81. MSN Encarta - Fossil Fuels transformed into hydrocarbons. The most commonly used fossil fuels arepetroleum, coal, and natural gas. These substances are extracted http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761586407/Fossil_Fuels.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Coal environmental effects of fossil fuel use more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Fossil Fuels News Search MSNBC for news about Fossil Fuels Internet Search Search Encarta about Fossil Fuels Search MSN for Web sites about Fossil Fuels Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement document.write(''); Fossil Fuels Multimedia 12 items Article Outline Introduction Formation of Fossil Fuels Removing and Refining Fossil Fuels Consumption of Fossil Fuels ... World Fossil Fuel Supply I Introduction Print Preview of Section Fossil Fuels , energy-rich substances that have formed from long-buried plants and microorganisms. Fossil fuels, which include

82. FOSSIL mostly of ethane and ethane; whereas liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is primarily composedof propane and butane. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the US http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/FOSSIL.HTML

FOSSIL (Also see Coal Power Plant Flash animation) There are three classes of fossil fuels: coal oil natural gas The general chemical formula for the hydrocarbon compounds is H x (H C) y although they are many times composed with nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur derivatives. Some important hydrocarbons are methane (CH ), ethane (C H ), propane (C H ), and butane (C H ). Burning of sulfur creates SO which reacts with atmospheric water vapor to form acid rain. natural gas consists mostly of ethane and ethane; whereas liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is primarily composed of propane and butane. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the U.S. Coal found in the eastern U.S. typically has high-sulfur and is found in deep deposits (underground shaft mined); conversely, western coal is of low-sulfur content found at the surface (strip or open-pit mined). One of the important properties of a fuel is its heating value (the negative of the heat of combustion). In most instances, the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel is quoted. However, the lower heating value (LHV) may be a more appropriate quantity since the heat to vaporize any moisture in the fuel is accounted for (i.e., LHV=HHV - h fg water Combustion In any discussion of fossil fuels it is necessary to examine the combustion process. There are three important exothermic chemical reactions:

83. Fossils Into Fuels. Introduction Fossils into fuels, Contents. Institute of petroleum logo, http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/fossils/

Fossils into fuels Contents Foreword Crude oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are very precious resources, not just because they are an important source of fuels. We can also make numerous organic chemicals from them, needed to make products such as paints, detergents, polymers (including plastics) cosmetics and some medicines. In this electronic resource (e-source) you will find out about: the many uses of oil and gas where they come from how they are found how they are extracted and transported how they are refined, processed and delivered how the oil and gas industry looks after the environment careers in the oil and gas industry. Contents Introduction Sources of crude oil and natural gas Looking to the future Careers in the petroleum industry Using the e-source There are a number of interactive features in this e-source: A glossary of terms : any word with a glossary entry is highlighted like that. Clicking on the word will open a new window with a definition of that word. Quick questions : at the end of each page is a quick question to test your understanding of that page. Type in your own answer then click on the button to show the answer that experts would give.

84. CommUnity Of Minds : The Fossil Fuel Depletion Crisis Industrial civilization, as we know it, cannot exist without petroleum. scientistswill convince the reader of the validity of the fossil fuel energy crisis. http://solutions.synearth.net/stories/storyReader$8

We each view reality from our own unique perspective, only a community of minds can show us the truth. SEARCH Editors Home AboutUs ... Global Warming Discussion Recent Discussion Create New Topic Login Logout ... Join to Discuss Active Agriculture The Fossil Fuel Depletion Crisis A Description of the Problem Timothy Wilken, MD The electrical power crisis in California during the summer of 2001 drew national and world attention to a shortage of crude oil and natural gas. The exposure of the ENRON corporation's fraudulent manipulation of the energy market has lead some to believe there is no real problem. I wish this were true. Fossil fuels are currently the primary source of the cheap energy that powers our modern Industrial Civilization. If we are running out of crude oil and natural gas, as some of the best scientists and engineers in the energy field are telling us, we have big problems. Think back for a moment to the year 1801, only two hundred years ago, that was a time when there was no gasoline, no refined oil, no natural gas, and no electrical power derived from oil and gas. As a thought experiment, try to imagine what life was like at the beginning of the 19th century. If you were transported back two hundred years, how would the lack of petroleum affect your lifestyle?

