21. Alternative Energy Resources A starting point to explore the (alternative) energy resources like solar power, geothermal, biomass, tide and windpower. You are http://power.about.com/cs/alternative/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Power / Energy Alternative Energy Home Essentials DPRK nukes Furnace Oil ... Iraq Oil zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); International Energy Journals Equipment Commerce ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Power / Energy newsletter. Search Power / Energy Alternative Energy Generation Resources A page that is devoted to the alternative energy resources like solar power, geothermal, biomass, tide and windpower. More Categories Alt Energy All (17) Batteries (13) Battery Providers (22) Bioenergy Biofuel (5) ... 1 more categories below More Categories Tidal Power (11) Related Categories Alternative Energy - All Types Bioenergy and Biofuels Fuel Cells Geothermal Resources ... User Agreement

22. Geothermal Energy, Blue Mountain Power Project Because geothermal energy is a rapidly growing, clean (alternative) to coal, oil and gasfired power plants, Nevada geothermal represents an attractive http://www.continentalridge.com/geothermal-energy.htm

Geothermal Energy Geothermal Power Project Nevada Geothermal Power Inc. (NGP:TSX ) is an alternative energy company focused on the development of large geothermal power projects in Western U.S.A. The company recently received funding from the US Department of Energy to further develop the strategic Blue Mountain geothermal project in Nevada. Blue Mountain has the potential to generate 100MW of energy to help meet the ever-growing demand for power in California and the Pacific Northwest. Because geothermal energy is a rapidly growing, clean alternative to coal, oil and gas-fired power plants, Nevada Geothermal represents an attractive investment opportunity in the energy sector. The Blue Mountain geothermal power project of Nevada Geothermal has many similarities to the Geysers field of Calpine Energy Geothermal Energy: A Natural Source of Clean Power Geothermal energy (literally heat from the earth) has become the "green" energy alternative of choice because it is natural, clean, renewable, reliable, efficient and inexpensive to operate. The western U.S.A. has a generous endowment of geothermal potential. Nevada occupies the area of highest crustal heat flow in North America thanks to increased magmatic activity related to plate tectonics (see map below). Geothermal Power Project Geothermal energy demand is increasing...

23. Alternative Energy Sources Some (alternative) energy sources are biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, wind power, fuel cells, ocean thermal energy conversion, tidal energy, and wave http://www.pge.com/microsite/PGE_dgz/more/alternative.html

Alternative Energy Sources Alternative energy sources are resources that are constantly replaced and are usually less polluting. They are not the result of the burning of fossil fuels or splitting of atoms. The use of renewable energy is contributing to our energy supply. Some alternative energy sources are: biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, wind power, fuel cells, ocean thermal energy conversion, tidal energy, and wave energy. Biomass is renewable energy that is produced from organic matter. Biomass fuels include wood and forest and mill residues, animal waste, grains, agricultural crops, and aquatic plants. These materials are used as fuel to heat water for steam or processed into liquids and gases, which can be burned to do the same thing. With more use of biomass at lower production costs and better technology, the United States could generate as much as four-and-a-half times more biopower by 2020. It is estimated that biomass will have the largest increase among renewable energy sources, rising by 80 percent and reaching 65.7 billion kWh in 2020. Geothermal energy Hydroelectric (hydropower) energy employs the force of falling water to drive turbine-generators to produce electricity. Hydropower produces more electricity than any other alternative energy sources. It has been estimated that hydroelectric power will decline from 389 billion kWh in the U.S. in 1999 to 298 billion kWh in 2020. This decline is expected because most of the best sites for hydropower have already been developed and because of concerns about the adverse impact that large-scale hydroelectric facilities may have on the environment.

