Geometry.Net - Basic_F: Fuel Cells Energy

62. Third Orbit Power Systems, Inc.
Develops power systems based on fuel cells, renewable and hydrogen energy. They also provide products as diverse as electric vehicles and educational fuel cells and technical and economic research and analysis.
http://www.thirdorbitpower.com
Fuel Cells Hydrogen Renewables
[Other pages on this site] [Links] [Contact us]
Because national issues of energy, defense and commerce have similar
effects on our national security and well being, see
The New (Energy) Deal proposal suggested for our new President and Congress.
An Introduction to Fuel Cells
[What is a fuel cell?] [What can fuel cells do?] [Why are fuel cells important?] [What are the commercial implications?] ...
[Third Orbit's Fuel Cell Activities]
THE MICRO-CHIP OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRY
Fuel cells are ÂnewÂ devices used to produce electrical power. After 160 years of development, they are becoming commercially available and are beginning to receive a large amount of public attention. This web site will provide a brief introduction into fuel cells, and describe what they are, what they can do, why they're important, what their commercial implications are, and what Third Orbit Power Systems is doing with fuel cells.
What is a fuel cell? Because fuel cells produce power without combustion, they are considerably more efficient than their internal combustion engine counterparts. Gasoline engines in automobiles are approximately 13 to 25 percent efficient. Amazingly, 75 to 87 percent of the gasoline you purchase does not participate in moving your automobile. A fuel cell attached to an electric motor can be in excess of 40 percent efficient, and fuel cells that can be used in automobiles and other vehicles are being produced with efficiencies of 45 to 58 percent. What can fuel cells do?

63. Fuel Cell Technology To Solve Energy, Pollution, Global Warming, Environmental C
Consultants offer services in the transition to hydrogen fuel cells as an energy source. Based in Florida.
http://www.fuelcellstech.com/
Home About Us Our Mission Fuel Cell Technology ... Contact Us Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells The solution to the most urgent crises facing us today....energy and pollution! At the current rate of usage, taking into consideration population increases and higher consumption of energy by developing countries, oil resources, natural gas and uranium will be depleted within a few decades. As for coal, it may take two centuries or so. Hydrogen has been considered for many years as a likely and eventual substitute for oil, gas, coal and uranium. It is the most abundant element in the universe. Buildings and vehicles are the great consumers of energy. Hydrogen energy was not practical for application to buildings and vehicles. The development of the fuel cell, which is now in its initial commercialization phase has changed all of that. The fuel cell can be packaged in all kinds of sizes and the combination of Hydrogen Energy and the Fuel Cell is the practical, feasible, and marketable solution to the energy crisis. Fuel Cells Technology Transit, Inc., All rights reserved

64. Teledyne Energy Systems' Hydrogen Generators, Fuel Cells, Fuel Cell Test Systems
Teledyne energy Systems is a technology based company specializing in hydrogen generators, fuel cells, fuel cell test stations, and space power systems.
http://www.teledyneenergysystems.com/

TELEDYNE TITANÂ
Hydrogen/Oxygen Gas Systems TELEDYNE MEDUSAÂ
Fuel Cell Test Station Series ... News Releases
Better Energy Solutions. What Listening Generates. Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (TESI), a Teledyne Technologies Company, is a leading global provider of on-site gas and power generation systems based on proprietary fuel cell, electrolysis and thermoelectric technologies. As one of the largest suppliers of on-site hydrogen and oxygen generation systems, Teledyne's TITANÂ water electrolysis products meet a wide range of customer needs in the fields of utility power plants, food processing, microelectronics production, float glass production and other industrial applications. In addition to its traditional industrial markets, the Teledyne TITANÂ series is ideally suited for use in fuel cell test labs and alternative vehicle refueling systems where high purity, pressurized hydrogen gas is required. TESI's Advanced Power Group is based on a 40-year history of material and production excellence. Today, in the field of thermoelectrics and space power system design, the company offers a unique line of specialty materials and designs to meet emerging opportunities for ultra-compact power production or active cooling and heating modules. Its proprietary module designs yield thermal fluxes or power production significantly higher than the competition in a fraction of the area. Since its combination with Energy Partners, Inc., a leading developer of PEM fuel cell technology, TESI has added PEM fuel cell stacks, PEM fuel cell power systems and fuel cell engineering services to its product offerings. Teledyne Perry fuel cell stacks offer a modular stack technology for companies designing fuel cell power systems operating on either hydrogen or reformed fuels. TESI's fuel cell system efforts are targeted at hydrocarbon and direct hydrogen fueled power systems for a variety of stationary and mobile applications. Finally, TESI offers a full range of engineering services specializing in the design and testing of fuel cell systems and components for use in space, terrestrial and submarine applications.

