1. ERC Organization fossil fuels petroleum Geology Oil gas reservoirs, production statistics,well logging, geochemistry, fluid flow, probability methods in petroleum http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/ERC/ERCorg-4.html

Fossil Fuels: Petroleum Geology Person Description Contact info Pieter Berendsen Kansas Geological Survey: Geochemistry, fluid flow, petrography pieterb@kgs.ku.edu Tim Carr Kansas Geological Survey: Geology and geophysics of oil and gas reservoirs tcarr@kgs.ku.edu John Davis Kansas Geological Survey: Geostatistics, probability methods in petroleum exploration johndavis@ukans.edu John Doveton Kansas Geological Survey: Wireline geophysical logging, geostatistics doveton@kgs.ku.edu Paul Enos Dept. of Geology, carbonate reservoir characterization enos@ku.edu Evan Franseen Kansas Geological Survey: Carbonate petroleum reservoirs, sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology evanf@kgs.ku.edu Lee Gerhard Kansas Geological Survey: Carbonate reservoir characterization, Energy policy, national energy supply, energy and environment lgerhard@kgs.ku.edu Robert Goldstein Dept. of Geology, pore systems associated with oil and gas reservoirs gold@ku.edu Bill Guy Kansas Geological Survey: Wireline petrophysics logging and petrophysical reservoir bguy@kgs.ku.edu

2. ERC Organization . Contact info.......fossil fuels petroleum Engineering Petroleum reservoir engineering, gelation rheologyutilitization, reservoir simulation. Person. http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/ERC/ERCorg-5.html

Fossil Fuels: Petroleum Engineering Petroleum reservoir engineering, gelation rheology utilitization, reservoir simulation Person Description Contact info Donald Green dgreen@ku.edu Stan McCool TORP, chemical flooding of petroleum reservoirs, gelation rheology utilization mccool@ku.edu Rodney Reynolds TORP, field liaison engineer, assist oil and gas recovery in state rreynolds@ku.edu Shapour Vossoughi Chemical and Petroleum Engineering: Petroleum reservoir engineering shapour@ku.edu Paul Willhite Chemical and Petroleum Engineering: TORP, petroleum reservoir engineering, improved and enhanced oil recovery processes willhite@ ku .edu Capabilities Building Efficiency Basic Research in Energy Systems Physics, semiconductors, superconductors Microbiology Remediation, enhanced petroleum recovery Alternative Energy Solar, wind, fuel cells, thermal energy storage, biofuels, transportation alternatives, turbines Electrical Transmission Utility regulations, energy storage systems, structures in energy generation, cogeneration, incineration, VOC conversion, biomass, atmospheric deposition, particulates, consumer incentives Energy Policy Energy Environmental Policy, International Energy Policy, Law Administration, Natural resources, Economics, History, Geography

3. Profiles--Fossil Fuels animals. These remains are millions of years old. There are threefossil fuels petroleum oil, natural gas, and coal. Fossil fuels http://www3.iptv.org/exploremore/energy/profiles/fossil_fuels.cfm

Fossil Fuels Biomass Fossil Fuels Uses Benefits Limitations Geography ... Wind Fossil fuels are energy resources that come from the remains of plants and animals. These remains are millions of years old. There are three fossil fuels: petroleum oil, natural gas, and coal. Above image courtesy EREN Uses Providing Electricity Fueling Transportation infrastructure Heating and Cooling Heating and cooling are also accomplished mainly through the use of fossil fuels like natural gas and oil. Regions of the country that experience harsh winters rely heavily on these fuels to heat their homes and businesses. Regions that stay temperate Benefits One of the biggest benefits of fossil fuels is their cost. Coal, oil and natural gas are abundant right now and relatively inexpensive to drill or mine for. In fact, coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel and it is found over much of the world. Because the costs are contained, electricity and fuels for transportation and heating are available to everyone. Limitations Nonrenewable Resource Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource. Fossil fuels take millions of years to develop under extreme conditions. Once they are gone, they can no longer be part of our energy mix.

