81. Sweden12 Geysir. One indication of the volcanic activity on Iceland are thenumerous fields of geysers and hot springs. We stopped at Geysir http://www.exo.net/~pauld/TomTits2000/sweden12.html

Iceland Iceland provides a convenient stopover on flights across the Atlantic. If you fly Icelandair they will allow you to make a three night stop in Iceland on your flight across the Atlantic for no extra airfare. Ellen and I jumped at the chance to visit provided by our flight home from Sweden. Iceland is geologically strange. It is made by a hot spot pumping magma up through the mid-Atlantic rift. The rift is the crack between the European and American plates. The magma overfills the crack creating a large island in the middle of the Ocean. An island on which lava and rifting battle it out creating a truly different landscape. Geysir One indication of the volcanic activity on Iceland are the numerous fields of geysers and hot springs. We stopped at Geysir the geyser that gave its name to all the other Geysers. The volcanic geyser field at Geysir Iceland. The eponymous Geysir. It's not dead, it's just sleeping. We stayed at the Geysir hotel. The Geyser field is across the road from the hotel. Geysir itself is dormant and does not erupt anymore unless it is triggered by the addition of soap flakes. However, the next door geyser, Strokkur erupts every 10 minutes. Strokkur geyser.

82. Type_Document_Title_here geysers are hot springs that erupt periodically. The eruptions isthe result of superheated water below-ground becoming trapped http://www.yellowstone.net/geysers/geo_features.htm

Geysers Top of Page Hot Springs are similar to geysers, but their underground channels are large enough to allow rapid circulation of water. Rising hot water releases heat energy by evaporation or hot water runoff, while convection currents return the cooler water to the underground system, thus maintaining equilibrium. The microorganisms which live in and around the hot springs often make the pools very colorful. Top of Page Fumaroles are holes or vents from which steam rushes into the air. It is like a hot spring, but lacks liquid water. Either there isn't enough water or the underground rock is too hat and boils off all of the water so a pool can't form. The small amount of water that does seep into the area is converted to steam and expelled from the vent, oftentimes creating a hissing noise. Top of Page Mudpots are thermal areas where water-saturated sediment (similar to clay) is affected by super-heated steam below. Rising steam forces its way upwards through the mud and ground water, bursting upwards sending showers of mud into the air, as if in a small explosion.

83. Hot Springs Links to other sites Mineral Water geysers hot springs National ParkSend comments to Jay Kuecker @ jkuecke@gilligan.esu7.k12.ne.us http://www.esu7.org/~lweb/Lakeview/science/hot.html

Hot Springs by Ben Neville Most hot springs are steadily flowing streams or calm pools of water. They discharge water heated by natural processes within the earth. But many are geysers, or bubbling pools of mud called mudpots or mud volcanoes. Hot springs are also called thermal springs. Hot springs usually occur in volcanic regions where hot molten rock called magma lies near the surface of the earth. Sometimes they might also occur in regions that have faults or folds in the layers of rock beneath the earth's surface. Hot springs are formed when surface water, which results from rain and snow, seeps into the ground. Surface water then trickles down through layers of rock until it is heated by the magma. When the water is heat it will rise to the surface through channels in the rock. Many people believe that certain minerals found in some hot springs can relieve various ailment. Since ancient times, this belief has led people to bathe in the springs and to drink the water. Famous resort communities center around the hot springs in such places as Hot Springs National Park.(see links below) Hot springs are a source of geothermal energy, which is energy produced by underground steam or hot water. Several countries, including New Zealand, Iceland, and the United States, use geothermal energy to generate electricity.

84. NATURE: Yellowstone Otters - Inside The Hot Zone When surface water seeps down and meets the molten rock s heat, geothermalactivity occurs, in the form of hot springs, mud pots, and geysers. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/otters/hotzone.html

Yellowstone Otters Home The River Otter Life of the Otter Inside the Hot Zone Resources INSIDE THE HOT ZONE Hot springs lie beneath Yellowstone Lake. Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872, is a geothermal landmark. This unique environment has a built-in heating system that melts ice floes, keeping rivers and lakes from freezing completely, even in the middle of winter. At Yellowstone, winter effectively lasts from September to April, but hot springs underneath 320-foot-deep Yellowstone Lake keep ice from covering up some of it, so that resident otters can find places to fish even in the coldest weather. While much of the park's 2.2 million acres freezes in the cold months, the geothermal activity near the center of the park creates an unusually temperate atmosphere for wildlife. In the dead of winter, bison can be seen grazing near the park's geysers, which remain clear of snow and ice. However, danger lurks underfoot. In many places, the ground at Yellowstone is but a thin crust of earth stretched over a scalding hot spring. If a bison wanders too close to the mouth of a geyser, its two tons of weight may break through the ground, plunging the animal into a 175-degree underground pool. No scientist completely understands the underground plumbing system here; it is simply too hot to explore at close range.

