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         Georgia Former Ussr Government:     more detail
  1. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia Country Studies (Area Handbook Series) by Glenn E. Curtis, 1995-11
  2. Understanding Post-Soviet Transitions: Corruption, Collusion and Clientelism (Euro-Asian Studies) by Christoph H. Stefes, 2006-12-12
  3. Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder (Politics in Contemporary Asia) by Suzanne Goldenberg, 1994-09
  4. Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze. Second Edition, Revised & Updated by Melvin Goodman, Carolyn M. Ekedahl, 2001-10-15
  5. The New Cold War: Revolutions, Rigged Elections, and Pipeline Politics in the Former Soviet Union by Mark A. MacKinnon, 2007-10-04

21. Welcome To Windstar Technologies. Inc.
{The tax treaty with the former ussr does not a resident of the first mentioned ContractingState {georgia}, shall not {PARTICIPANTS IN US government PROGRAMS}.
http://www.windstar-tech.com/public/Gg5.HTM
GEORGIA
ARTICLE II
3. ''Resident of the Soviet Union'' means:
4. ''Resident of the United States'' means:
(b) an individual resident in the United States for purposes of its tax.
ARTICLE VII
ARTICLE I
1. The taxes which are the subject of this Convention are:
(b) In the case of the United States of America, taxes and dues provided for by the Internal Revenue Code.
2. This Convention shall also apply to taxes and dues substantially similar to those covered by paragraph 1. which are imposed in addition to, or in place of, existing taxes and dues after the signature of this Convention.
ARTICLE VI 2. General Exemptions. ARTICLE VI 1. Special Exemptions. (d) Students. (f) Duration of Exemptions. (3) Five years in the case of subparagraph (d) (Students). From 1973 EXCHANGE OF NOTES: PARAGRAPH 2 2. In Article VI, subparagraphs 1.(d) and (e) provide exemption under certain circumstances of an amount "necessary to provide for ordinary living expenses." It is agreed that the exemption under subparpgraph 1.(e) in any taxable year will not apply to any amount in excess of $10,000 or its equivalent in rubles, and that the exemption under subparagraph 1.(d) will generally apply to a lesser amount, to be determined in each specific case. ARTICLE VI 1. Special Exemptions.

22. Allied Territories, Republics And Occupation Areas Of Russia
When Tuva was absorbed by the ussr, it became part of the RSFSR. TRANSCAUCASIAN FEDERATEDREPUBLIC (Armenia, georgia, Azerbaijan). government A former republic.
http://web.inter.nl.net/hcc/Langenberg/republics.html
Russia
Allied territories, republics and
occupation areas

    Here is a summary of the russian allied territories, republics and occupation areas;
    • Location government area population capitol summary
    ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN BATUM FAR EASTERN REPUBLIC ... WESTERN UKRAINE ARMENIA Location: South of Russia, bounded by Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey Government: Republic Area: 11,306 sq. miles Population: 3,300,00 in 1989 Capital: Yerevan With Azerbaijan and Georgia, Armenia made up the Transcaucasian Federation of Soviet Republics.
    Stamps of Armenia were replaced in 1923 by those Transcaucasian Federated Republics.
    With the breakup of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991, Armenia and ten former Soviet republics established the Commonwealt of independent States. AZERBAIJAN Location: Southernmost part of Russia in Eastern Europe, bounded by Georgia, Dagestan, Caspian sea, Persia and Armenia. Government: A Soviet Socialist Republic Area: 32,686 sq. miles Population: 2,096,973 in 1923 Capital: Baku BATUM Location: A Seaport on the Black sea Government: N/A Area: N/A Population: N/A Capital: N/A Batum is the capitol of Adzhar, a territory which, in 1921, became an autonomus republic of the Georgien Soviet Socialist Republic.

23. Lithuania : History
in August 1991, however, the central government granted independence to such as Azerbaijanand georgia, former Communists in comeback in the postussr period.
http://www.omnitel.net/ramunas/Lietuva/lt_history.shtml
9 June 2004 Search site: Site map
Search help

General Information
Visitors Guide ... Shop
www.sportalas.com
Sport news
Lithuania
/ History
HISTORY
Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to my site. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta Some scholars believe that Lithuanians inhabited the Baltic area as early as 2500 BC; others believe they migrated to the Baltic area about the beginning of the 1st century AD. The first reference to them by name was in AD 1009 in a medieval Prussian manuscript, the Quedlinburg Chronicle.
The Medieval Jogailan Empire
With the rise of the medieval lords in adjacent Prussia and Russia, Lithuania was constantly subject to invasion and attempted conquest. As a result, a loose federation of Lithuanian tribes was formed in the early Middle Ages.
In the 13th century AD, when the Teutonic Knights, a German militaristic religious order, were establishing their power, the Lithuanians resisted; in about 1260 they defeated the order. About a century later a dynasty of grand dukes called the Jogailans established, through conquest, a Lithuanian empire reaching from the Baltic to the Black seas.
The Lithuanian Prince Gediminas occupied Belarus and western Ukraine; his son, Grand Duke Algirdas, added the territory between Ukraine and the Black Sea.