85. Sciforums.com - Is Petroleum A "fossil Fuel" ? sciforums, sciforums.com Science Earth Science Is petroleuma fossil fuel ? User Name, Remember Me? Password, http://www.sciforums.com/showthread.php?t=33316

86. Scientist Contends Petroleum Is Not A Fossil Fuel :: Disinformation :: The Gatew friends see it! Scientist Contends petroleum Is Not A fossil Fuelposted by daikomyo42 on Aug 21, 2003 1127 PM. Send this story http://www.disinfo.com/site/displayarticle335.html

@import url("themes/Disinformation/style/style.css"); ITEM OF THE DAY Davinci Code Decoded Martin Lunn, an expert historian, reveals the truth behind Dan Brown's pheno-menon The Da Vinci Code. The hard facts about the bloodline of Christ and Kind David... the shocking secrets of the Holy Grail... the origins of the Knights Templar and the infamous Priory of Sion... and much more. PERSONALS ADVERTISEMENT OLDER STUFF Tuesday, June 08 Same Boat Banana Republicans Pitchfork's Progress Higher Status Leads To A Longer Life ... Older Articles SEARCH USER ACCOUNT Username Password remember me Don't have an account yet? Create one! ADVERTISE CATEGORIES All Topics 2004 US Election (Jun 08, 2004) (Jun 02, 2004) Activism (Jun 08, 2004) Art (Jun 05, 2004) Corporation Watch (Jun 08, 2004) Corrections (May 09, 2004) Disinfo.com Events (Jun 02, 2004) Editor Resources (May 25, 2004) Emerging Issues (Jun 02, 2004) Environment (Jun 08, 2004) Forteana (Jun 08, 2004) Geopolitics (Jun 08, 2004) Globalization (Jun 08, 2004) History (Jun 08, 2004) Human Rights (Jun 05, 2004) Intelligence Watch (Jun 08, 2004)

87. Oil Crisis Administration. Joy Ride to Global Collapse. Economic and Political Impactsof fossil Fuel Use. Beyond Club. petroleum Resources. Energy Shortages. Oil http://healthandenergy.com/oil_crisis.htm

Table of Contents Protecting Health Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy ... Natural Gas Crisis [ Oil Crisis ] New Petroleum Fuel Shortages Preparing for Oil Shortages George orWell Bush ... The Coming Oil Crisis How were oil and natural gas deposits created? Will natural resource limitations cause severe fuel shortages and price hikes for your family, your friends and yourself? This book is widely regarded as the very best source available. You can hear an interview with the author C. J. Campbell by using FREE RealPlayer software. Peak Oil: An Outlook on Crude Oil Depletion C. J. Campbell, February, 2002 “The oil-drilling rig count over the last 12 years has reached bottom. This is not because of low oil price. The oil companies are not going to keep rigs employed to drill dry holes. They know it but are unable ... to admit it. The great merger mania is nothing more than a scaling down of a dying industry in recognition that 90% of global conventional oil has already been found.” — Goldman Sachs

88. Fletcher Prouty Commentary - June As a nonfossil fuel, petroleum has no living antecedent. Therefore, petroleumis not a fossil fuel with a surface or near surface origin. http://www.prouty.org/oil.html