65. EBZ - MainÂ Page
Developing small natural gas driven combined heat and power units (CHP) based on planar high temperature fuel cells (SOFC) scaled for stationary decentralized energy supply in the range of 1 to 20ÃÂ kW electrical power. German site in English.
http://www.ebz-dresden.de/en
Main Page Technology About Us Imprint Legal Notices ... Entwicklungs- und Vertriebsgesellschaft Brennstoffzelle mbH (EBZ)

66. Fuel Cell Markets
Dedicated to accelerating the commercialization of fuel cell technologies, promoting fuel cell companies, opening opportunities and presenting fuel cells as renewable energy technologies and sustainable energy solutions.
http://www.fuelcellmarkets.com

67. Fuel Cell Links Page
energy Research Corp. Working on Direct fuel cells and Molten Carbonate fuel cells for stationary power generation, prototype fuel cell power plant to run on
http://www.gmi.edu/~altfuel/links.htm
LINKS TO OTHER FUEL CELL RELATED SITES
Fuel Cell Developers
Allied Signal - Working on solid oxide fuel cells for stationary power applications and on fuel cells for passenger vehicles. Ballard Power Systems, Inc./Ballard Generation Systems, Inc. - Developers of PEM fuel cells for both stationary and transportation applications. DAIS Corporation - Designs, manufactures and sells low-wattage Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells. E-TEK, Inc. - Provides fuel cell electrodes and components. ElectroChem, Inc. - Supplier of catalysts, membranes, electrodes, and fuel cell stacks to businesses and government agencies. Electro-Chem-Technic schools, colleges and universities. Energy Partners, Inc. - Working on PEM fuel cells for transportation and portable applications. Energy Research Corp. - Working on Direct Fuel Cells and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for stationary power generation, prototype fuel cell power plant to run on diesel and jet fuels. Fuel Cell Today H Power, Inc. - Developing Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells for stationary power and working on a PEM fuel cell bus.

68. MiniHYDROGEN
Online energy shop that sells energy products of the futuretoday. Hydrogen technology, fuel cells solar products. Demark based, in English.
http://www.minihydrogen.com
Choose Category:
[ Choose Category: ] Gifts Information - Books - Magazines - Posters and ot... Education Energy Toys Hydrogen Model... - Hydrogen Model... - Accessories - Accessories - Medium - Accessories - Junior - Accessories - Desktop Models - Landscape mode... Hydrogen - Production - Storage Fuel Cell Syst... Fuel cells - 1 W - - 10 W - 100W - Methanol fuel ... - Regenerative f... Solar cells New Products Search Products
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Gifts Information Education Energy Toys ... Links:
All prices are excluding VAT
Welcome to miniHydrogen
We sell energy products of the future - today!
On this site you'll find a comprehensive range of energy products possible to buy online right now!
We have got everything within energy products ranging from fuelcells, solar products, hydrogen models and much more.
Enjoy your visit on our site.
miniHYDROGEN Prices are in EURO excl. VAT. All charges in EURO 3 W 2,5 V fuel cell This 3 W fuel cell is very simple to use. No external humidification or pressure is necessary Â ready for use, just connect to a hydrogen source. Add to Basket Price EUR 499,00

69. Astris Energi Inc.
Astris has developed an AFC that has lower material costs than other low temperature fuel cells, in addition to having higher energy efficiency and broad
http://www.astrisfuelcell.com/
Profile
Founded in 1983, Astris Energi has steadily developed the alkaline fuel cell (AFC) and become the . Astris has a proven management and engineering team with a clearly defined business plan based on a solid understanding of the fuel cell industry.
Through technology breakthroughs, Astris has developed an AFC that has lower material costs than other low temperature fuel cells, in addition to having higher energy efficiency and broad operating capabilities.
Astris plans to begin pilot production of its next-generation AFC at its Czech Republic affiliate in 2004, leading to economies of scale and, as demand warrants, to commercialization in a broadening array of global niche markets.
June 9, 2004
ASTRIS ENERGI REPORTS FIRST QUARTER 2004 RESULTS
ASTRIS ENERGI REPORTS FISCAL 2003 AND RESTATED 2002 RESULTS
ASTRIS ENERGI ANNOUNCES VAR ARRANGEMENT WITH ALTERNATE ENERGY FOR DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF ECONOMICAL HYDROGEN SOLUTION INTO MARKETPLACE