24. Presidential Election In Georgia
His first task will be to organise general elections and to form his government. Atpresent georgia is the only former ussr country to be submitted to a
http://www.robert-schuman.org/anglais/oee/georgie/presidentielle/default.htm
MIKHAIL SAAKACHVILI IS VOTED LEADER OF GEORGIA As expected Mikhail Saakachvili (National Movement) was elected by a wide majority President of Georgia winning 85.5% of the vote. The two candidates after him won only 0.4% each and in all the scores of his four adversaries together (Temour Chachiachvili, Kartlos Garibachvili, Roin Liparteliani and Zaza Sikharoulidze) did not go beyond 1%. The leader of the "rose revolution", who forced President Edward Shevardnadze to resign on 23 rd November last after three weeks of peaceful demonstrations, during which the population challenged the results of the general elections that were held on 2nd November, was well and truly voted in as leader of Georgia. In spite of the call to boycott the elections by those loyal to Edward Shevardnadze, the participation rate rose to 83%. Half of the electorate had to go to ballot in order for the election to be declared valid - a result that was achieved just two hours before the end of the election. Four hundred and fifty international observers monitored the presidential election for which no particular problem was detected. The presidential election was boycotted by the province of Abkhazia. In South Ossetia only the inhabitants living in the area controlled by Tbilisi took part. In Adjaria, Aslan Abachidze's stronghold, the state of emergency was only lifted at the last minute hence just a small number of voters went to ballot. Abachidze had challenged the establishment of new electoral roles as well as the dissolution of the previous electoral Commission; therefore he suspended the organisation of the presidential election in his region.

25. TP: Georgia: A Velvet Revolution?
Indeed, western government ended up overlooking the backgrounds of Gorbachev and Shevardnadzeof the former ussr, Gyula Horn by the events in georgia, is that
http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/co/16180/1.html
heise online c't iX Technology Review ... Kiosk
Georgia: A Velvet Revolution?
John Horvath Power to the people The end of the Shevardnadze era in Georgian politics was both sudden and somewhat expected. After protesters stormed into parliament, breaking open the doors with their bare hands, pundits from abroad watching democracy in action through their television screens wondered whether this abrupt change would degrade into violence or not, and how much real change this revolution from the bottom would bring.
The answer to the first question was subsequently revealed: there was practically no violence, although some observers had made mention of the fisticuffs between Shevarnadze supporters and the opposition, despite the fact these few incidents are nothing compared to the hooliganism of British and German football matches. As for whether what happened in Tiblisi over the weekend represents real change, we will have to wait and see. Yet to understand fully what happened in Georgia, we have to put everything into context of the political changes which had happened throughout Central and Eastern Europe in the late eighties and early nineties. Broadly speaking, we can differentiate between four types of political change which took place over the years throughout the region: stillborn, reform, civil unrest, and revolution. These types cover a wide spectrum and often merge into one another. At both ends of the scale are examples of only one country choosing an extreme path: one the one side there is Belarus, which can be said to have had a stillborn process of change or, to put it another way, where little has changed at all; on the other is Romania, which was the only country which saw a violent overthrow of the old order, culminating in the execution of the Ceausescus.

26. RUSSIA AND THE "NEAR ABROAD"
least the tacit support of the Yeltsin government.9. blockade on Russia s borderswith Azerbaijan (and georgia). stability in regions of the former ussr. 13 If
http://www.csis.org/ruseura/psp/pspiii12.html
Post Soviet Prospects, vol III, #12, December 1995
RUSSIA AND THE "NEAR ABROAD"
by Stephen Foye
A decree on relations with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), issued by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on September 14, 1995, frankly states Moscow's intention to reestablish its political supremacy over the territory of the former Soviet Unio n. As such, it appears to codify and make state policy Moscow's heretofore shadowy use of diplomatic, military, and other levers to manipulate developments throughout the "near abroad" to Russia's advantage. The decree is a victory for those forces_many o f which are active in the current parliamentary elections_that have never accepted the dissolution of the Soviet Union and whose efforts, both within the government and outside it, have been dedicated since early 1992 toward a reversal of Moscow's declini ng imperial might. In the broadest sense, the historic developments of the past five to seven years on the territory of the former Soviet Union might best be summarized in terms of two countervailing tendencies. The first involves a rapid and enduring disintegration of the political power that had sustained the Soviet empire. The second, which actually began prior to the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, encompasses the ongoing efforts of newly emergent elites in the various states that comprised the empi re to promote a consolidation of the center's dissipating power at the national level. The Shadowy Roots of Intervention