85. Molossian Institute Of Volcanology - Long Valley Caldera After the initial pulse of superheated water reached the surface,the heat flux decreased and the geysers become hot springs. To http://www.molossia.org/volcanology/longvalley.html

Molossian Institute of Volcanology LONG VALLEY CALDERA California Geologic Background of the Long Valley Caldera Mammoth Mountain, at 3389 meters (11,050 feet), is a composite volcano made up of about 12 rhyodacite and quartz latite domes extruded along the southwest rim of Long Valley caldera from 200,000 to 50,000 years ago. Mammoth Mountain is one of the eruptive centers that developed late in the evolutionary cycle of the Long Valley caldera complex. Volcanic unrest continues at Long Valley. Earthquake activity began in 1978 and culminated in mid-May 1980 when four magnitude 6 events were recorded in a 2-day period. Volcanologists interpreted the earthquakes, accompanying ground deformation, and an increase in activity at fumaroles as an indication of magma movement beneath the caldera. U.S. Geological Survey continues to monitor the caldera. Inyo Craters Three large craters comprise the Inyo Craters: Two lake-filled craters (North and South Inyo Craters) and another crater at the summit of Deer Mountain (Summit Crater), the peak to the north. The two craters with lakes (North and South Inyo Craters) are over 184 meters (600 feet) in diameter. The northern crater is about 46 meters (150 feet) deep and the southern one over 61 meters (200 feet) deep. The Inyo Craters chain also includes nine much smaller craters and at least five volcanic domes. Inyo Craters are phreatic explosion craters. They were created about 500 years ago as phreatic explosion pits, rather than typical ash eruptions. The explosive formation of the craters was probably triggered when circulating groundwater was heated by the underlying magma to the point that fluid pressure exceeded confining pressure. The superheated water vaporized and the expanding steam hurled the overlying material upward and outward blanketing the area with a layer of debris up to 15 meters (50 feet) thick. No lava was emitted from this eruption. Such eruptions are termed hydroclastic eruptions because they involve rock fragmented rocks and water.

86. Slackerdom: Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone was great we saw buffalo, fox, elk, whitewater rangingfrom Class I to Class VI, hot springs, geysers, blue sky. http://slackerdom.com/alaska/trip_down/0914_thu.html

SLACKERDOM home travel : Yellowstone National Park CONTENTS home news resume faq ... in the press VIDEO index RSS what is RSS? STORIES all stories bike hike kayak ... self injury HOTELS top hotels more top hotels Search travel: Powered by TripAdvisor FRIENDS kayak colorado rafting in colorado dog treats arkansas river trust ... ark paddler Digital Camera HQ Digital camera reviews, prices and advice. visitors: (since apr'04) Thursday, 14 September 2000. Corwin Springs, MT - 5mi. Mileage: 80,046. Squirrel Mmmm, smoked silver salmon on bagels and cream cheese for breakfast. Life is good! We're driving through militia country. Just north of Corwin Springs we passed what Shelly thinks is the Minutemen compound site of the standoff with the feds in late 1990's. We passed a barn with large lettering: "Clinton doesn't inhale. He sucks." The road winds along the Yellowstone River. Every so often we see steam coming from the river hot springs! Yellowstone was great we saw buffalo, fox, elk, whitewater ranging from Class I to Class VI, hot springs, geysers, blue sky. Lots of RVs, but fewer than in Jasper. Mammoth Hot Springs Minerva Terraces The town has grown a lot since Shelly worked here in the 1980's. We stopped at the visitor center, found out Eddy was not welcome in the park she could go out, on a leash, along the road. Not allowed on any trails or near any geothermal features.

