21. FAF - Preamble Notable examples included the Mandinka, fulani, Hausa, or, in among the Akan and Ga peoples as well as A unique characteristic of africa s indigenous system of http://www.freeafrica.org/returning_to_africa.html

Home Indigenous Africa Returning to Africa's Roots/Modernizing the Indigenous George B.N. Ayittey All Africa needs to do is to return to its roots and build on and modernize its own indigenous institutions. There is now a greater awareness of the need to reexamine Africa's own heritage. Return to traditional institutions will ensure not only peace but stability as well: In Mali each existing ethnic group is recognized for its distinct heritage. "Ethnicity cannot be manipulated in this society," said educator Lalla Ben Barkar. "The people may be from the north or the south, but in the end they realize they are one nation, and that is Mali" (The Washington Post, 24 March 1996, A28). Carl M. Peterson and Daniel T. Barkely offered a reason why Somalia imploded: The previous government [Siad Barre's] failed to incorporate the institutional aspects of Somalia's indigenous culture into a functioning national body. [Therefore] a stable, viable and fair political system must comprise the essential characteristics of Somalia's complex society. This means revitalizing indigenous institutions, restoring traditional powers and giving clans a legitimate outlet for political expression. (New African, June 1993, 20). E. F. Kolajo of Thoyandou, South Africa, concurred: "The Japanese, Chinese, and Indians still maintain their roots, and they are thriving as nations. Africa embraces foreign cultures at the expense of its own, and this is why nothing seems to work for us" (New African, February 1995, 4). In fact, according to The Bangkok Post, "Japan's postwar success has demonstrated that modernization does not mean Westernization. Japan has modernized spectacularly, yet remains utterly different from the West. Economic success in Japan has nothing to do with individualism. It is the fruit of sheer discipline the ability to work in groups and to conform" (cited by The Washington Times, 9 November 1996, A8).

22. IK Monitor Websites (8-2) began in 1989 with 11 fulani elders who that rural communities in africa and other IBIN indigenous peoples Biodiversity Information Network The indigenous http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/8-2/websites.html

Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, July 2000 Contents IK Monitor (8-2) IKDM Homepage ikdm@nuffic.nl Related websites For this issue of the Monitor, the Nuffic-CIRAN information specialist responsible for the IK Pages has restricted her search for relevant websites to the IK Pages themselves. The following are related to the subjects of the articles. Ethnoveterinary medicine (in Cameroon) 'Ethnoveterinary medicine practices in the Northwest Province of Cameroon' is the title of an earlier article by the same authors who wrote 'Ethnoveterinary healing practices of Fulani pastoralists in Cameroon: combining the natural and the supernatural': Ngeh J. Toyang, Mopoi Nuwanyakpa, Chritopher Ndi, Sali Django and Wirmum C. Kinyuy. The first article was published in the Monitor in 1995, and is available online at http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/3-3/articles/toyang.html Best Practice: Traditional ethnoveterinary medicine A project referred to in the article cited above can also be found described as a Best Practice. The Ethnoveterinary Medicine Project began in 1989 with 11 Fulani elders who are skilled in the use of indigenous remedies for treating various animal diseases. The project was initiated by Heifer Project International in collaboration with the 11 founding members of the Cameroon Ethnoveterinary Association. http://www.unesco.org/most/bpik3.htm

23. CNN.com - Nigeria Militia Kills 20 Villagers - January 1, 2002 The influence of the Hausafulani, one of Nigeria s main tribes, is a source of resentment among the indigenous peoples in the central state, but the groups http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/01/01/nigeria.village/

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Nigeria militia kills 20 villagers LAGOS, Nigeria More than 20 people were killed and scores injured in an attack on a central Nigerian village by an ethnic Hausa-Fulani militia, police said on Tuesday. Police said the miltia attacked Dagwom Turu village in the Jos South local government area of Plateau state on Sunday. They said it was an apparent reprisal attack for the killing of ethnic Hausa-Fulani in religious riots in the state. More than 500 people were killed in three days of Christian-Muslim fighting in September in the city of Jos, Plateau state capital, and surrounding districts. Plateau state police command spokesman Ali Yusuf told Reuters: "At least 15 people were killed and scores wounded after some armed Fulanis invaded Dagwom Turu village. "Some of those injured died in hospital, bringing the death toll to more than 20 so far.