Letter of the Month - July 1999 The Origins of Oil and Petroleum Date: Mon, 29 Jul 1996 17:54:57 PDT From: "Daniel E. Reynolds" Subject: Oil - A REWEWABLE and ABIOTIC FUEL? On June 20th, 1996 Col. Prouty stated... "Oil is often called a 'fossil' fuel; the idea being that it comes from formerly living organisms. This may have been plausible back when oil wells were drilled into the fossil layers of the earth's crust; but today, great quantities of oil are found in deeper wells that are found below the level of any fossils. How could then oil have come from fossils, or decomposed former living matter, if it exists in rock formations far below layers of fossils - the evidence of formerly living organisms? It must not come from living matter at all!" Two days after I read his statement I encountered the following statement in a newspaper I deeply respect: "Any geologist will tell you, well, most geologists will tell you that OIL IS CREATED BY THE MAGMA OF THE EARTH. The oil wells in Pennsylvania that were pumped out dry at the turn of the century and capped are now filled with oil again." Say what?

89. Hawaii's Energy Supply And, unlike other states, Hawaii has neither fossil fuel reserves, norpipelines, nor land connections to other sources of petroleum. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/e_supply.html

Publications Site Map Site List Events ... Strategic Industries Division Energy Supply Energy Supply Energy Sources Electricity Transportation Renewable Energy Biomass Geothermal Hydroelectric ... Gasoline Data Data Data Energy Data Energy Data State Data Book (has a section on transportation) Department of Taxation - fuel tax rates and collections report Hawaii's Energy Sources Energy is generally used in three forms: electricity (such as from the electric utility company, or from batteries); transportation fuels (such as from gasoline stations); and fuel gases (such as from the gas utility company). These forms provide power to homes and businesses; fuel for cars, trucks, and airplanes; and heat for cooking and industrial processes. (For more information on energy use, see Energy Use Hawaii's energy comes from different sources, as shown in the graph below. Petroleum (crude oil) is the basis for about 90% of Hawaii's energy needs. Biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW), coal, and other sources (hydroelectric, geothermal, solar and wind) provide the rest. The fuel mix in Hawaii for electricity generation is different from most of the rest of the United States. Hawaii's dependence on petroleum for about 90% of its energy needs is more than any other state in the nation. And, unlike other states, Hawaii has neither fossil fuel reserves, nor pipelines, nor land connections to other sources of petroleum. All of the petroleum must be shipped in; Hawaii has no local sources.

90. Geoscape Calgary - Fossil Fuel Energy fossil fuel energy. Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary wascovered by an inland sea teeming with marine life. petroleum today. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/calgary/geoscape/topics/fuels_e.html

Contact us Help Search Canada Site ... GSC Calgary Calgary Home Introduction View the Poster View by Topics ... Sandstone City Fossil Fuels Slope Stability Rivers Groundwater Satellite Image ... Contributors Fossil fuel energy Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary was covered by an inland sea teeming with marine life. The land to the west featured rivers draining from the ancestral Rocky Mountains and swamps covered by dense vegetation. Burial of land plants creates coal Dead land plants were buried by mud and sand as environments shifted. Through heat and pressure resulting from burial over millions of years, the sediments gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. The plant matter, concentrated at levels that were formerly swamps, became the coal seams of the Canmore and Bankhead areas. They were deformed to mineable thicknesses by faulting and folding. Burial of marine life produces oil and gas When the marine plants and animals died, their remains settled on the seafloor where they were buried by layers of sediment and fossilized. As the soft organic tissue was buried, heat and pressure transformed it into oil and gas: lower heat preserves oil whereas gas can survive to higher temperatures. Migration and entrapment The rocks in which oil and gas form are called ‘source rocks’. Due to the pressure of overlying rock layers, oil and gas seldom remain in the source rock. Instead, they migrate with water through the layers of rock until they either escape at the surface or are trapped by an impermeable barrier. There are two main types of traps: stratigraphic and structural.