87. Worldisround - Yellowstone - Photograph - Hot Springs And Geysers Area Park photograph; hot springs and geysers are fragile and unstable, butthere are many trails you can follow . hot springs and geysers area. http://www.worldisround.com/articles/11825/photo5.html

Hot Springs and Geysers area Scenery in Yellowstone Nat. Park picture - Hot springs and geysers are fragile and unstable, but there are many trails you can follow . Explore North America United States Wyoming ... Search... Search: travel articles personal articles authors See related articles Yellowstone by Ludo Wuytack previous photo article index next photo Hot Springs and Geysers area small medium view full-size image 2400 x 1719 Hot springs and geysers are fragile and unstable, but there are many trails you can follow . Worldisround Home About Us Login Create an Account ... Policies Comments? Questions? Send e-mail to

88. The Ancient Environment And Modern Analogues Similarly, changes in biota and the colour of cyanobacterial mats are also evidentin overflow channels from geysers and hot springs, marking the temperature http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/analogueslgscl.htm

The Ancient Environment and Modern Analogues: Large-scale features The spatial distribution of the biota with respect to the hot springs, apart from available soil moisture, nutrients and sunlight, is dependant primarily on two environmental factors: water temperature and pH. Both these factors are important, especially in hot spring areas, because different forms of life have specific tolerances to both, and thus temperature and pH tend to govern which plants and animals may flourish. These constraints would also have been applicable at Rhynie 400 million years ago. The following table gives a general idea of the upper temperature limits of a number of animals, plants and micro-organisms (after Brock 1994 Group Upper temperature limits ( o C) Animals Fish Insects Ostracods (crustaceans) Plants Vascular plants Mosses Eukaryotic micro-organisms Protozoa Algae Fungi Prokaryotes Bacteria Cyanobacteria (O producing photosynthetic bacteria) Other photosynthetic bacteria (do not produce O Heterotrophic bacteria (use organic nutrients) Archaea Methane-producing bacteria Sulphur-dependant bacteria Eukaryotic organisms are unable to adapt to high temperatures, the upper limit (for fungi) being 60-62

89. Yellowstone Association - Course Calendar Instructors......geysers, Mud Pots hot springs July 2325, 2004 729 Limit 12 Minimum Age 16Location Old Faithful Activity Level See Course http://yellowstoneassociation.org/institute/fieldSeminars/courseDetail.aspx?cid=

90. Yellowstone Association - Course Calendar Instructors......geysers, Mud Pots, hot springs July 1921, 2004 724 Limit 12 Minimum Age16 Location Old Faithful Activity Level See Course http://yellowstoneassociation.org/institute/fieldSeminars/courseDetail.aspx?cid=

91. GORP - Yellowstone National Park - Wyoming - Highlights geysers and hot springs. Visitor Centers along this road are locatedat Mammoth hot springs, Norris Geyser Basin, and Old Faithful. http://gorp.away.com/gorp/resource/us_national_park/wy/hig_yell.htm

Nat'l Parks Nat'l Forests Nat'l Monuments Wilderness Areas ... Contests Search: DisplayAds ("Top,Right,Middle,TopRight,Right1,Right2,Frame1!Top", "468", "60", "parks"); Wildlife We Love (and Would Hate to Lose) 15 Spectacular World Parks Your Guide to Walking Well Top 10 Carolina Campsites ... 2004 Gear of the Year from Outside Online Introduction Park Index Highlights Activities Hiking Nature Trails Biking Fishing and Boating ... Contacts and Links Ratings View Rating Submit Rating Community Yellowstone Forum Wyoming Resources PARKS Yellowstone National Park Highlights Yellowstone is so much more than a collection of scenic features and natural curiosities. The way to see Yellowstone is not with guidebook in hand, checking off attractions ( okay, did the Grand Canyon, what's next? ), but to feel it, to give it the time and contemplation it deserves. But, while you're communing in this monument to nature, we recommend a few not-be-missed-highlights. See the Yellowstone Overview Map for locations. Geysers and Hot Springs The world's greatest concentration of thermal features is found inYellowstone; many of the most famous geysers and hot springs are located on the west side of the,park along the fifty mile stretch of road between Mammoth Hot Springs and Old Faithful. Areas to visit include the Mammoth Hot Springs Terraces, Norris Geyser Basin, Fountain Paint Pots, Firehole Lake Drive, Midway Geyser Basin, Biscuit Basin, Black Sand Basin, and the Old Faithful area. Visitor Centers along this road are located at Mammoth Hot Springs, Norris Geyser Basin, and Old Faithful. The Madison Museum, which houses an artist-in-residence program, is located at Madison Junction.