24. Embassy Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria Ibadan was until recently the largest indigenous african city of the most active commercial centers in West africa. of Kano and of the Hausa and fulani peoples. http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/history.shtml

HISTORY AND PEOPLE NIGERIA Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, economy and politics, that sheds light on the tremendous potential of this African Giant. However, little is known to the outside world about the many exciting tourist attractions available in Nigeria: Historic sites nestled amid rivers and rain forests, breathtaking mountain vistas, remote creek villages, miles of pristine beaches and exotic national wildlife reserves. There are also museums, festivals, music and dance, a rich cultural melange right down to everyday traditional markets. These are just some of the spectacular sights and sensual delights awaiting the traveler to Nigeria. Nigeria has the largest population of any country in Africa (about 120 million), and the greatest diversity of cultures, ways of life, cities and terrain. With a total land area of 923,768 sq. km. (356,668 sq. mi.) Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa. Its coastline, on the Gulf of Guinea, stretches 774 km (480 mi.). Nigeria shares its international border of 4,470 km (2513 mi.) with four neighbors: Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. Until 1989 the capital was Lagos, with a population of about 2,500,000, but the government recently moved the capital to Abuja. CLIMATE AND WEATHER Nigeria lies entirely within the tropics yet there are wide climactic variations. In general, there are two seasons, dry and wet, throughout Nigeria. Near the coast, the seasons are less sharply defined. Temperatures of over 900F are common in the north, but near the coast, where the humidity is higher, temperatures seldom climb above that mark. Inland, around the two great rivers, the wet season lasts from April-Oct. and the dry season from Nov.-March. Temperatures are highest from Feb-April in the south and MarchJune in the north; they're lowest in July and Aug. over most of the country.

25. Minorities At Risk (MAR) Group Type indigenous peoples Click here to view General Chronology. of sorts with other tribal people in the to Cameroon’s majority (the fulani), even after http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/camkirdi.htm

Kirdi in Cameroon Total Area: 475,442 sq.km (with the great geographical diversity) Capital: Yaounde Population:15,029,000 (1998 U.S. Census Bureau estimate) 4/5th of Cameroonians live in the formerly French-east. Languages: French and English (official); Fang, Bamileke, Duala, and other indigenous languages; Southern peoples are mostly Bantu speaking while Sudanic and Afroasiatic languages are widely spoken in the north. Religion: Christianity (53% -concentrated in the south); traditional African beliefs (25% -predominantly southern peoples); Muslim (22% -mostly northern peoples including Fulani) Major ethnic groups: Bamileke (27%): a loose agglomeration of Bantu-speaking tribal groups which dominate the cultural and economic life of the western Cameroon; Westerners (est. 20%): highly mobilized and active English-speaking minorities living in the west; Fulani (8%): the dominant group in the north who are direct descendants of Sudanese Muslims who conquered the region in the 19th century; they have retained their own political structure which consists of 21 chiefdoms;

26. Bibliography Of Indigenous Knowledge And Institutions Resource Values on indigenous peoples Are Nonmarket Valuation Agricultural Water Management in East africa." african Affairs The Rights of indigenous peoples in InterGovernmental http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/wsl/indigbib.html

