61. The Calculus Of Consent : Logical Foundations Of Constitutional Democracy The Calculus of Consent Logical foundations of Constitutional democracy.The Calculus of Consent Logical foundations of Constitutional http://www.econbooks.com/The_Calculus_of_Consent__Logical_Foundations_of_Constit

The Calculus of Consent : Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy The Calculus of Consent : Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy by Authors: James M. Buchanan , Gordon Tullock Released: 01 March, 1962 ISBN: 0472061003 Paperback Sales Rank: List price: Our price: Book > The Calculus of Consent : Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy > Customer Reviews: Average Customer Rating: The Calculus of Consent : Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy > Customer Review #1: Politics through an economists lens In this landmark work, Buchanan and Tullock work through the basic principles of public choice theory. They reject the political scientists conception of the political process in which policy decisions are viewed as a private interest vs. public interest struggle. They replace that with a theory that the public interest is simply the aggregation of private decision makers. They further point out that in the political science view, the "public interest" is always the correct choice with the same appeal to all voters, which may or may not be thwarted by "special interests", when in fact most choices appeal to many different "law consumers" with different strengths. That is to say, given a choice to fund road improvements or not, some voters will have very strong feelings for, some strong feelings against, but many voters may not have strong feelings either way. In a market transaction, the voters strongly desiring the road could purchase the acceptance of the opposition and uninterested voters with concessions, resulting in an efficient allocation of resources (everyone is happy). The analog to this in the political realm is that politicians buy the votes of other politicians by promising to vote for their issues. Thus, in the Buchanan/Tullock view, such log-rolling is to be expected, while in the traditional political science view, it is anomalous. Their model explains things that the standard view of politics previously could not.

62. D2 Discussion Zone :: View Forum - The Foundations Of Effective Direct Democracy D2 Discussion Zone View Forum The Foundationsof Effective Direct democracy. http://discuss.democracy2.org/viewforum.php?f=5

63. FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY foundations of American democracy. (c) Charles J. Spindler, 1995. INTRODUCTION.The Market and Government Government is essential for a market economy http://www.auburn.edu/~polisci/U102/spin-sp95/democ11.html

Foundations of American Democracy (c) Charles J. Spindler, 1995 INTRODUCTION The Market and Government Government is essential for a market economy determine the rules of the game property rights monetary and fiscal policy interpret and enforce the rules - tends to enforce conformity and uniformity uniform laws conformity to laws act to achieve gols which would not be achieved through the market - the logic of collective action see lecture on market failure The market reduces the range of issues that must be decided through political means supports diversity based on proporitional representation using money as the basis for representation Political and Economic Freedom Economic freedom requires that individuals are free to enter into exchanges as desired Political freedom means the absence of coercion of a man by his fellow man. The fundamental threat to economic and political freedom is the concentration of power which produces the power to coerce monarchy, dictator, monopoly, oligarchy, political majority the market power of large corporations is the basis for both economic power and political and social power The preservation of freedom requires the elimination or minimization of the concentration of power Seperation of powers federal, state, local

64. Chapter 2 - Foundations Of American Democracy Chapter 2 foundations of American democracy. Thomas Jefferson A biography,inaugural addresses and some familiar quotations from our third president. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/polisci/mckenna/chap2.mhtml

Chapter 2 - Foundations of American Democracy Thomas Jefferson A biography, inaugural addresses and some familiar quotations from our third president. Thomas Jefferson A biography, letters, speeches, and thoughts on various topics is some of the information about Thomas Jefferson provided here. Thomas Jefferson Jefferson s democratic ideas are explained here. There are options to view more detailed information about certain people or speeches. Benjamin Franklin This page contains a list of important dates in Franklin s life and some of his writings. George Washington Washington s Life, Washington as the embodiment of virtue, and Washington today are some of the options the user can choose from. History of the art depicting Washington in the U.S. Capital is also available. Richard Henry Lee Short biography on Richard Henry Lee. In addition to a fact list of dates and places is a brief discussion of his work with Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. Alexander Hamilton A biography of Alexander Hamilton. Revolutionary War A description of the events of the Revolutionary War with the option of more detailed information about each particular battle.