24. Renewable Energy Annual 1997, Volume I Science Classroom. (alternative) Fuel Information. Waste Prevention Saves energy Waste Prevention Saves energy HJH Whiffen, JF. geothermal. US DOE/Government. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/renewable.energy.annual/rea97/appd

Home Renewables Renewable Energy Annual 1999 With Data for 1998 Appendix D List of Internet Addresses: Renewable Energy Information by Resource Biomass: Wood Biomass: Biofuels Municipal Solid Waste Waste-to-Energy ... Solar Photovoltaic Biomass: Wood Supply of Short Rotation Woody Crop Biomass to the Watts Bar Power Facility This is a brief description of studies that exemplify the methods and approaches that have been developed... standing woody biomass (TREEDYN3*); Biomass: Biofuels Biofuels Program... Energy Information on Internet: BIOFUELS INFORMATION NETWORK ECN_logo Energie Informatie via Internet BIOFUELS INFORMATION NETWORK Title Organization: Biofuels System ... Biofuels Science Classroom ... National Renewable Energy Laboratories- Biofuels Information Center; The Biofuels Information Center, managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste Factbook. Waste-to-Energy Energy from Waste Energy from waste Introduction The UK Government’s draft waste management strategy maintains that burning waste of one type or another ... Waste Prevention Saves Energy Waste Prevention Saves Energy H.J.H. Whiffen, J.F. Geothermal US DOE/Government Domestic Geothermal Organizations International Geothermal Association Direct Uses Geothermal Energy ... Geothermal Theory: Introduction Summary: How Geothermal Systems Form. Geothermal Occurances Today.

25. Alternative And Renewable Fuels Data And Information From The US Energy Informat utilities, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal energy, wind energy EPACT) requires the energy Information Administration of the (alternative) transportation fuels http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/renewright.html

Feature Articles Title/Description Available Formats Analysis of Geothermal Heat Pump Manufacturers Survey Data The Energy Information Administration (EIA) collected information on shipments of geothermal heat pumps, often called ground source or geoexchange systems, for the first time in 1997. This information is based on data filed on the EIA’s Form EIA-902, "Annual Geothermal Heat Pump Manufacturers Survey." In addition to discussing geothermal heat pump shipment data, this article describes how geothermal heat pumps work, system economics, and provides two case studies, including the Department of Energy’s role in geothermal heat pump development. Keywords: Energy, Geothermal, Heat Pump PDF Transmission Pricing Issues For Electricity Generation From Renewable Resources This article discusses how the resolution of transmission pricing issues which have arisen under the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) “open access” environment may affect the prospects for renewable-based electricity. After giving some preparatory material on the deregulated electricity market and on renewable energy characteristics relevant to electricity transmission, the article discusses alternatives being considered for pricing transmission, provides qualitative impacts of those choices on renewable electricity transmission costs, and concludes with alternatives for reducing renewable-based electricity transmission costs. Keywords: electricity transmission prices, renewable based electricity

26. - Alternative Energy Assignment - Geothermal Energy. (alternative) energy Assignment geothermal energy. Below is a short sample of the essay - (alternative) energy Assignment - geothermal energy. . http://www.coursework.info/i/38461.html

The UK's largest coursework and essay database All Categories This Category You are in: Coursework and Essays GCSE Physics Alternative Energy Source's - Alternative Energy Assignment - Geothermal Energy. Below is a short sample of the essay "- Alternative Energy Assignment - Geothermal Energy." . If you sign up you could be reading the rest of this essay in under two minutes. Registered users should log in to view the full essay ... en into account that decide this efficiency rate include the temperatures of the water in the bores and the temperatures outside on the surface. If the temperatures are very hot inside the efficiency rating will be very high, whereas if the temperatures outside are very hot the generator slows down. The 10kW capacity of the ORC engine is very small compared with 1,100mW, as was the capacity of a geothermal power plant in San Francisco in the year 1994. In 1996 the power plant produced 4.5 million megawatt-hours of electricity, which is enough to provide all of California with electricity. An estimate of the potential size of this energy source comes from the above value of 4.5 million megawatt-hours of electricity, which as can be seen below converts into 16,200 Giga-Joules at the Geothermal Power Plant in San Francisco. Once again this potential size is affected by the core temperatures and the temperatures on the surface. 82/3782/113782/image005.gif" align= "left" hspace="12" alt= "Text Box: 4.5 million mega-watt hours = (X Number) Joules 4.5 million mega-watt hours x [3.6 x 109] = (X Number) Joules = 3600000000 x 4500000 = 16200000000000000 Joules = 16200 Giga-Jo ...