92. Hot Springs - Yellowstone National Park the surface, these silicaladen waters form a rock called geyserite, or sinter, creatingthe massive geyser cones; the scalloped edges of hot springs; and the http://www.nps.gov/yell/nature/geothermal/hotsprng.htm

LINKS: Geothermal Features Home Hot Springs Mud Pots Fumaroles Mammoth Terraces ... Geysers GENERAL: Back to 'Nature' Hot Springs and How They Work Emerald Spring Norris Geyser Basin anatomy of a hot spring Sinking to a depth of nearly 10,000 feet, this cold water comes into contact with the hot rocks associated with the shallow magma chamber beneath the surface. As the water is heated, its temperatures rise well above the boiling point to become superheated. This superheated water, however, remains in a liquid state due to the great pressure and weight pushing down on it from overlying rock and water. The result is something akin to a giant pressure cooker, with water temperatures in excess of 400 F. The highly energized water is less dense than the colder, heavier water sinking around it. This creates convection currents that allow the lighter, more buoyant, superheated water to begin its slow, arduous journey back toward the surface through rhyolitic lava flows, following the cracks, fissures, and weak areas of the earth’s crust. Rhyolite is essential to geysers because it contains an abundance of silica, the mineral from which glass is made. As the hot water travels through this "natural plumbing system," the high temperatures dissolve some of the silica in the rhyolite, yielding a solution of silica within the water.

93. Water:geothermal Protection For Yellowstone Geysers And Hot Springs basin in the world. It boasts thousands of mud pots and hot springsand more than 200 geysers. These thermal environments provide http://www.greateryellowstone.org/water/water_geothermal.html

Geothermal Protection Geothermal Features Features Life in Hot Springs Thermophilia Greater Yellowstone is home to the largest intact and most varied geothermal basin in the world. It boasts thousands of mud pots and hot springs and more than 200 geysers. These thermal environments provide unique and diverse vegetation supporting various microbial organisms, mosses, and grasses. This vegetation in turn supports many species of insects, birds, amphibians and ungulates. top of page News Wildlife Water ... Threats

94. California Hot Springs CA, 36.031, 117.833, FUMAROLE, 203, 95, DEATH VALLEY, HAIWEE RESERVOIR 15. CA,37.648, 118.914, CASA DIABLO hot springs AND GEYSER, 199, 93, MARIPOSA, MT. MORRISON15. http://www.hotspringsenthusiast.com/California.htm

US Hot Springs HSE Home Page Locate a spring TopoZone California National Geophysical Data Center Listings Click on the Spring Name to see a TopoZone map of the location. California has 304 hot springs. It is second only to Nevada for numbers of hot springs. Springs are listed in order of temperature. STATE LAT LONG "Popular" or USGS Spring Name TF TC Area USGS quadrangle CA THE GEYSERS SANTA ROSA THE GEYSERS 7.5 CA LITTLE GEYSERS SANTA ROSA (WHISPERING PINES 7.5) CA HOT SPRINGS (SURPRISE VALLEY) ALTURAS CEDARVILLE 15 CA COSO HOT SPRINGS DEATH VALLEY HAIWEE RESERVOIR 15 CA LAKE CITY HOT SPRINGS ALTURAS CEDARVILLE 15 CA DEVILS KITCHEN DEATH VALLEY HAIWEE RESERVOIR 15 CA TERMINAL GEYSER SUSANVILLE MT. HARKNESS 15 CA WENDEL HOT SPRINGS SUSANVILLE LITCHFIELD 15 CA MORGAN HOT SPRING SUSANVILLE LASSEN PEAK 15 CA HOT SPRING SUSANVILLE WENDEL 15 CA GROWLER HOT SPRING SUSANVILLE LASSEN PEAK 15 CA DEVILS KITCHEN SUSANVILLE MT. HARKNESS 15 CA AMEDEE HOT SPRINGS SUSANVILLE WENDEL 15 CA FUMAROLE DEATH VALLEY HAIWEE RESERVOIR 15 CA CASA DIABLO HOT SPRINGS AND GEYSER MARIPOSA MT. MORRISON 15

95. Hot Springs The dissolved minerals are rapidly deposited around the hot springs andgeysers as the water cools and can no longer hold it in solution. http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/geology/hot_spring.html

Hot Springs Deep in the earth, beneath your feet, but less deep at Yellowstone National Park than in most places, the molten rock of the earth's interior transmits heat upward through sold rock to ground water which has penetrated to that depth. This extremely hot water then forces its way upward through fissures and fractures, warming rocks and water as it goes. Where the hot water can escape at the ground surface, a hot spring is formed. Extremely hot water has properties important to the development of a hot spring's plumbing system. First, its lower density allows it to rise more easily through small channels. Second, it is a much better solvent than is cooler water; it dissolves astounding amounts of silica, a common component of volcanic rock. In this way, channels are enlarged while others are soon clogged with new deposits. The dissolved minerals are rapidly deposited around the hot springs and geysers as the water cools and can no longer hold it in solution. Hot springs differ from geysers in that their underground systems allow rapid circulation of water. The rising hot water dissipates heat energy by evaporation or runoff, while convection currents return the cooler water to the underground system, keeping it in equilibrium.