65. [RegentsPrep U.S. History] Government: Foundations Regents Prep US History Government foundations of US Government. The rootsof American democracy stretch back beyond the formation of the United States http://regentsprep.org/Regents/ushisgov/themes/government/foundation.htm

Regents Prep U.S. History Government Foundations of U.S. Government The roots of American democracy stretch back beyond the formation of the United States, having origin in ancient Greek thinking, the Enlightenment, as well as colonial injustices under the English. Ancient Influences on American Democracy The ancient Greeks in the city-state Athens created the idea of the democratic government, practiced as a direct democracy (government in which all citizens had say via participation in voting). The Romans developed the concept of the representative democracy (one in which the citizens elect representatives to act of their behalf in government). This was best exemplified by the Roman Senate. The upper house of the US Congress is the Senate in ode to this ancient ideal. The United States was founded as a representative democracy in which qualified citizens elect representatives to carry out their will in government. However, the ONLY example of directly elected officials in the original Constitution was election of representatives to the House of Representatives, as the President is in-directly elected by the electoral college and senators selected by state legislatures.

66. Lessons Foundations Have Learned In Eastern Europe Excerpt reprinted with permission from Kevin FF Quigley, For democracy’s Sake;foundations and democracy Assistance in Central Europe (Baltimore, MD Woodrow http://www.samford.edu/groups/global/ewcmreport/articles/ew06410.htm

Vol. 6, No. 4, Fall 1998, Covering the Former Soviet Union and East Central Europe Lessons Foundations Have Learned in Eastern Europe Kevin Quigley Editor’s Note: Lessons learned by Western foundations working in postcommunist societies can be of benefit to church and parachurch missions working in the region. There are a number of factors that contributed to the successes foundations experienced in assisting democracy in Central Europe. Among the most important are significant local involvement; a high convergence between the ends, the means, and the resources available; and an emphasis on sustainability. Sustainability is the clearest measure of success. Perhaps the single most important factor in sustainability is providing significant opportunities for local involvement, including real partnerships. Strong, effective leaders by themselves are not enough. Also essential are strong local staffs and boards, and locally adapted modes of operation that support the institution’s objectives. Having transparent democratic governance that promotes accountability is important, too. Appropriate local operations and staffs are necessary to build strong, trust-based relationships. They are also critical to ensuring that the foundation’s activities are truly responsive to local needs rather than being a reflection of the foundation’s perceptions of what those needs may be. All these steps are helpful for sustainability. Empowering local partners with decision-making authority is essential to any project’s long-term success. Engaging them in every stage of the project is also important.

67. Theoretical Foundations Of The Democracy And Local Governance Theoretical foundations of the democracy and Local Governance ResearchProgram*. Henry Teune. University of Pennsylvania. Background http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/dlg/foundations.html

68. Foundations Of American Democracy Crossword http://www.oswego.org/testprep/ss5/b/hp/founddemcros.htm

69. Arab Social Science Research (ASSR) - Country Index See also the democracy Grants Database, a searchable database containing informationon grants made by NED other foundations for democracy from 1990 to the http://www.assr.org/general/resources.asp?RID=106&cr=2

70. Socialism And Democracy book’s critique of NGOs contains useful information on foundations’ machinationsin Socialism and democracy is a semiannual publication of the Research http://www.sdonline.org/34/johnny_e_williams.htm

articles, interview, symposium,and book reviews observing the centennial of W.E.B. DuBois, THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK home feature articles back issues about us ... links Current Issue #35 Vol 18, No. 1 Table of Contents Introduction The Editors GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION: MARXIST-FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES Hester Eisenstein , Introduction Jennifer Disney , Incomplete Revolutions: Gendered Participation in Productive and Reproductive Labor in Mozambique and Nicaragua Tammy Findlay , Getting Our Act Together: Gender, Globalization, and the State Martha Gimenez , Connecting Marx and Feminism in the Era of Globalization: A Preliminary Investigation Kimberly Earles , The Gendered Effects of the Reregulation of the Swedish Welfare State Bina Srinivasan Carol Barton Crossroads: Seeking Definition, New Alliances and Greater Impact Essays Omar Swartz , Toward a Critique of Normative Justice: Human Rights and the Rule of Law Jonathan Scott , Peculiar Relations: White Identity and Imaginative Literature Report Giorgi Katsiaficas , Impressions of North Korea Activism Ben Manski , The Massacre in Miami with photos by Diane Greene Lent Reviews Anatole Anton, Milton Fisk and Nancy Holmstrom, eds. NOT FOR SALE: IN DEFENSE OF PUBLIC GOODS

71. American Foundations: An Investigative History of foundations. More democracy in foundation governance, he suggests,might cure the ills that afflict foundations. One of these http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0650.shtml