27. BBC - Weather Centre - Climate Change - Geothermal Energy in oil prices in the late 1970s prompted the Department of energy in the UK to look for (alternative) energy sources. A number of deep geothermal aquifers were http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/adaptation/geothermail_energy.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index WEDNESDAY 9th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage Weather UK Weather ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Geothermal Energy How it works There are three main ways of tapping geothermal energy: Direct use Geothermal heat found near the surface of the Earth can be used directly for heating buildings (District Heating - the system that supplies communities with hot water or heating - being the most well known) and for a number of commercial and industrial uses. Geothermal heat pumps Electricity production There are three types of power plant that can convert geothermal energy to electricity, depending on the temperature of the geothermal fluid used. All three use a turbine that is driven by steam, which then drives a generator to produce electricity. The past Humans have used geothermal energy for thousands of years, using hot springs initially for cooking and building reservoirs around springs to create shrines and bathing complexes such as those built at Bath by the Romans. The dramatic rise in oil prices in the late 1970s prompted the Department of Energy in the UK to look for alternative energy sources. A number of deep geothermal aquifers were identified.

28. What Is Geothermal Energy And How Can It Be Used? geothermal energy is one possible (alternative) green energy source that could potentially reduce our contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. http://www.geothermal.ca/whatis.html

Return to the CGEA main page. What is Geothermal Energy and How Can It Be Used? Geothermal Energy The Earth's Temperatures Geothermal Resources Geothermal Resources in Canada ... Uses - Different Kinds of Geothermal Energy Systems Geothermal Energy Energy comes in many different forms. One form of energy is heat or "thermal" energy, which can be in the form of, for example, solar energy (from the sun); thermochemical energy (heat released from chemical reactions) and radiogenic energy (produced by radioactive decay). The Earth is a storehouse of energy that is produced internally by radiogenic heat production and long-term cooling of the planet. The surface of the Earth is also warmed by solar radiation. We refer to the Earth's energy as "Geothermal Energy". This energy is available to us for use in a variety of applications, including recreational use (hotsprings), direct use for heating, and power generation. Recent public interest in geothermal energy has however led to some confusion on the different forms of geothermal energy that are related to different types of geothermal resources. A complicating factor is that different people use different terms to describe essentially the same thing. Traditionally, geothermal energy was related to high temperature resources that are needed for power generation. However, the value of lower temperature resources for direct heating or recreational use has broadened the definition of geothermal energy. The Earth's Temperatures Of course, with our current drilling technology, we are limited to drilling relatively shallow boreholes. For example, water wells and mining boreholes may extend to several hundred metres below ground surface, while oil wells may be considerably deeper (a few thousand metres). The deepest borehole drilled on Earth was drilled in Russia, and it extends about 12 kilometres deep. Because we can only access heat energy from the very near surface of the Earth, it is to our advantage to seek out areas that have high geothermal gradients if we are interested in high temperature resources. Alternatively, if low temperature resources are sought, the relative stability of ground temperatures beyond a few metres depth allows us to access Earth energy at a fairly constant temperature year round.

29. Canadian Geothermal Energy Association (CGEA) Possible Keywords geothermal, energy, heat pump, hotspring, (alternative) energy source, kyoto accord, hot spring. Canadian geothermal energy Association. http://www.geothermal.ca/

Possible Keywords: geothermal, energy, heat pump, hotspring, alternative energy source, kyoto accord, hot spring Canadian Geothermal Energy Association The CGEA is a non-profit association of professionals, researchers, consultants and the public that are interested in the utilization, protection and understanding of geothermal resources. Its members have varying specific interests in geothermal resources ranging from heat pump technology, high temperature energy production and geology to recreational uses and environmental considerations. The goal of the CGEA is to act as a sounding board and discussion group for the concerns and ideas of its members. Activities of the CGEA include: following developments in the international geothermal field with possible applications to the geothermal industry within Canada, lobbying Canadian government branches about issues concerning geothermal resources and uses in Canada, hosting meetings and seminars for the exchange of information, and acting as a warehouse of geothermal expertise within Canada. Upcoming events What is geothermal energy and how can it be used?