96. Microbial Construction Of Siliceous Stalactites At Geysers And Hot Springs: Exam 73–94. Microbial Construction of Siliceous Stalactites at geysers and hot SpringsExamples from the Whakarewarewa Geothermal Area, North Island, New Zealand. http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-abstract&issn=0883-1351&volume=016&iss

97. Yellowstone Caldera hot pots. This page is about the beauty of hot springs which do not (usually) erupt.In Upper Geyser Basin, In West Thumb Geyser Basin, In West Thumb Geyser Basin http://www.educeth.ch/stromboli/perm/yellowstone/hotsprings-en.html

Stromboli online EducETH Home Contact ... The hotspot Hot pots This page is about the beauty of hot springs which do not (usually) erupt. In Upper Geyser Basin In West Thumb Geyser Basin In West Thumb Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Lake View accross Yellowstone Lake towards West Thumb Geyser Basin In Upper Geyser Basin Near Great Fountain Geyser Punchbowl Spring, Upper Geyser Basin In Midway Geyser Basin Near Steamboat Geyser Grand Prismatic Spring Grand Prismatic Spring Bubbles adrift... Updated: 19. 2. 2004

98. Hot Springs National Park --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article found in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Includesdescriptions of a hot spring, geyser, solfatara, and fumarole. http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=392710&query=equinox spring&ct=

99. Hot Spring - Encyclopedia Article About Hot Spring. Free Access, No Registration Large scale electrical generation is possible in areas near geysers or hot springsby utilizing naturally occurring steam, superheated ground water or using http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hot spring

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Hot spring Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition A warm spring or hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater Groundwater is any water found below the land surface, including water found in aquifers, in the pore spaces of rocks, unconsolodated sediments, permafrost, and soil moisture. Groundwater flows to the surface naturally at springs, seeps and often forms oases or swamps. It may also be tapped artificially by the digging of wells. The top of an unconfined aquifer is the water table, where water pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Click the link for more information. issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. By extension, this can be applied to any planet: for example, "Martian year". Seasonal year A seasonal year is the time between successive recurrences of a seasonal event such as the flooding of a river, the migration of a species of bird, or the flowering of a species of plant. Click the link for more information.

100. Yellowstone 2000 - 10/14/2000: Mammoth Hot Springs, Norris, Firehole Lake Drive Then, we hike around the back basin. After nearly every bend in thepath, there is a new geyser, hot spring or other thermal feature. http://www.matthiasbook.de/travel/yellowstone2000/001014/

Home Travel Yellowstone 2000 Mammoth Hot Springs, Norris Basin, Lower Basin Saturday, 10/14/2000 It's a truly international group that piles backpacks, bags and thick coats in our minivan's trunk on the campus of The University of Montana, Missoula: Petra and Sanna from Finland, Tasia from Denmark, Marie from Sweden, Gabe from Montana and Matthias from Germany. Shortly after 9 a.m., we set the cruise control to 75 mph and go east on the Interstate Highway I-90. We are headed for Yellowstone National Park , the first national park of the world. With the Clark Fork River to the right, the highway winds between the brightly fall-colored hills covered in strands of fog. It is a fresh morning, fair with some clouds. As we pass Deer Lodge, Anaconda and Butte, Gabe points out sights along the road: Montana's state prison, the remains of the world's largest smokestack, signs of strip mining... After about four hours, we reach the campus of Montana State University at Bozeman where we pick up Nils from Germany. We continue on the I-90 until Livingston, where we take the Highway 89 towards Gardiner. A giant brick gate marks the North Entrance to Yellowstone National Park. The engravings "For the benefit and enjoyment of the people" - "Created by act of Congress March 1, 1872" remind us of the historic discussions on what to do with this extraordinary landscape that preceded the establishment of Yellowstone's status as a national park. We had been told we'd probably see animals in the park, but we sure didn't expect to see two large deer right on the visitor center's lawn, staring lazily at the excited tourists fumbling with their cameras.

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