American Foundations: An Investigative History Dowie, Mark Published by EH.NET (July 2003) Mark Dowie, American Foundations: An Investigative History . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. xl + 320 pp. $35 (cloth), ISBN: 0-262-04189-8; $18.95 (paperback), ISBN: 0-262-54141-6. Reviewed for EH.NET by Donald E. Frey, Department of Economics, Wake Forest University. Mark Dowie takes an opinionated look at philanthropic foundations over the last century. He rates foundations and their grant-making behavior against various norms of his own selection, often finding the foundations wanting. Most chapters are devoted to a single area of grant-making, but a few chapters deal with internal foundation operations. Material of particular interest to Dowie, or the case he is making, is covered in some detail, while other material, which might constitute the larger fraction of foundation activity, is merely sketched. Typical is chapter 2 (on education grants). Little of the chapter deals with higher education although this sector has received the most foundation educational grants; Dowie merely confirms that higher education is the main beneficiary, and that a few institutions have been disproportionately favored. While Dowie mentions potentially significant issues, such as foundation efforts to lure denominational colleges from their churches in the early twentieth century, he chooses not to develop these issues. The bulk of the chapter examines elementary and secondary education, reflecting the author's conviction that education grants should be rated against the "Jeffersonian imperative" i.e., the broad education of average citizens matters most. By this norm, Dowie is critical of foundations. Though foundations recently have paid more attention to public education, the efforts are inconsistent: some foundations fund experiments to improve public schools, but others seek to privatize education. Dowie notes wryly that either approach gives grant applicants and recipients every incentive to give a one-sided focus on the deficiencies of public education (p. 36).

72. The Trouble With Democracy In The Middle East such principles by force; adopting the latter course risks subverting these principlesfrom within, and thus eroding the foundations of our own democracy as we http://www.cato.org/dailys/11-30-03.html

@import "/styles/ns4_toxins.css"; Advanced Search Help Books Policy Studies ... Events Archive Click here to learn more about supporting the Cato Institute. Pocket Constitution Email Updates Cato Audio Cato Store ... El Cato November 30, 2003 The Trouble With Democracy in the Middle East by Patrick Basham and Christopher Preble Patrick Basham is senior fellow in the Center for Representative Government and Christopher Preble is director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute. In his recent speech before the National Endowment for Democracy, President Bush pledged that the United States would embark on a decades-long commitment to bring democracy to the Middle East. But democracy is not a gift President Bush can bestow on people in distant lands. Although the goal is laudable, the Bush administration will be disappointed with its effort to establish a stable liberal democracy in any Middle Eastern nation. That's the verdict rendered by history, the contemporary reality of the region, and our own government experts. Today, the Middle East lacks the conditions, such as a democratic political history, high standards of living, and high literacy rates, which stimulated democratic change in, for example, central Europe and East Asia. Ironically, many Arab countries are ruled by authoritarian leaders who are more liberal than the citizenry they lead.

73. Five Foundations Commit $10 Million For Commemorative Grants To South Africa The Kellogg Foundation is delighted to partner with other foundations to acknowledgethe maturing of democracy in South Africa and other countries in the http://www.fordfound.org/news/view_news_detail.cfm?news_index=142

74. American Foundations: An Investigative History And will foundations intent upon strengthening democracy change course, as theydid in the 1960s and 1970s, to regard robust arts and humanities as an http://www.charitychannel.com/printer_8028.shtml

We Review American Foundations: An Investigative History By Mark Dowie Oct 17, 2003, 18:10 PST MIT Press Published 2002 (Paperback) 320 pages with index Reviewed by: Lynn O'Connell This book is a timely read for any nonprofit professional. First, there was last month's call for reform in foundation practices by the Bradley Center's National Commission on Philanthropy and Civic Renewal; now, there is the controversial pending legislation proposed for private foundation distribution calculations in the Charitable Giving Act of 2003. Dowie is an investigative reporter who has written five other books. The most recent was Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Dowie contends that American foundations are essentially very powerful institutions, but not democratic. Throughout the book, he calls for foundations to evolve into democratic, public institutions. In the book's last chapter, he offers three specific reforms for foundations, including fiscal restructuring and an increased number of decision-makers within each foundation. The book begins with "A Note on Semantics" which offers Dowie's definitions for six terms heard in the world of nonprofits accountability, civil society, independent sector, philanthropy, plutocracy, and progressive. He attempts to broaden what he calls the over-used term, "civil society," to include concepts like civil rights and citizen activism. He considers "independent sector" a misnomer since nonprofits are dependent on other sectors for their resources. Dowie devotes one chapter to each of eight areas which foundations support: education, science, health, environment, food, energy, art, and human services.