4. UCEI: Energy Organizations By Subject Technology Center Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center fossil fuels petroleum.Australian Petroleum Cooperative Research Centre Chevron http://www.ucei.berkeley.edu/nrgorgs.html

University of California Energy Institute Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by subject) NOTE: This page is being updated. Many of the links are obsolete. See the list ordered by orgainzition, which has been updated. Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by organization) Links to lists of organizations and sources are shown in larger type . Information referenced is in English unless otherwise noted. Contents Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources Fossil fuels Fossil fuels: Petroleum Fossil fuels: Natural Gas Fossil fuels: Coal Fossil fuels: Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics Fossil fuels: Conversion (including hydrogen from all sources) Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy: Fission Nuclear Energy: Fusion Renewable Energy Sources (including Geothermal) Renewable Energy Sources: Photovoltaics Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Thermal Renewable Energy Sources: Hydropower Renewable Energy Sources: Biomass Renewable Energy Sources: Wind Geothermal Energy Combustion Electricity Energy Use Energy Use: Buildings (including passive solar) Energy Use: Industry Energy Use: Transportation Energy and the Environment Energy Policy Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources Ames Laboratory AOL NetFind: Energy WWW Index Argonne National Laboratory Energy Systems Division Energy Technology Division Technology Development Division Arizona State U.

5. Culture Change - A Project Of The Sustainable Energy Institute, Which Offers The The AutoFree Times magazine, called witty by the BBC's Educational Webguide, offers articles on roadfighting, alternative transportation, sustainable trade, and related issues such as petroleum dependence, overpopulation, and climate change. http://www.lesscars.org

Culture Change Home Page A project of the Sustainable Energy Institute - Promoting eco-democracy since 1988 Home About SEI Donate Culture Change Letter ... feedback Culture Change print magazine issues: index Pedal Power solutions to petroleum dependence and polluting vehicles: Arcata Library Bikes Pedal Power Produce , and more! CAOE - Committee Against Oil Exploration - stop offshore oil drilling to protect sensitive habitats and cut petroleum dependence. Culture Change through music! The Depavers eco-rock! Take our Pledge for Climate Protection and learn about the Global Warming Crisis Council SEI hometown action! Arcata city council's proclamation against war on Iraq and Kyoto Protocol proclamation Overpopulation has become a reality. Overpopulation Resources and News Tidbits Sail Transport Network Fact Sheets Interviews ... Long Distance New: Rebelling against extinction — As surely as the red sun rises by Jan Lundberg New: Bike Warrior's BLOG Bicycle safety and advocacy The Cycle of Life: Pedaling the Soft Path by Jim Doherty Why have prices of crude oil gone up?

6. The Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil And Natural Gas Oil or petroleum. Oil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 millionyears ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms is the source of oil. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas Where Fossil Fuels Come From There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs - hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. "Carboniferous" gets its name from carbon, the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels. The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae - the green stuff that forms on a stagnant pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants. Some deposits of coal can be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers can be found during the late Cretaceous Period (65 million years ago) - the time of Tyrannosaurus Rex . But the main deposits of fossil fuels are from the Carboniferous Period. For more about the various geologic eras, go to

7. ThinkQuest : Library : Energy Matters Home. fossil fuels. petroleum Contents. http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/fossil/petrol.html

Index Earth Science Energy Energy Matters Have you ever thought about how important energy is? Do you know where it comes from? How many types of energy are available and which is best? At this site you can read about fossil fuelscoal, wood, oil and natural gasor learn the difference between nuclear fission and fusion. Solar, wind, and geothermal are also covered. Play a simulation game concerning an energy crisis that is likely to occur in the future. Visit Site 1998 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Awards Fifth Place Languages English Students Xian Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, United States Justin Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, United States John Colegio F. D. Roosevelt, Lima, Peru Coaches Donald Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, United States John Colegio F. D. Roosevelt, Lima, Peru Phyllis Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, United States Want to build a ThinkQuest site?

8. The End Of Fossil Fuels The End of fossil fuels. Ó 1998 by Thomas J Brown a standard phrase used in reference to hydrocarbons in their various permutations as petroleum, coals, and natural gas http://www.borderlands.com/archives/arch/endfos.html