70. HydrogenSource - Technology
A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuels to hydrogen of composition and purity suitable for fuel cell operation. The fuels include petroleum derived liquids, such as naphtha and gasoline, petroleum derived gases, such as methane and propane, and other fuel such as methanol and ethanol.
http://www.hydrogensource.com/technology.html
Fueling the Future TM
The Technology
What is a fuel processing system? What is a fuel cell?
What is a fuel processing system? A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuels to hydrogen of composition and purity suitable for fuel cell operation. The fuels include petroleum derived liquids, such as naphtha and gasoline, petroleum derived gases, such as methane and propane, and other fuel such as methanol and ethanol. The product hydrogen gas must be supplied at temperature, humidity and purity level determined by the type of fuel cell using the hydrogen. The conversion process is carried out in a fuel processing train. The "train" is a series of chemical reactors which sequentially effect changes to the fuel to bring it to fuel cell requirements. One of the most critical steps in the process train is the step to remove sulfur from the source fuel. Reducing the fuel sulfur content to very low levels, parts per billion, makes the subsequent processing steps easier and insures high product purity. The second step in the train is the primary conversion step. Here the source fuel is broken down and a product is produced which is primarily hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The composition at this point depends on the primary process. It may be catalytic steam reforming, autothermal reforming, partial oxidation or other processes. When reforming is used steam is supplied to the reactor to enhance the quantity of hydrogen produced. Partial oxidation requires no steam but produces less hydrogen per unit of fuel than the reforming processes.

71. The Future Of Fuel Cells...solid, Oxide, Polymer, Electrolyte, Direct, Methanol,
A simple second law analysis shows where the loss of efficiency in different fuel cells occurs. energy concepts are based on the webbook energy Science Made
http://www.benwiens.com/energy4.html
The Future of Fuel Cells CONTENTS
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Background
4. How does a fuel cell work? ...
www.benwiens.com 2002May03 by Ben Wiens ...applied energy scientist 1. ABSTRACT
Fuel cells are an old technology. Problems have plagued their introduction. Present material science may make them a reality soon in specialized applications. The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell appears to be the most promising technology for small electric powerplants over 1 kw. The Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell appears to be the most promising as a battery replacement for portable applications such cellular phones and laptop computers. It is difficult to tell at this moment which fuel cell will be most practical for transportation applications such as automobiles and buses. Fuel cells used as electric powerplants may be successful before vehicular ones are. This is because a fuel cell produces electric power which is what is required in this case. In transportation applications the electricity produced must then be converted to mechanical power. It is unclear whether hydrogen fuel will be widely used. This is because solid oxide fuel cells will be become extremely popular and these can cleanly convert renewable hydrocarbon fuels. Fuel cells are analyzed theoretically using the carnot ratio which, it is explained, applies to both heat engines as well as fuel cells. A simple

72. Teledyne Energy Systems' Hydrogen Generators Produce Hydrogen And Oxygen Gases U
Teledyne energy Systems, Inc. homepage for fuel cells, Electrolytic Hydrogen/Oxygen Generators and fuel Cell Test Equipment Products.
http://www.teledyneenergysystems.com/titan.asp
TELEDYNE TITANÂ
Hydrogen/Oxygen Gas Systems TELEDYNE MEDUSAÂ
Fuel Cell Test Station Series ... News Releases Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (TESI), is a world leader in developing and delivering on-site electrolytic hydrogen/oxygen gas supply systems. The TELEDYNE TITANÂ series hydrogen/oxygen gas generators utilize the principle of water electrolysis to produce high-purity gases (to over 99.9998%) at useable pressures. The compact design and rugged construction of these generators makes them ideal for industrial or laboratory use and the PLC controls make them easy to operate. The oxygen by-product of most TITANÂ series gas generators can be purified to deliver a high-purity oxygen product free of hydrocarbons. Teledyne's gas generators have been in operation worldwide for over 30 years. In addition to gas generators we also provide complete hydrogen and oxygen production and storage systems including high-pressure gas compression, storage, quality and safety instrumentation, and system engineering. Our H OasisÂ Hydrogen Gas Station integrates a complete hydrogen production and storage system into a convenient, easy to install and commission portable all-weather building.