WORKSHOP RESEARCH LIBRARY Indigenous Knowledge and Institutions (2100 citations) Compiled by Charlotte Hess November 21, 2001 Abay, Fetien, Mitiku Haile, and Ann Waters-Bayer 1999. "Dynamics in IK: Innovation in Land Husbandry in Ethiopia." Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor Abbink, John. 1993. "Ethnic Conflict in the 'Tribal Zone': the Dizi and Suri in Southern Sudan." The Journal of Modern African Studies Acharya, Bipin Kumar. 1994. "Nature Cure and Indigenous Healing Practices in Nepal: A Medical Anthropological Perspective." In Anthropology of Nepal: Peoples, Problems, and Processes . M. Allen, ed. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point. Acheson, James M. 1994. "Transaction Costs and Business Strategies in a Mexican Indian Pueblo." In Anthropology and Institutional Economics . J. Acheson, ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. (Monographs in Economic Anthropology, no. 12). Acheson, James M. 1990. "The Management of Common Property in a Mexican Indian Pueblo." Presented at "Designing Sustainability on the Commons," the first annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Duke University, Durham, NC, September 27-30, 1990. Acres, B. D. 1984. "Local Farmers' Experience of Soils Combined with Reconnaissance Soil Survey for Land Use Planning: An Example from Tanzania."

27. Africa Indigenous People Resources Bangwa africa, african Anthropology General Resources. By peoples http://www.archaeolink.com/africa_indigenous_people_resourc.htm

Bangwa Home Africa, African Anthropology General Resources By peoples Akan Akuapem Akye Anyi ... Zulu ArtWorld AFRICA -Bangwa "The Bangwa occupy a mountainous and part forested countryside west of the Bamileke in south-eastern Cameroon, near the headwaters of the Cross River. They comprise nine chiefdoms. People live in separate family compounds, sometimes with large meeting houses where visitors may be received." - From University of Durham - http://artworld.uea.ac.uk/teaching_modules/africa/cultural_groups_by_country/bangwa/welcome.html Bangwa People "Authority among the Bangwa was traditionally instituted as part of the Bamileke political complex. Like most of the western Grasslands people, Babanki political authority is vested in a village chief, who is supported by a council of elders, and is called Fon." You will find material related to Bangwa history, culture, arts, political structure and more. - From University of Iowa - http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Bangwa.html

28. Tribes Of The Niger century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. 7 million HAUSA a Chadicspeaking people of Nigeria were conquered by the fulani in the http://schools.4j.lane.edu/spencerbutte/StudentProjects/Rivers/tribe.html

Tribes of the Niger River BAMBARA : a Mande-speaking people of Mali. Today sedentary farmers, they are divided inti many small chiefdoms, and known for their elaborate cosmology and religion. Earlier they had founded two important states at Seguo, on the Niger. Population 1.2 million. EDO : a Kwa-speaking people of southern Nigeria, the population of the kingdom of Benin; whose political and religious ruler, the , lives in Benin City. The ruling dynasty is historically closely linked with the Yoruba. They are famed for they carving, metal-casting and other arts. Population 1.3 million. FULANI ( FULBE, PEUL) : a people speaking a West Atlantic language, dispersed across the Sahel zone of West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They are predominantly Muslim, and coprise both transhumant cattle keepers and also sedentaery agricultural groups. Both are typically minority elements living among other peoples. The pastoralist groups are egalitarian, the sedentary ones having chiefs in some areas, such as northern Nigeria, where they overthrew the Hausa rulers of existing states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. population 7 million HAUSA : a Chadic-speaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers

29. Africa Indigenous People Baule africa, african Anthropology General Resources. By peoples http://www.archaeolink.com/africa_indigenous_people_baule.htm

Baule Home Africa, African Anthropology General Resources By peoples Akan Akuapem Akye Anyi ... Zulu ArtWorld AFRICA - Baule "One of the Akan group sharing similar language and, in general, matrilineal inheritance. They broke away from the Asante of Ghana in the 18th century, bringing with them craftsmanship in gold and gold leaf decoration." - From University of Durham - http://artworld.uea.ac.uk/teaching_modules/africa/cultural_groups_by_country/baule/welcome.html Baule People "The Baule belong to the Akan peoples who inhabit Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Three hundred years ago the Baule people migrated westward from Ghana when the Asante rose to power. The tale of how they broke away from the Asante has been preserved in their oral traditions." You will find material related to history, culture, religion, political structure, art and more. - From University of Iowa - http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Baule.html