The End of Fossil Fuels 1998 by Thomas J Brown "To the writers of books upon meteorites, it would be as wickedby which we mean departure from the characters of an established speciesquasi-established, of courseto say that coal has fallen from the sky, as would be to something in a barnyard, a temptation that it climb a tree and catch a bird. Domestic things in a barnyard: and how wild things from forests outside seem to them. Or the homeopathistbut we shall shovel data of coal." Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned The End With a title like The End of Fossil Fuels you may think that this is an article about alternative energy or "free" energy, but alas, it is not. It is an attempt to describe the inadequacy of the term "fossil fuel" and to prevent its further usage in the English language through education in the mysteries of the hydrocarbon structures in the earth. I can't blame people for having used this misleading phrase, being guilty myself. We are regularly taught such misconceptions in school. But one should always be ready to learn new ideas and concepts, especially once the evidence is investigated. The term "fossil fuel" is a standard phrase used in reference to hydrocarbons in their various permutations as petroleum, coals, and natural gas. The argument to be presented here is that hydrocarbon deposits are not "fossilized carbon" at all in the sense implied in the modern usage of that term, that there is a larger "carbon dynamic" eventuating in the earth process. The standard response to this is "well, they FIND fossils in the deposits". This is scientific fact and will not be disputed, fossils certainly are found in SOME deposits, many of them being quite curiouscoal balls and roof ballsand will be discussed in turn as they will further our argument. There are also serious fossil anomalies, evidences of human intelligence which crop up in various coal beds supposedly laid down hundreds of millions of years before humans are supposed to have existed. But we will first look at the hydrocarbon structures themselves.

9. Nonrenewable Energy Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are all considered fossil fuels becausethey formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/non-renewable/nonrenewable.html

What is Energy Kid's Corner Milestones Energy Quiz ... About Energy Ant and Us Nonrenewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases and solids. Right now, crude oil (petroleum) is the only naturally liquid commercial fossil fuel. Natural gas and propane are normally gases, and coal is a solid. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are all considered fossil fuels because they formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Uranium ore, a solid, is mined and converted to a fuel. Uranium is not a fossil fuel. These energy sources are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished (made again) in a short period of time. Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally in a short period of time. Non-Renewable Energy Start at the beginning and learn the basics. For Oil Market Basics please click here Each of the different energy sources is measured, purchased, and sold in a different form. We use many units of measurement to measure the amount or energy we use. For a great unit conversion chart click here Want the most recent numbers on nonrenewable energy? Click

10. HydrogenSource - Technology A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuels to hydrogen of composition and purity suitable for fuel cell operation. The fuels include petroleum derived liquids, such as naphtha and gasoline, petroleum derived gases, such as methane and propane, and other fuel such as methanol and ethanol. http://www.hydrogensource.com/technology.html

Fueling the Future TM The Technology What is a fuel processing system? What is a fuel cell? What is a fuel processing system? A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuels to hydrogen of composition and purity suitable for fuel cell operation. The fuels include petroleum derived liquids, such as naphtha and gasoline, petroleum derived gases, such as methane and propane, and other fuel such as methanol and ethanol. The product hydrogen gas must be supplied at temperature, humidity and purity level determined by the type of fuel cell using the hydrogen. The conversion process is carried out in a fuel processing train. The "train" is a series of chemical reactors which sequentially effect changes to the fuel to bring it to fuel cell requirements. One of the most critical steps in the process train is the step to remove sulfur from the source fuel. Reducing the fuel sulfur content to very low levels, parts per billion, makes the subsequent processing steps easier and insures high product purity. The second step in the train is the primary conversion step. Here the source fuel is broken down and a product is produced which is primarily hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The composition at this point depends on the primary process. It may be catalytic steam reforming, autothermal reforming, partial oxidation or other processes. When reforming is used steam is supplied to the reactor to enhance the quantity of hydrogen produced. Partial oxidation requires no steam but produces less hydrogen per unit of fuel than the reforming processes.

11. U.S. Department Of Energy- Office Of Fossil Energy - Home Page SEARCH. Coal Natural Gas Power Systems. Carbon Sequestration. Hydrogen Other Clean fuels. Oil Gas. Supply Delivery. Natural Gas Regulation. Electricity Regulation. petroleum Reserves. Advanced Search. Recent fossil Energy Updates http://www.fe.doe.gov/

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Carbon Sequestration Other Clean Fuels Natural Gas Regulation Electricity Regulation ... Advanced Search Clean Coal Co-Production Plant to Anchor West Virginia "Eco-Park" Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham travels to Lewisburg, WV to commission a new $215 million project that is expected to bring environmental improvements, economic benefits and thousands of new jobs to the region. Read More Recent Fossil Energy Updates... Carbon Drill Pipe Goes Commercial... "Composite" drill pipe to benefit energy production in the United States.... More DOE Seeks Public Comment... Citizen input sought on environmental impacts of CO2 sequestration.... More Public Workshop on Natural Gas Postponed... Meeting initially was planned to review recommendations from the 2003 NPC study..... Read More Secretary Abraham Recognizes West Virginia Coal Miners... Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham traveled to Fairview, West Virginia to talk with coal miners who were temporarily out of work last year due to a mine fire. International Activities What Projects are in Your State?