30. Renewable Energy Resources Site consists mainly of links to Wind energy, Solar energy, geothermal energy, (alternative) fuels, energy efficiency tips, and other general renewable energy http://www.aresearchguide.com/energy.html

Renewable Energy Resources CONTENTS Renewable Energy Resources - General Resources Bioenergy Fuel Cells and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Geothermal Energy ... Wind Energy Division of categories are for convenience only. In many cases, topics will be overlapped. Renewable Energy Resources - General Resources About.com: Renewable Energy . Links to renewable energy resources. Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention: Energy . Links to major Energy sites, e.g. Canadian Renewable Fuels Association Green Globes Office of Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy - Greenpeace Canada ... IPPSO - Independent Power Producers' Society of Ontario , and others. See also Government of Canada - What is Sustainable Development? CanREN - The Canadian Renewable Energy Network (CanREN) from Natural Resources Canada. Browse by Technologies: Bioenergy Earth Energy Hydroelectric Energy Solar Energy , and Wind Energy Clean Energy Basics from NREL - National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Provides answers to these questions: What is renewable energy? Why is it important? Why is energy efficiency important? (Environmental benefits, jobs and the economy). What does clean energy have to do with me as a homeowner, a small business owner, a student, a teacher, an inventor? Includes Educational Resources for K-12.

31. USGS Circular 1249 Has Moved and other (alternative) energy resources. A skeptic might question the wisdom of devoting much national effort to geothermal energy development, especially http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/circular/c1249/

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1249 has moved to http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/ You will be sent there right away. Date created: 05/27/2004 Last modified: 05/27/2004 Email questions to Michael Diggles (mdiggles@usgs.gov).

32. Alternative Energies By Hans J. Renaa geothermal energy. geothermal energy is renewable heat energy from deep in the earth. geothermal energy is (very close to) renewable as opposed to fossil fuels. http://csf.colorado.edu/students/Renaa.Hans/geothermal.html

Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is renewable heat energy from deep in the earth. Even though it has several advantages over conventional energy sources, only a small fraction of the resource is in use today. Hydrothermal energy is today economic at a number of sites. It can be used to generate electricity or to produce hot water for direct use. Many countries, including the United States, Japan, France, New Zealand and Iceland and some developing countries in Latin America and Africa, are today taking advantage of this resource. However, the geothermal energy's potential as a substitute for current energy sources is much larger because of the high energy content in hot dry rocks, magma and geopressured geothermal energy. Further research and development need to be done in order to make the use of these resources economically feasible. Advantages The main advantage of the use of geothermal energy over conventional energy sources is the environmental benefits. Geothermal power plants generates just a fraction of Sulfur-, Carbon-dioxide- and Nitrogen- oxide-emissions as compared to fossil power plants. Geothermal power plants also require very little land compared to that needed by other energy sources. Geothermal plants are also modular, and can be installed in increments as needed. Geothermal energy is (very close to) renewable as opposed to fossil fuels. When geothermal energy is used to generate energy, the spent geothermal fluid is injected back into the peripheral parts of the reservoir to help maintain reservoir pressure. Because the reservoir's temperature will decrease by a very small fraction we cannot theoretically say that the energy is totally renewable. However, this temperature decrease is so small that its practically renewable. When a geothermal reservoir is used for direct-heat applications the heated water is usually fed into a heat exchanger before injected back into the earth. This water is then used for home and greenhouse heating and a variety of other uses. The consumption of groundwater is zero.

33. Alaska Energy Authority energy Authority’s (AEA’s) (alternative) energy and energy Efficiency section wind, biomass, transmission and distribution, geothermal, solar, diesel http://www.aidea.org/alternative.htm

Alternative Energy and Energy Efficiency Program Publications Alaska Energy Authority’s (AEA’s) Alternative Energy and Energy Efficiency section currently manages or funds 47 projects totaling $63.9 million in the areas of hydroelectric, wind, biomass, transmission and distribution, geothermal, solar, diesel generation, and end use efficiency. The primary objective of the program is to lower the cost of power and heat to communities while maintaining system safety and reliability. Projects seek to increase efficiency of existing diesel power production and end use as well to develop alternatives to diesel-based energy technology. Funding. Projects are completed through grants to local utilities and communities, as well as directly by AEA staff and contractors. Hydroelectric Power.