30. Benin, Country, Africa: Land And People The fulani live in the north official language; Fon, Yoruba, and other indigenous tongues are from HighBeam Research on Benin, country, africa Land and People. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856903.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Benin, country, Africa Land and People voodoo originated here some 350 years ago but was only officially recognized in 1996. About 15% are Christian (largely Roman Catholic) and an equal number (living mostly in the north) are Muslim. Benin's population is concentrated in the southern portion of the country and in rural areas. Sections in this article: Introduction Land and People Economy Government History Bibliography ... Economy The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Related content from HighBeam Research on: Benin, country, Africa: Land and People DATELINE NIGERIA: THE NIGHTMARE CONTINUES (Africa News Service) NO RESERVATIONS ON AFRICAN UNION -LAMIDO (Africa News Service) NO LONGER A JAMBOREE (Africa News Service) GOVERNMENT KALU'S OFFENSIVE ON OBASANJO: ABUJA GROUP FIGHTS BACK (Africa News Service) AAP National News Wire Round Up for Breakfast, April 13

31. Sudan - The Muslim Peoples Nearly 60 percent of people included in the West and they occasionally competed with indigenous populations for In Darfur groups of fulani origin adapted in http://countrystudies.us/sudan/38.htm

The Muslim Peoples Sudan Table of Contents Arabs In the early 1990s, the largest single category among the Muslim peoples consisted of those speaking some form of Arabic. Excluded were a small number of Arabic speakers originating in Egypt and professing Coptic Christianity. In 1983 the people identified as Arabs constituted nearly 40 percent of the total Sudanese population and nearly 55 percent of the population of the northern provinces. In some of these provinces (Al Khartum, Ash Shamali, Al Awsat), they were overwhelmingly dominant. In others (Kurdufan, Darfur), they were less so but made up a majority. By 1990 Ash Sharqi State was probably largely Arab. It should be emphasized, however, that the acquisition of Arabic as a second language did not necessarily lead to the assumption of Arab identity. Despite common language, religion, and self-identification, Arabs did not constitute a cohesive group. They were highly differentiated in their modes of livelihood and ways of life. Besides the major distinction dividing Arabs into sedentary and nomadic, there was an old tradition that assigned them to tribes, each said to have a common ancestor. The two largest of the supratribal categories in the early 1990s were the Juhayna and the Jaali (or Jaalayin). The Juhayna category consisted of tribes considered nomadic, although many had become fully settled. The Jaali encompassed the riverine, sedentary peoples from Dunqulah to just north of Khartoum and members of this group who had moved elsewhere. Some of its groups had become sedentary only in the twentieth century. Sudanese saw the Jaali as primarily indigenous peoples who were gradually arabized. Sudanese thought the Juhayna were less mixed, although some Juhayna groups had become more diverse by absorbing indigenous peoples. The Baqqara, for example, who moved south and west and encountered the Negroid peoples of those areas were scarcely to be distinguished from them.

32. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Bororo, Fulfulde. Onsite Church Planting Team Yes. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http//archives.tconline.org/news/lastfrontier/fulani.htm. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=101622&rog3=CD

33. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Fulbe, fulani. Onsite Church Planting Team Yes. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http//archives.tconline.org/news/lastfrontier/fulani.htm. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=103079&rog3=NI

34. Afrol News - Your Portal To Africa! settlers and indigenous people, which have rocked the north and centre of the country in recent years. In Northern Cameroon, the fulani people still enjoys a http://www.afrol.com/html/News2002/nig008_bororo_cam.htm