12. Professor Quester Answers - Fossil Fuels and coal that s why they re called fossil fuels) were formed want to be technicallycorrect, all fuels come from from oil seeps or surface petroleum deposits http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/ask_quester/answers_fossil_fuels.html

Professor Quester Answers Questions on Fossil Fuels Dear Professor Quester: Which energy source, fossil fuel or uranium, will we run out of first? What are some advantages and disadvantages of both? (Sean, 8th grade, Monguagon Middle School, Trenton, Michigan) The Professor Answers: We'll probably run out of fossil fuels first. During the 20th century, energy has become more easily available, especially from fossil fuels. Not only do countries depend on burning fossil fuels to generate electricity but they are used in vehicles. Each year, more oil, coal and natural gas are found. How long will the reserves of fossil fuels last? In 1960, 40 billion tons of oil and gas were known to exist. At that rate they were being used across the world, the reserve was estimated to last about 40 years. By 1990, more gas and oil had been discovered (estimated about 142 billion tons of known reserves), but the rate at which it was used had also increased. Estimates of reserves are said to last between 40 and 70 years at the rate of current use. The developed nations of the world use fossil fuels at an incredible rate, mostly for transportation and to generate electricity. Nuclear power is being used in increasing amounts to help satisfy the huge demand for energy. The nuclear fuels could last many hundreds of years, even if demand increases.

13. ThinkQuest : Library : Powering The World: The Energy That Fuels Us Coal, Oil or petroleum, and Natural Gas are considered the three, basic fossilfuels. They are created by the fossilization of plants and animals. http://library.thinkquest.org/17531/fossil.html

Index Earth Science Energy Powering the World: The Energy that Fuels Us This is a basic, elementary page that covers the various sources of electrical energy that make our lives possible. It explains fossil fuel, hydroelectric, wind, solar, and nuclear energy. A test to prove mastery of each unit is provided as well, in a section with lesson plans for the teacher. You can also learn about an actual hydroelectric power plant, a virtual hydroelectric power plant, and a virtual windmill. Visit Site 1998 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Students T Charles Ben Davis High School, Indianapolis, IN, United States Jerry Ben Davis High School, Indianapolis, IN, United States Ben North Harford High School, Pylesville, MD, United States Coaches Virginia Ben Davis High School, Indianapolis, IN, United States Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site.

14. Fossil Fuel - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. fossil fuels are hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarboncontaining fuels such as petroleum (including natural gas) and coal. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

Fossil fuel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarbon containing fuels such as petroleum (including natural gas ) and coal . The utilization of fossil fuels has fueled industrial development and largely supplanted water driven mills and wood or peat burning for heat. With nuclear power , it makes up the category of nuclear-fossil energy When generating electricity , energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine . Older generators used steam generated by the burning of the fuel to turn the turbine, but in newer power plants the gases produced by burning of the fuel turn a gas turbine directly. The burning of fossil fuels is the major source of emissions of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhouse gases Table of contents 1 Origin 2 A limited resource 3 See also 4 External link ... edit Origin There are two theories on the origin of fossil fuels: the biogenic theory and the abiogenic theory. The two theories have been intensely debated since the , shortly after the discovery of widespread petroleum. According to the biogenic theory, fossil fuels are the altered remnants of ancient plant and animal life deposited in sedimentary rocks. The organic molecules associated with these organisms forms a group of chemicals known as

15. CREDO Petroleum Corporation - Information Fact Sheet - Hoover's CREDO petroleum believes strongly in fossil fuels It explores for, produces, and markets natural gas and crude oil in the US Midcontinent and Rocky Mountain regions. Concentrating on shallow and http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://na.link.decdna.net/n/7972/7974/www.hoove

16. Fossil Fuel - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from fossil fuels). fossil fuels are hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarboncontaining fuels such as petroleum (including natural gas) and coal. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels

Fossil fuel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Fossil fuels Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarbon containing fuels such as petroleum (including natural gas ) and coal . The utilization of fossil fuels has fueled industrial development and largely supplanted water driven mills and wood or peat burning for heat. With nuclear power , it makes up the category of nuclear-fossil energy When generating electricity , energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine . Older generators used steam generated by the burning of the fuel to turn the turbine, but in newer power plants the gases produced by burning of the fuel turn a gas turbine directly. The burning of fossil fuels is the major source of emissions of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhouse gases Table of contents 1 Origin 2 A limited resource 3 See also 4 External link ... edit Origin There are two theories on the origin of fossil fuels: the biogenic theory and the abiogenic theory. The two theories have been intensely debated since the , shortly after the discovery of widespread petroleum. According to the biogenic theory, fossil fuels are the altered remnants of ancient plant and animal life deposited in sedimentary rocks. The organic molecules associated with these organisms forms a group of chemicals known as

17. Fossil Fuels And Their Utilization Coal and crude petroleum are the fossil fuel sources. Evolutionary Stages of CoalDevelopment. This leaves us with the other fossil fuel, crude petroleum. http://members.aol.com/profchm/fossil.html

What are the Fossil Fuels and how are they utilized in Our Society? It so happens that this is one of my favorite topics. Fossil fuels are fuels that result from the fossilization process of living tissue after millions of years. Coal and crude petroleum are the fossil fuel sources. Evolutionary Stages of Coal Development Coal comes in several developmental stages , peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite forms of coal. The first two stages are very inefficient producing a small amount of energy per mass of fuel. Lignite can be gasified to natural gas which is a particularly clean burning fuel in itself. Lignite has also been liquefied to produce liquid petroleum fractions. But the gasification and liquefaction process are very expensive and are not cost effective unless the cost of crude petroleum reaches 60.00 a barrel or more. Bituminous (soft coal) and Anthracite (hard coal) are the stages of coal most often mined, processed , and used as fuel. Disadvantages In The Utilization of Coal There are problems with the use of this form of fossil fuel. First, the extraction of the coal from the ground can be very expensive. Most coal deposits lie well below the surface of the earth which means that special drilling , the creation of mine shafts, and the shoring up of these shafts must be paid for. In addition, there is the danger of mine explosions when deposits of natural gas or finely powered coal dust undergoes combustion resulting in an explosion. Breathing of coal dust by the miners leads to a condition known as "black lung". This adds to the cost of the

18. Fossil Fuels fuels. Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum, is formed in areas thatgeologists believe were once covered by oceans or seas. These http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/energy/sciber/fuel.htm

Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are the main sources of energy for modern use. All of these fuels are classified as fossil fuels . The reason they are called fossil fuels is because they are all made from decayed plants and animals that have been preserved in the earth's crust by pressure, bacterial processes and heat. It takes millions of years for these organisms to chemically change into fossil fuels. Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum , is formed in areas that geologists believe were once covered by oceans or seas. These fuels were formed when dead plants and animals sank to the bottom of the ocean and were covered by sediments. Over long periods of time (millions of years), pressure, bacterial processes, and heat changed the sediments into sedimentary rocks and the plant and animal remains into oil. Eventually underground pools of oil formed when oil migrated through the pores and cracks of rocks and eventually filled these empty spaces. Geolgists search in areas which may contain oil traps. Oil traps include fault lines where porous rock is aligned next to non-porous rock. These traps are also found among folded rock layers. This is an example of a folded-rock-layer oil trap being drilled for petroleum. Oil drills are known as a oil derricks in the petroleum industry.

19. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Petroleum fossil fuels. Gasoline, production using petroleum. Organization of petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC). fossil fuels, which include petroleum, coal, and http://encarta.msn.com/related_761576221/Petroleum.html

var fSendSelectEvents = true; var fSendExpandCollapseEvents = true; var fCallDisplayUAText = false; MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Related Items from Encarta Petroleum Fossil Fuels Gasoline, production using petroleum Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Synthetic Fuels, fuels not refined from petroleum ... , energy-rich substances that have formed from long-buried plants and microorganisms. Fossil fuels, which include petroleum, coal, and ... View article Try MSN Internet Software for FREE! MSN Home My MSN Hotmail ... Feedback

20. MatSc 101 FOSSIL FUELS The molecules of fossil fuels (for example methane, CH4 released is called the heatingvalue of the fuel. example, a gallon of most petroleum products (gasoline http://www.ems.psu.edu/~radovic/fossil_fuels.html

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