34. Alternative Energy Sources PES 367 / ENSC 367. Summer 1997. An introduction to (alternative) energy sources such as solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, and hydro energy. http://www.uccs.edu/~tchriste/courses/367home.html

Alternative Energy Sources PES 367 / ENSC 367 Summer 1997 An introduction to alternative energy sources such as solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, and hydro energy. Students will examine the technical , economic and political issues related to the use of these energy sources. PES 367 / ENSC 367 Course Details Professor / office hours course syllabus and information text and other recommended books grading ... Dr. Tom Christensen office: Engr 210 phone: 262-3130 email: tchriste@mail.uccs.edu office hours: M: 3:30 - 4:30 or by appointment Daryl Prigmore office: Engr 245 phone: 262-3560 email: dprigmor@mail.uccs.edu Course Syllabus and Information Tentative Syllabus: Week 1: Introduction (Chapters 1 and 2) Week 2: Solar Energy (Ch. 3) Week 3: Wind Energy (Ch. 4) Week 4: Biomass (coal gassification) and Hydro (Ch. 5 and 6) Week 5: Geothermal Energy (Ch. 7) Week 6: Energy Storage (hydrogen, fuel cells, fly wheels) , Policies, and other issues (Ch. 8 and 9) Week 7: Student presentations Week 8: Student presentations Students with a disability who require accommodations must provide a letter of accommodation from Supplemental Services (MH 132, 262-3065) within the first two weeks of the semester.

35. GreenBiz | Geothermal Energy Program geothermal energy Program The US Department of energy s geothermal energy Program promotes geothermal energy as an (alternative) energy supply. http://www.greenbiz.com/reference/government_record.cfm?LINKADVID=4712

36. ENERGY BOOK Themes include thermodynamics, electricity distribution, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, solar energy, nuclear energy, (alternative) energy (wind, water, biomass http://home.comcast.net/~jfanchi/ENERGY.htm

Home ENERGY-GENERAL ENERGY-TEXTBOOK IFLO MATH PARS PRQT ... SEM ENERGY: Technology and Directions for the Future John R. Fanchi. Ph.D. Energy: Technology and Directions for the Future is a survey of energy sources that will be available for use in this century. It recognizes that society’s dependence on fossil energy is in a state of transition to a broader energy mix. Forecasts of the 21 st century energy mix show that a range of scenarios is possible. The more likely scenarios anticipate the use of several different energy sources. Energy professionals of the future will need to understand the origin and interactions of these energy sources to thrive in an energy industry that is evolving from an industry dominated by fossil fuels to an industry working with many energy sources. Energy: Technology and Directions for the Future is designed to help the reader understand and appreciate the role of alternative energy components in the energy mix. To achieve this objective, the reader will learn about the history and science of energy sources as well as energy technology. Material in the text is presented in a set of thematic modules (see the table below). Themes include thermodynamics, electricity distribution, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, solar energy, nuclear energy, alternative energy (wind, water, biomass, synfuels), energy and society, energy and the environment, sustainable development, the hydrogen economy, and energy forecasting. Technical strands run through the thematic modules to help prepare students for increasingly sophisticated concepts. A familiarity with the material presented in the text will help the reader better assess the viability of emerging energy technologies and the role they will play in the future.

37. Geothermal Energy plants are therefore a viable (alternative) to conventional fossil fuel plants, particularly with respect to greenhouse gas emissions. geothermal energy is not http://acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/geo/geothermal.html

In the Home Renewable Energy Technologies What is Geothermal Energy? C, decreasing to 650 - 1200 The total geothermal resource is vast. An estimated 100PWh (1 x 10 Low grade geothermal resources are more abundant and widespread. They are located in deep sedimentary basins around the world (eg along the Gulf Coast of the United States and in Central and Southern Europe), as well as on the edges of the tectonic plates. Background Geothermal energy has been used by humans for many centuries in applications such as space and water heating, cooking, and medicinal bathing. The first geothermal power generation plant was constructed in 1904 in Larderello, Italy. This had a capacity of 250kW and used geothermal steam to generate electricity. The second geothermal power station built was in the 1950s at Wairakei , New Zealand. This was followed by The Geysers in California in the 1960s [3]. Figure 1 Geothermal power plant at Wairakei , New Zealand. (Image courtesy of International Geothermal Association Figure 2 The Geysers geothermal power plant in California, USA.