afrol News Frontpage Latest News Subscriptions Countries ... Contact Us Masses of Fulani flee from Nigeria to Cameroon Related items News articles 17.06.2002 - Protest against torture of Cameroon's M'bororo 30.05.2002 - More Fulanis killed in Nigeria 11.04.2002 - Thousands of Nigerian herdsmen flee to Cameroon 23.02.2002 - Masses of Fulani flee from Nigeria to Cameroon ... 07.05.2001 - Responsibility fight over oil blowout in Nigeria Pages Nigeria News afrol Cameroon News, Africa Background History: Rise and Fall of the Adamawa Emirate In Internet Federal Government of Nigeria Misanet.com / IRIN / afrol News, 23 February - At least 23,000 Fulani herders have fled Nigeria's eastern Taraba State to Cameroon to escape clashes which broke out in the Mambila plateau with farming communities at the beginning of the year, a pastoral association said. The Miyetti Alla Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN) said in a statement made available to IRIN on Friday, it had counted 23,647 nomads who fled the Sarduana local government area of Taraba State into Cameroon. Fulani herdsmen, M'bororo, are kin to the people establishing the Sokoto Caliphate in northern Nigeria and Cameroon in the 19th century. According to the statement signed by MACBAN secretary general, Tukur Abashe; "Attacks on Fulani pastoralists who produce 75 percent of the protein needs of the country are becoming incessant, particularly in states like Plateau, Nasarawa, Bauchi, Taraba and Benue states."

35. The Fulani People has been influenced both by surrounding peoples and by A vast majority of fulani live in rural settings an hour s time using long thin leaves indigenous to the http://www.byhisgrace.com/fulani/profile.htm

Who Are the Fulani People? Origins The history of the Fulani seems to begin with the Berber people of North Africa around the 8 th or 11 th What Do the Fulani Believe? Religion and Beliefs: The Fulani were one of the first African tribes to convert to Islam and are today more than 99% Muslim. The devoutly Muslim Fulani have seen themselves as the propagators and preservers of the Islamic faith in West Africa from as early as the fourteenth century. Historically it was a Fulani chief named Usuman dan Fodio , along with nomadic Fulani herdsmen who were instrumental in facilitating the spread of Islam across West Africa through evangelism and conquest. At times they would wage "holy wars" or jihad in order to extend and purify Islam. As the Fulani migrated eastward they spread their Islamic beliefs. As they became more powerful and attained more wealth they began to be more aggressive with their religion. Their adoption of Islam increased their feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker. Some settled in towns and quickly became noted as outstanding Islamic clerics, joining the highest ranking Berbers and Arabs. Today it is difficult to find any Fulani who admits to not being Muslim, no matter how lax his or her practice may be. To a Fulani person: to be Fulani is to be a Muslim. Although they adhere very strongly to the tenants of Islam, it has been surprising to find a high level of belief that certain people possess supernatural powers. Like other West Africans, Fulani will frequent local religious practitioners who have established reputations for their curative powers. Many such practitioners - witch doctors and medicine men - are also Muslim religious leaders.

36. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Benin, Country, Africa : Land And People (Benin Politica Benin benEn´ Pronunciation Key Land and People. The fulani live in the north the country s official language; Fon, Yoruba, and other indigenous tongues are http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/B/BeninAf-land-and-people.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 09, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Benin Political Geography ... Benin, country, Africa By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z B Benin, country, Africa, Benin Political Geography Related Category: Benin Political Geography Benin [ben E Pronunciation Key Land and People Although there are 42 ethnic groups in Benin, its population is divided into four main ethnolinguistic groups : Fon, Yoruba, Voltaic, and Fulani. The Fon-speakers, who live in the south, include the Fon, or Dahomey (Benin's largest single ethnic group), Aja, Peda, and Chabe subgroups. The Yoruba live in the southeast near Nigeria, the group's main homeland. The Voltaic-speakers live in central and N Benin and include the Bariba and Somba subgroups. The Fulani live in the north. French is the country's official language; Fon, Yoruba, and other indigenous tongues are also spoken. Nearly three quarters of the inhabitants follow traditional religious beliefs; voodoo originated here some 350 years ago but was only officially recognized in 1996. About 15% are Christian (largely Roman Catholic) and an equal number (living mostly in the north) are Muslim. Benin's population is concentrated in the southern portion of the country and in rural areas.