27. Georgia News - Media Monitoring Service By EIN News
Five ministers appointed in Ajaria government 20 May 2004 georgia 19 May 2004 1442;georgian state security Russia Has No Foreign Policy in former ussr 19 May
http://www.einnews.com/georgia/
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Georgia Breaking News EIN Home About Us Help Center Welcome to EINnews.com! Click here to login or join to read the news. Georgia Home Country Info June 9th, 2004 Your EIN Account Subscription options
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28. Www.the-soundtracks.com/mp3/free/download.html
Yugoslavia,South Korea, Cyprus,georgia,Lebanon,Old Republic,Lithuania,US government,Ukraine,Mauritius Lanka,UnitedArab Emirates,former ussr, Swaziland, Barbados
http://www.ne.jp/asahi/sound/tracks/msg2.html
mp3 download free Ranking details Ú×
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free soft MP3 Player Review ( portable ) We have some questions. We would appreciate receiving your comments.but it's NOT compulsory. download HELP (for windows) ¥@ƒ_ƒEƒ“ƒ[ƒhEŽ‹’®•û–@@¥ ‚²“o˜^‚¢‚½‚¾‚¢‚½î•ñ‚𑼂̖ړI‚ÉŽg—p‚·‚鎖‚͈êØ‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
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29. Foreign Policy Association - Display
and development organizations operating in georgia, including mailing advanced researchon Russia and the former ussr by scholars, government officials and
http://www.fpa.org/content2525/content.htm?section=organizations&attrib_id=2341&

30. Karabakh Conflict: Discussions - The Legal Aspects Of The Karabakh Conflict
Representatives of the Azerbaijani government visiting Stepanakert were the nationalminorities in the former ussr did not in Armenia and georgia, and Armenian
http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/karabakh/karabakh_duscussions/karabakh_moll
Winter 1993 (AI 1.1)
The Legal Aspects of the Karabakh Conflict by Jeyhun Mollazade, Ph.D.
President, US-Azerbaijan Council
The conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan was the first major ethno-political conflict the former Soviet Union. This article reviews legal aspects of this confrontation. 1. The Karabakh Conflict in relation to the Laws and Constitution of the former USSR. On February 20 1988 a Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAR) in regional center of Stepanakert appealed to the Supreme Soviet of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the USSR government to allow it to be joined to Armenia. The Azerbaijani government quickly rejected this request on the basis of the USSR Constitution of 1977, Article 78, which provides that "the territory of Union Republics may be altered by mutual agreement of the Republics concerned, subject to ratification by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." This constitutional act
of Azerbaijan was received in Nagorno-Karabakh and in Armenia with hostilities against Azeris. Strikes and mass demonstrations were organized in order to exert pressure on the Soviet central government.

31. Peacekeeping In The Former Soviet Union: Lessons For Africa - Building Stability
all fought wars against, respectively, georgia, Russia, Azerbaijan and clans for thecontrol of the central government. All states in the former ussr, with the
http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No46/Peacekee.html
Peacekeeping in the Former Soviet Union:
Lessons for Africa
Dmitri Treninl
Carnegie Moscow Center

Published in Monograph 46, Building stability in Africa: Challenges for the new millennium, February 2000
INTRODUCTION
The article is divided into sections dealing with:
  • t he nature of conflicts raging in post-Soviet space;
  • the nature of the political environment where they are taking place;
  • the ways and means of outside intervention to prevent, stop and resolve conflicts;
  • the assessment of the results achieved so far;
  • the outlook for the future; and
  • the lessons learned in the process.
NATURE OF CONFLICTS
de facto an arm of the state apparatus, and was never allowed to play an independent role since the late 17th century, it was the national interest in religious affairs, or better said Staatsraison
nomenklatura
whose leaders assumed power in the new states. Probably of greater importance was the common concern that, should any all boundaries being contested, with the new states likely being overwhelmed by the double challenge of external irredentism and internal separatism. It is precisely this separatism which is a clear and present danger throughout the former Soviet space.
perestroika