73. Ben Wiens Energy Science Infosite...theories, Applications, Conservation, Physic
Do all fuel cells run on hydrogen? Why is solar power not more widely used? Can alternate energy supply the world with power when oil runs out?
http://www.benwiens.com/
Homepage-Index Hello , my name is Ben Wiens and I am an applied energy scientist . In my work as a consultant and writer I have come across a lot of complicated information about energy over the years. Actually a lot of Energy Science can be understood minus all the scientific jargon and complex formulaes. So I decided making energy science easy to understand would be "my thing". Whether you have an advanced degree in science or just an average person interested in energy, I have tried to include a little of everything in the following web-booklets To attract consulting and writing work, to encourage energy education , get feedback on topics, and many will be condensed versions of books for sale in the future. Level numbers such as indicate the minimum years of formal science education that are generally required to reasonably understand booklets. Energy Science Made Simple
Advanced concepts such as thermodynamics entropy relativity quantum mechanics quantum field theory , and string theories are difficult to comprehend. Often complicated formulas and scientific jargon are used. In this book advanced concepts of energy are presented in a reasonably uncomplicated way.

74. Fact Sheet: Hydrogen Fuel: A Clean And Secure Energy Future
In his State of the Union address, President Bush announced a $1.2 billion hydrogen fuel initiative to reverse America's growing dependence on foreign oil by developing the technology for commercially viable hydrogenpowered fuel cells to power cars, trucks, homes and businesses with no pollution or greenhouse gases.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030206-2.html?topic=fuel cell

75. ENERGY FACTS: FUEL CELLS
thermal power plants, converting up to 80% of the chemical energy in the Although their structure is somewhat like that of a battery, fuel cells never need
http://www.iclei.org/EFACTS/FUELCELL.HTM
FUEL CELLS
Fuel Cell Electrochemistry
Fuel cells have a similar structure to a battery, with two porous electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Electricity is produced by a chemical reaction between a hydrogen-based fuel and an oxidant (usually oxygen) inside the fuel cell. Figure 1 is a diagram of the electrochemical reaction which takes place inside a fuel cell. Hydrogen (H ) flows over the anode (the negative electrode) and splits into positively charged hydrogen ions, and electrons which carry a negative charge. The electrons flow through the anode to the external circuit, performing useful work (this is the electric current generated) while the hydrogen ions pass through the anode and into the electrolyte, moving towards the cathode (the positive electrode). The electrons eventually return to the cathode which is supplied with oxygen (O ). At this point the electrons, hydrogen ions and oxygen react to form water (H O) and heat. In stationary fuel cell power plants this heat can be captured and used for process heat in industries or space heating ( co-generation ). As long as the fuel cell is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen, this electrical production can continue indefinitely.

76. Eighth Grove Fuel Cell Symposium
latest technical and commercial developments affecting the fuel cell industry, briefing delegates on the current role of fuel cells and hydrogen energy in a
http://www.grovefuelcell.com/
The Organisers
The Eighth Grove Fuel Cell Symposium is organised by Elsevier, publisher of Journal of Power Sources Fuel Cells Bulletin Refocus and Fuel Cells Virtual Journal
Endorsed by:
Co-sponsored by:
Site design by Sparks The Eighth Grove Fuel Cell Symposium welcomed delegates and visitors from over 35 countries to the largest event in the series at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre in London's Docklands. The 2003 event - the largest fuel cell event ever held in the UK - featured live demonstrations of fuel cells as well as an extensive conference programme and large exhibition area. Jenny Jones, Deputy Mayor of London, opened the two-stream three-day conference reviewing the latest technical and commercial developments affecting the fuel cell industry, briefing delegates on the current role of fuel cells and hydrogen energy in a sustainable energy policy for London. Later, Stephen Timms MP, UK Energy Minister formally opened the Exhibition Area before visiting some of the 120 exhibitors and trying out some of the fuel cell-powered exhibits.