38. ALTERNATIVE ENGERGIES By using (alternative) fuel vehicles, photovoltaic energy, and geothermal energy, DoN is promoting use of more natural, greener, and cheaper power. http://web.dandp.com/n45/doc/navydocs/page16.html

ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES Finding and using environmentally friendlier energy and fuel sources has been a DoN focus for many years. By using alternative fuel vehicles, photovoltaic energy, and geothermal energy, DoN is promoting use of more natural, "greener," and cheaper power. Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) DoN is a leader in the AFV effort. In March 1995, DoN operated 700 vehicles that run on clean-burning natural gas, with another 1,000 vehicles planned for conversion in 1995. DoN is working with local gas companies to provide the necessary "filling stations" and is making those stations available to the public. It costs about $5000 to convert a vehicle to use compressed natural gas (CNG), but that cost is expected to be recovered during the 7 year average service life of each vehicle in lower fuel costs. Natural gas vehicles (NGVs), in addition to reducing air pollution, have longer lasting engines, burn higher octane fuel for better performance, and reduce dependence on foreign petroleum. The savings in mobile emission reduction credit per vehicle provide another incentive for their use. Photovoltaic Energy (Center) This PV system in Bermuda has been providing electric power for a decade.

39. IdahoPTV's Dialogue For Kids Explores Alternative Energy Find out about geothermal energy Research at Idaho National Engineering and Now that you re becoming experts about energy, and (alternative) energy, you ll http://idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season5/energy/facts.html

WHAT IS ENERGY? Energy is the ability to do work. Work can be carrying, moving or lifting something, warming something, and lighting something. Energy is needed to make our world work. The Energy Story from Energy Quest, California Energy Commission KINDS OF ENERGY Energy comes in many different forms heat (thermal energy), light (radiant energy), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. All forms of energy are stored in different ways. These sources are divided into two groups renewable (an energy source that we can use over and over again) and nonrenewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time.) Renewable and Non-renewable Energy from the Energy Information Administration Today we get most of our energy from NONRENEWABLE ENERGY sources. These include the fossil fuels oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy. Fossil fuels were formed over millions of years by heat from the Earth's core and pressure from rock and soil on the remains of dead plants and animals. Another nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium. Through a process of nuclear fission we split uranium's atoms to create the heat used to make electricity. Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Nuclear energy ... Non-renewable Energy RENEWABLE ENERGY

40. Low And High Density Alternative Sources Of Energy: A Categorization All kinds of (alternative) source are examples of high initial cost development In addition, Earth is for geothermal energy sources, both those which occur in http://www.rattlesnake.com/notions/energy-alternate-essence.html

Low and High Density Alternative Sources of Energy: a Categorization We can use the traditional `elements' to categorize the types of modern `alternative sources of energy'. I find this a useful aid to memory. Most of the energy sources that come under the rubric of the traditional four elements depend on low density transformations. This means they are expensive: Earth Air Fire , and Water Aristotle's fifth element can represent a `high density' transformation, nuclear energy: Quintessence Like the other alternative sources of energy, nuclear energy is expensive, but for different reasons. All kinds of alternative source are examples of high initial cost development ; they will only become widespread with low incremental costs. Let's look at each element in turn: Earth is for biological, self-replicating sources, such as wood or sawdust from trees, oils used in cooking and then for diesel fuel, and ethanol from biomass. In addition, Earth is for geothermal energy sources, both those which occur in certain places, such as Iceland, and those which might be tapped by drilling deep enough. (Geothermal energy may be concentrated: a `high density' source, but readily accessible geothermal energy is rare.) The European Union could pay for growing biomass in its new members. This would enable the Union to sidestep the Common Agricultural Policy, which is no longer useful, enable richer countries to transfer money to poorer ones, and help reduce net carbon emissions.

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