portugal) póvoa do varzim póvoa do varzim municipality (portugal) púchov púchov okres, slovakia pa-o myanmar - burmese peoples paama district flags (vanuatu) paama district (vanuatu) paamiut paamiut (greenland, denmark) paardeberg anglo-boer war flags in south africa pabianice pabianice county (poland) pablo san pablo (bolivar, colombia) pac pac (south africa) pace flag rainbow peace (pace) flag in austria pace italy - peace flags pacetluky pacetluky (czech republic) pacha kuti bolivian political flags pacho pacho (cundinamarca, colombia) pachuca de soto hidalgo, mexico pacific community french polynesia nauru pacific community papua new guinea ... vanuatu pacific county pacific county, washington (u.s.)

97. List Of Keywords Beginning With N namibia) caprivi (namibia) damara (namibia) history of namibia port moresby(papua new guinea) national capital region national capital region http://atlasgeo.span.ch/fotw/flags/keywordn.html

N List of keywords beginning with N Last modified: Keywords: web index keywords Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors Keywords beginning with a b c d ... z n'makiaute n'makiaute (vanuatu) n ok subdivisions of the soviet union city of nuremberg (mittelfranken district, bavaria, germany) na-griamel federation na-griamel (vanuatu) naaldwijk naaldwijk (the netherlands) naarden naarden (the netherlands) nabari mie (japan) nabarra lower navarre (traditional province, france) nabburg county nabburg county until 1972 (oberpfalz district, bavaria, germany) nachod nachod city, czech republic náchod okres, czech republic nachrodt-wiblingwerde andalusian nation (spain) nacina ves nacina ves (slovakia) nacional de mando (gallardete) mexico - navy: masthead pennant nacional socialista mexico - nazi and neonazi movements: creole pride mexico - nazi and neonazi movements: partido nacional socialista de méxico nacionales historical flags 1936-1938 (spain) nacioun gardians nacioun gardians (cultural association, camargue, france) nader shah ancient persian flags persia (iran) from xvi to xviiith century nador nador province (morocco, pre-1996)

98. Met Timeline | Guinea Coast, 500-1000 A.D. This method of producing exquisitely refined brass works was first employed alongthe guinea coast at IgboUkwu, a region populated by Igbo peoples. • ca. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/sfg/ht06sfg.htm

See also Eastern and Southern Africa and Western Sudan Among the rich artistic traditions of the Guinea coast, we focus here on ancient Ife (also known as Ile-Ife), the cradle of contemporary Yoruba culture. Situated in the West African forest, Ife was the center of a trading network that capitalized on its accessibility from the Niger and several smaller rivers, from the West African coast, and from the savanna country to the north. Stone monoliths are characteristic of early Ife art, while in the latter half of the first millennium A.D. distinct styles of finely modeled terracotta representations and works in cast metal were developed and refined. This period is also significant for the emergence of lost-wax casting. While the smelting of metallic ores dates to the first millennium B.C., and by about 1000 A.D. iron and copper smelting techniques had spread throughout the continent, the complex technique of lost-wax casting began to be practiced only in the tenth century. This method of producing exquisitely refined brass works was first employed along the Guinea coast at Igbo-Ukwu, a region populated by Igbo peoples. Ife During what is known as Ife's Pre-Pavement period , human and animal figures in stone and terracotta become more common, and are depicted with increasing naturalism.

99. GWP - West Africa strengthen research, information and expertise networks on IWRM in the region. Faso,Cape Verde, Cote d´Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, guinea, guinea Bissau, Liberia http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP?iNodeID=134

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