37. Map & Graph: Africa:Countries By People: Ethnic Groups had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of Mozambique, indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, fulani. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro/AFR

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #60 Russia won the first World Air Games , held in Turkey in 1997. Events included hang-gliding, sky-surfing, and ballooning. Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups (note) Net migration rate Nationality (adjective) Persons per room ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed

38. Africa of 60%, and German and some indigenous languages like 50% of the population (that is 44,000,000 people). native languages are Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo and fulani. http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/gb/afri.htm

Africa Ascension is a part of the UK as a dependency of Saint Helena Botswana was a Crown Colony until 1966. Besides English, Setswana is the other official language, and Bantu is spoken as well. Cameroon was a Crown Colony until 1961. English and French are the two official languages, plus 24 major African language groups exist here. The Gambia gained independence from Britain in 1965, English is the official language but Mandinka, Wolof, Fulani and other indigenous vernaculars are spoken. Ghana became an independent country from the UK in 1957. English is the official, but African languages (Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe and Gã) are native. Lesotho was a protectorate until 1966. Sesotho is official besides English, and Zulu and Xhosa are other important languages. Liberia is the country where liberated slaves from the US were settled from 1822. It has been an independent country since 1847. English is the native tongue of about the 96% of the population, and 20 local languages from the Niger-Congo language group are spoken. Malawi was a protectorate until 1964. The two official languages are English and Chichewa.

39. UN Chronicle: Ethnocentrism In Africa - Challenges To Human Rights Administratio violence erupted up north in Kafanchan between the indigenous people and the Hausa/fulani, leaving a not need tribes in power, but we need people in power http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1309/2_38/80516647/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication Reference Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles UN Chronicle June-August, 2001 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Ethnocentrism in Africa - challenges to human rights administration UN Chronicle June-August, 2001 by Theresa Okafor A starting point in the global drive towards defeating racism is ethnocentrism. Aggressive ethnocentrism results in serious and large-scale violation of rights based on origin, gender, language and religion. Africa has played scene to many of these ethnic uprisings and genocide. Memories left behind by the horror of these ethnic conflicts m Burundi, Rwanda and elsewhere are still fresh. And when the struggle is not centred on ethnicity, it narrows down to tribalism and at times even conflicts among clans as happened in Somalia. Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that the "conflict in Africa is a major challenge to UN efforts designed to ensure global peace, prosperity and human rights for all. Although the United Nations was intended to deal with interstate warfare, it is being required more and more often to respond to intra-state instability and conflict. ... Preventing such wars is no longer a matter of defending States or protecting allies. It is a matter of defending humanity itself."

40. Durmam Daxxel Homepage - Indigenous Education In West Africa indigenous LEARNING IN MAURITANIA. other African proverb says, It is through other people s wisdom that which the creator kneaded or, as the fulani myth tells http://www.garbadiallo.dk/indedu.htm

INDIGENOUS LEARNING FORMS IN WEST AFRICA, THE CASE OF MAURITANIA. "Listen," says old Africa. "Everything speaks. Everything is speech. Everything around us imparts a mysterious enriching state of being. Learn to listen to silence, and you will discover that it is music.." THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS FORMS OF LEARNING Indigenous modes of education here refer to the native, locally developed forms of bringing up the youngsters by the older and more experienced members of the society. Being native is by no means to deny the fact that indigenous learning goals, contents, structures and methods have not been enriched, or for that matter, polluted or both by outside influences. As far as West Africa and Mauritania in particular are concerned, the deepest foreign impacts on indigenous education were caused by the massive Arab intrusion into the area as part of the 8th century Islamic conquest (Klarke, 1982). Second in importance was the European colonial conquest of the 19th century and its subsequent social, cultural, political and economic legacy (Egudu, 1977). Although not often mentioned, African traditional learning forms have had their own imprints on both Islamic and Western education on the continent. Neither of the two systems has escaped gradual Africanization. The Marabou is increasingly playing the role of thetraditional Medicine Man or spirit medium (

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