75. NDOL: Democracy Promotion & Foreign Aid is contingent, based on the principle that recipient nations must be willing participantsin opening their economies and laying the foundations for democracy. http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=450006&subid=900048&contentid=251369

76. Communism, Fascism, And Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations Communism, Fascism, and democracy The Theoretical foundations. Book Communism,Fascism, and democracy The Theoretical foundations Customer Reviews http://www.earth-religions.com/Communism_Fascism_and_Democracy_The_Theoretical_F

Communism, Fascism, and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations Communism, Fascism, and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations by Authors: Carl Cohen Released: 01 September, 1996 ISBN: 0070116091 Paperback Sales Rank: List price: Our price: Book > Communism, Fascism, and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations > Customer Reviews: Communism, Fascism, and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations > Related Products Good Terrorist Ethics and International Affairs: A Reader Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives Democratization (DemocracyFrom Classical Times to the Present, 2) ... earth religions

77. West Bank And Gaza/Story From The Field-Neighbourhood Corners: Building The Foun Story from the fieldNeighbourhood Corners Building the foundationsof democracy. Sur le terrain - Centres communautaires établir http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/webcountry.nsf/0/9091039A6178D38D85256D17006F

78. Links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0554(199706)91%3A2%3C245%3ATPFODA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 The National League of Cities12TH ANNUAL LEADERSHIP SUMMIT FINDING OUR VOICES DISCOVERING THE FOUNDATIONSOF democracy. SEPTEMBER 2325, 2004 FRANCIS MARION HOTEL– CHARLESTON, SC. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0554(199706)91:2<245:TPFODA>2.0.CO;2-7

79. Whole Earth: Democratic Foundations Democratic foundations The future s best way to transfer wealth? Likeuse it to strengthen civil society. Democratic foundations. http://www.wholeearthmag.com/ArticleBin/104.html

Democratic Foundations By Mark Dowie Whole Earth Spring 1998 [ Buy This Issue The moral challenge facing organized philanthropy, now a growth industry in America, is how best to use surplus wealth in service to our civilization. Should the rich keep and invest it? Should we encourage them (through tax laws) to create new charities and foundations? Can we promote a religious revival that enjoins them to give it away? Or should we have our government confiscate and redistribute all inheritance? A timely economic expression of the last question might read something like this: What if all the personal wealth that is expected to transfer from one generation to another over the next twenty-five years or so, now estimated to be around $10 trillion, rather than being passed from rich to rich, as will almost certainly occur, was instead given directly and immediately to the neediest? "Great idea, get on with it," whispers the soul of my paternal grandmother, who sowed leftish seeds in the minds of her three grandchildren while their father was at work, and years later, on the coast of Scotland, introduced this child to Antonio Gramsci, the Italian anarcho-syndicalist imprisoned by Mussolini for economic heresy. I would have agreed with her then, and for many years hence. Now I'm not so sure. There may be a third and better way. How about democratic foundations? But before exploring this new hybrid, arguing along the way with Gramsci and Gramma, let's examine the real economic consequences of suddenly transferring ten trillion dollars from the richest to the poorest sectors of society. It's an outrageous proposition, of course, but so is transferring the largest corpus of private wealth ever accumulated in human history to a relative handful of privileged children.

80. New Foundations For Social Rights - A Deliberative Democratic Approach ARENA Working Papers WP 02/32. New foundations for Social Rights. A deliberativedemocratic approach. Agustín José Menéndez. Senior Researcher, ARENA. http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp02_32.htm

ARENA Working Papers WP 02/32 New Foundations for Social Rights A deliberative democratic approach Agustín José Menéndez Se nior Researcher, ARENA University of Oslo Abstract          Social Rights and the Constitution I. Introduction Social Rights and the Constitution is a timely and very necessary contribution to legal and constitutional theory. Its author, Cécile Fabre, makes a bold and well-argued case for both a written political constitution and for the inclusion of social rights among the set of fundamental rights of the rights to a minimum income, housing, health care and education . The main implication of the argument is that social rights should be out of the reach of Parliament. However, the argument is not that the last word on the protection of such rights should be given to courts. The remedy to the infringement of social rights should be provided by more openly political institutions, such as Human Rights Commissions.

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