77. Clean Edge - The Clean-Tech Market Authority - News
California energy Commission has certified Plug Power's 5kW stationary fuel cell system complies with the requirements of California's Rule 21 grid interconnection standard.
http://cleanedge.com/story.php?nID=1516

78. Hydrogen, Fuel Cell And Renewable Energy Links
Research Station; Canmet (National Resources of Canada) fuel cells and Alternative energy Technology Branch; Centre Energetique de
http://www.rebresearch.com/H2links.html
Useful Hydrogen, Fuel Cell and Renewable Energy Links, Updated December, 2002
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Information
ASME's new performance test code for fuel cells
American Hydrogen Association FAQs on hydrogen and fuel cells
Element 1 Power Systems
Eye for fuel cells A free e-mail of the latest PR releases
fcdic Fuel cell news from Japan
Fuelcell-info.com Directory, news and events.
Hydrogen solubility (gettering) in metals from
Hydrogen permeability in metals From
National Hydrogen Association Hydrogen conferences, job fair
Selection of Corporations
Arthur D. Little, Mutifeed reformers and PROX to make hydrogen
Aspen Systems octane + steam -> hydrogen, also air gels.
Astris Energi Alkaline fuel cells
Atlantic fuel cells Small PEMs
Avista labs, High reliability PEM fuel cells.
Ballard Power Systems High power density PEM fuel cells.
DCH corp. fuel cells and hydrogen Sensors
Energy Research Corporation
Fuel Cell Store.com Source for lots of FC stuff.
H Power Corporation 50W fuel cell/Disision of Plug
Hydrogenics FCs and FC test stations.

79. E-sources Fuel Cell Resources
Although there are few operating fuel cells in the field at present, it seems that the energy producers might just be facing one of the greatest revolutions
http://www.e-sources.com/fuelcell.html
E-sources special topic: fuel cells
What are fuel cells?
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that generate DC electricity similar to batteries. However, unlike batteries, they take their energy from a fuel that is supplied from the outside. The best fuel for many types of fuel cell is hydrogen There are several different types of fuel cell: solid polymer (SPFC, also known as proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC), direct methanol (DMFC; this is essentially a SPFC that runs on methanol rather than hydrogen), phosphoric acid (PAFC), molten carbonate (MCFC), solid oxide (SOFC), and alkaline (AFC). They differ in their operating characteristics, temperatures, power densities and therefore in their most suitable end uses. Fuel cells have been known since 1839 but only recently have they become a serious option for widespread introduction, due to technological and scientific improvements.
Why should we care?
The energy infrastructure of the world is about to change fundamentally. Environmental problems, the finiteness of fossil fuel reserves, as well as issues of security and finance connected to the import of fossil fuels combine to force a rethink about the way we handle our energy requirements. Fuel cells are beginning to look like a very serious contender to conventional power generation technologies and an equally interesting possibility in the automotive sector. Companies such as SiemensWestinghouse, United Technologies, Statoil, Toshiba, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and more all have interests in stationary applications. Even Shell has been diverting some of its energies into the investigation of fuel cells and hydrogen, and there are signs that other oil (or 'energy') companies are doing the same.

80. Fuel Cells: Explanation
fuel cells are energy conversion devices that transform the energy stored in a fuel into electricity and heat. The fuel is not burned
http://www.e-sources.com/fuelcell/fcexpln.html
What are fuel cells?
Types of fuel cells:
Solid oxide Molten carbonate Phosphoric acid Solid polymer ... Alkaline Fuel cells are energy conversion devices that transform the energy stored in a fuel into electricity and heat. The fuel is not burned in a flame but oxidised electrochemically. This means that fuel cells are not constrained by the fundamental law that governs heat engines, the so-called Carnot limit, which specifies the maximum theoretical efficiency that a heat engine can reach. Fuel cells have much in common with batteries, which also convert energy that is stored in chemical form into electricity. In contrast to batteries, however, they oxidise externally supplied fuel and therefore do not have to be recharged. Their efficiency increases with part-load, as can be seen on a typical performance curve in Figure 1. Figure 1: Characteristics of a PEM fuel cell (Kartha and Grimes, Physics Today 11 (1994), p. 54, Fig. 3). (a) The voltage as a function of the current density, commonly referred to as the performance curve. The efficiency is proportional to the voltage; it is indicated on the secondary vertical axis. (b) The power density as a function of the current density.

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