32. The Soviet Union: Facts, Descriptions, Statistics — Ch 1
It occupies six former counties of the Minsk province and South Ossetian (georgia),87,300, Tskhinvaly. among the Constituent Republics of the ussr correspond to
http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/1928/sufds/ch01.htm
Soviet Union Information Bureau
Area and Population
THE Union of Soviet Socialist Republics occupies the largest territory of any country in the world, with the exception of the British Empire and all dependencies, the land area is 8,144,228 square miles (21,352,572 square kilometers). The land area of continental United States is less than 3,000,000 square miles. The population of the U.S.S.R., as of January I, 1928, according to the estimate of the Central Statistical Board, was 149,900,000. According to the census of 1926-27 it was 147,013,600 at the beginning of 1927. In 1914 the population of the same territory was 138,200,000. Under the census of 1926-27 the population included 71,024,300 men and 75,989,300 women. The density of population of the U.S.S.R., under the figures of the census of 1926-27, is 18.1 persons per square mile. Owing to transfers of heavily populated territories to Poland, Finland and the border states at the close of the World War, the present territory of the Soviet Union is 93 per cent of that of the Tsarist Empire; the population is 82 per cent of that of the former Empire. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as established by the Treaty of Union, July 6, 1923, was composed of four constituent republics:

33. UCT Law: Law Review Environmental Law In The Land Of The Golden Fleece
and Environmental Law is advising the government of the georgia, at the eastern endof the Black Sea and energy supplies in the former ussr have undermined the
http://web.uct.ac.za/law/review/03sept/fleece.htm
CONTENTS Dworkin conference Comment by the Dean Out on loan Law, Race and Gender ... A word from the students:
* The Black Law Students Forum
* Law Students Council Scholarships and Prizes 2002 Admiralty across the Atlantic Brief Encounters Faculty staff May 2003 ... Next (2004) Decade reunion Environmental Law in the
Land of the Golden Fleece
By: Professor John Gibson
Director, Institute of Marine and Environmental Law THE INSTITUTE of Marine and Environmental Law is advising the Government of the Republic of Georgia on legal and institutional reforms to protect the Black Sea coastal environment. Funded by the World Bank, the Institute is working with international environmental consultants, Halcrow, on the Georgia Integrated Coastal Management Project (GICMP). Georgia adopted a new Constitution in 1995, which concentrates power in the hands of central government at the expense of regional and local authorities. This makes it more difficult to introduce a system of coastal management that reflects the needs and secures the involvement of local communities. The structure of central government is also fragmented and inflexible, with an excessive number of ministries, state departments, agencies and governmental commissions, whose relationships are poorly defined. Political tensions and uncertainty complicate the situation: a significant proportion of the Black Sea coast lies within the “autonomous republic” of Ajara, which unilaterally claims many of the competences of national government, while the breakaway region of Abkhazia is now beyond the control of the Georgian authorities.

34. 2004 March 1 - Tough Line On Graft In Georgia
After the ussr collapsed and georgia became the state budget, according to georgianofficials. of her husband, Jokhtaberidze, a former government minister and
http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?documentID=2874

35. Georgia - General Information
Foreign Affairs of georgia, the government department, responsible TOURISM POTENTIALgeorgia was one of the leaders of recreational system in the former ussr.
http://www.mfa.gov.ge/general.html
Main page Directory Foreign policy Consular info • WELCOME TO OUR WEB SITE Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, the Government department, responsible for foreign affairs through our headquarters in Tbilisi and Georgian Embassies and Consulates throughout the world. Search listsrv@mfa.gov.ge
• General information about Georgia HOME PAGE: COUNTRY PROFILE: GEORGIA - GENERAL INFORMATION
NAME OF THE COUNTRY:
Conventional form:
Georgia
Local form: Sakartvelo
CAPITAL: Tbilisi
LOCATION: Georgia is situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, in the Western part of the Transcaucasia on the southern slopes of the Caucasian mountains, between the 40' and 47' latitude east and 42' and 44 longitude north, covering the area of 69.700 sq. km. It shares borders with the Russian Federation in the north, the Republic of Azerbaijan in the south-east, the Republic of Armenia in the south, and the Republic of Turkey in the south-west. Western Georgia is bounded by the Black Sea.
LANDSCAPE: The surface of Georgia ranges in altitude from meters on the Black Sea level up to 5.184 meters. The northern, central and southern parts are dominated by mountains (with Caucasus mountains in the north, Likhi range in the central part and lesser Caucasus mountains in the south). Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in the west, while in eastern Georgia all rivers join the Mtkvari (Kura) river, forming the Caspian basin.
2/3 of the territory is mountainous, the average height being 1200 meters. The main peaks are : Shkhara (5184), Kazbegi (5033), Rustaveli (4960), Tetnuldi (4852), Ushba (4710), and Shkhelda (4322). The main rivers are: Mtkvari (384 km), Alazani (390 km), Iori (375 km), Rioni (327 km), Enguri (221 km), and Khrami (220 km).