91. Coal - The Dirtiest, Most Plentiful Fossil Fuel FALL OF petroleum CIVILIZATION? Articles of interest Antiglobalization protestgrows, with tangible results. WTO protests page Tax fossil-fuel energy easily http://www.culturechange.org/coal.html

Culture Change A project of the Sustainable Energy Institute - Promoting eco-democracy since 1988 Home About SEI Donate Culture Change Letter ... feedback Culture Change print magazine issues: index Pedal Power solutions to petroleum dependence and polluting vehicles: Arcata Library Bikes Pedal Power Produce , and more! CAOE - Committee Against Oil Exploration - stop offshore oil drilling to protect sensitive habitats and cut petroleum dependence. Culture Change through music! The Depavers eco-rock! Take our Pledge for Climate Protection and learn about the Global Warming Crisis Council SEI hometown action! Arcata city council's proclamation against war on Iraq and Kyoto Protocol proclamation Overpopulation has become a reality. Overpopulation Resources and News Tidbits Sail Transport Network Fact Sheets Interviews ... Long Distance Coal: the dirtiest, most plentiful fossil fuel Find out why Earth First!ers staged a protest of mountain top renewal, and what a court case is about in

92. Bellona Calls On Petroleum Industry To Invest In Future Of CO2 Capture And Stora If the fossil fuel industry wants becoming part of the solution, said Hauge at theconference organised by the International petroleum Industry Environmental http://www.bellona.no/en/energy/31585.html

/*Loading menu data file*/ Rus Eng Nor Energy and climate change Approximately 80% of the world's energy consumption is based on three sources of fossil fuel: coal, oil, and natural gas. Jump to section     About Bellona    Energy and climate change        Russia        ...     EnviroRights     You are here: www.bellona.no Energy News story Sections Energy and climate Sellafield Energy Nuclear Russia Russian NPPs Nuclear Powered Icebreakers The Russian Navy Nuclear Weapons ... Nuclear Industry Environmental rights The Nikitin case The Pasko Case Access to enviroinformation Bellona calls on petroleum industry to invest in future of CO2 capture and storage BRUSSELS -During his key note speech to the European and US oil-industry-led workshop in Brussels last week, Bellona President Frederic Hauge presented new opportunities arising from CO capture and storing techniques, a controversial topic that Bellona has sought to bring into international environmental debate. Bellona President Frederic Hauge. Bellona Archive Paal Frisvold, 2003-10-27 13:44

93. About O I L And P E T R O L E U M The name petroleum is from a combination of Latin words meaning rock oil . Oil fuel,in all of its usable forms, is a refined product, unlike coal and natural http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/oil.html

History of Oil Use Oil Creation Oil Exploration and Discovery Oil Extraction ... Oil Use About Petroleum and Oil Overview: Petroleum is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons (chemical compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon) plus various impurities such as sulfur. Unprocessed petroleum is usually called crude oil, although it has been called mineral oil and Seneca oil, named for the Seneca Indians of Western Pennsylvania. The name petroleum is from a combination of Latin words meaning "rock oil". We refer to it here simply as oil. As found in the earth, oil may have a variety of properties. Some forms are black, others dark green, and some light like kerosene. The liquid ranges from very viscous to easy-flowing. Crude oil usually consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons having varying molecular weights and differing from one another in structure and properties. These various species are separated into groups, or fractions, by a process of distillation called refining. Oil fuel, in all of its usable forms, is a refined product, unlike coal and natural gas which can often be burned in their natural condition. Use the underlined links above to go to pages of tutorials and links for the various aspects of oil listed.

94. L I N K C E N T E R Fossilfuels.org One thousand links for anyone who wants to learn how North America uses its fossil fuel resources. http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links

Search the L i n k C e n t e r at fossilfuels.org syntax of a query Do you know of a link that we should add? Did you find a broken link? EMail us and let us know. Please do not change the subject of the EMail. Don't see a subject? Please use Fossil Fuel Links as the subject. Links will be added or corrected as soon as possible. Thank You. Fossil Fuel Oil Coal Natural Gas ... byDesign and PowervisioN for The Greening Earth Society

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