36. Easygroove: The End Of The Soviet Empire: The Triumph Of The Nations-Hélène Ca
the republics, and the central government s responses and regarding, say, the Abkhaziansin georgia, the author rise of nationalism in the former ussr and her
http://www.drizzle.com/~roraback/writings/helen.html
The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations
"But what I believe to be certain is this: if you were to give all these grand, contemporary teachers full scope to destroy the old society and build it anew, the result would be such obscurity, such chaos, something so crude, blind, and inhuman that the whole structure would collapse to the sound of humanity's curses before it could ever be completed."
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 'One Day of Today's Falsehoods,' 1875 "The oppressed will soon stand on the stage of history."
V. I. Lenin On New Year's Eve, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics was dissolved, sixty-nine years after its founding. By the end of October, 1990, all fifteen Soviet republics had already declared their sovereignty. The struggle for independence in the republics of the former Soviet Union, and the role of that struggle in the eventual downfall of the USSR is the subject of Mme Carrère d'Encausse's The End of the Soviet Empire The End of the Soviet Empire , Carrère d'Encausse has made a huge contribution to the growing body of work concerning the post-Soviet world of the former USSR.

37. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - Government Of Bangladesh
EthiopiaEritrea, Kosovo, East Timor, georgia, Congo, Cote d The government and tribalinsurgents signed a peace to Bangladesh than the former ussr, even though
http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryGovt.asp?CountryID=13&RegionID=3

38. Labor Statistics
Following the breakdown of the former ussr, the government of georgia committeditself to the principles of a market economy, democratisation and pluralism.
http://www.undp.org.ge/Projects/labor.html
Georgia National Human Development Reports
" National Human Development Report for 2001/2002 focuses on poverty.."
NHDR Past Reports
Georgia in brief UNDP Georgia
Technical Assistance to Georgia in the field of Labor Statistics GEO/96/006
Total budget:
USD 561,957
UNDP sector:
Poverty Eradication
Starting date:
August 1996
Duration:
36 months Background Objective The objective of the project is to strengthen the capacity of Georgian national statistical institutions in order to enable them to produce reliable statistical data in line with the requirements of a market economy. Activities
  • To organise abroad and in-country trainings in the field of employment, unemployment and underemployment. To carry out related surveys for a period of 24 months with a sufficiently large sample of households and with data disaggregated by region and gender. To combine, on the basis of a feasibility study, the household survey results with the monthly unemployment registration data to produce monthly and quarterly unemployment estimates for further publication.
  • 39. Armenia, Country Commercial Guide, August 1996
    its (currently) only two neighboring trade partners, georgia and Iran of nations whichemerged from the former ussr; however its government ROLE IN THE ECONOMY.
    http://www.arminco.com/Armenia/CCG/CCG96/chapter2.htm
    CHAPTER 2 ECONOMIC TRENDS AND OUTLOOK 2.1. MAJOR TRENDS AND OUTLOOK Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a highly sophisticated industrial sector, supplying to the USSR and foreign markets machine building equipment, defense electronics and optics, textiles, and other manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials and energy resources. Armenia today remains a large food importer. Its mineral deposits - copper, coal, molybdenum, and gold - appear so far to be relatively small. The economic decline, which started with the 1988 earthquake and the disintegration of the USSR, was particularly severe in 1991-94 due to the ongoing conflict over the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan and Turkey shut down pipeline and railroad traffic to Armenia for its support of the Karabakh Armenians. Georgia provides Armenia with its only means to receive deliveries of natural gas. Most industrial enterprises remain either shut down or operating at drastically reduced levels. At the same time, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh has forced the government to militarize a number of its operating machinery manufacturers, thus putting additional non-productive burden on the weak economy. With IMF help, the Armenian economy stabilized in 1993-1995. Inflation was brought under control and negative growth bottomed out. Long term resolution of the country's economic problems will depend on solving the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, reestablishing normal relations with the neighboring countries of Turkey and Azerbaijan, and lifting the embargoes. A settlement would give full play to the country's existing industrial and agricultural potential, and highly educated and skilled human resources, while establishing Armenia’s normal trade and supply links.

    40. Zaridze
    for the Defense Ministry of the former ussr. Department of Physics, Tbilisi StateUniversity, georgia. Two Projects executed for Greek government via grants
    http://lae.ictsu.tsu.edu.ge/Zaridze.htm

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