81. Project Syndicate gas extracted from hydrate reserves is exactly the same as the natural gas inuse currently. natural gas is increasingly today s fossil fuel of choice http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentaries/commentary_text.php4?id=860&lang=1

82. CERC - Clean Energy Research Centre - Research crystals formed by water and light natural gas components like It is estimated thatmethane hydrate crystals in energy than all the world s fossil fuel reserves http://www.cerc.ubc.ca/Research.htm

CER C Clean Energy Research Centre Securing our energy future The University of British Columbia Home Research People Partnership ... Contact Us Research There are a number of leading-edge energy research projects already underway at UBC. Current research areas that will serve as a springboard for developing the Centre's capacity include: Clean Burning Engines Bob Evans, Kendal Bushe, Phil Hill, Steve Rogak Research is underway to increase efficiency of, and reduce emissions from, internal combustion engines. The use of clean burning fuels, particularly natural gas, is a major focus of the research, which includes both experimental work and numerical modeling of the engine combustion process. Fluidization Tony Bi, Jim Lim High Temperature Materials Alec Mitchell, Roger Reed, Tom Troczynski Reducing Energy Loss from Coking and Fouling Paul Watkinson The aim of this research is to reduce CO2 emissions from hydrocarbon processing plants by reduction of carbonaceous material deposition onto surfaces of heat exchangers and furnaces.

83. GEOLOGY 1000-06 HONORS PROJECT been hypothesized that this hydrate s instability to consumption, wood fuel consumption,fossil fuel production, oil flaring, and natural gas transport) 2 http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~kish/dynamic/global/JC1.htm

Global Warming: Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Greenhouse Gases. John A. Carlisle Subak, S., 1993, Natural greenhouse gas accounts: current anthropogenic sources and sinks: Climatic Change, v. 25 p. 15-44. This article presented a study of the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the industrialized and developing regions. Within this study, it was not only the goal of the author to determine the amount of particular greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of the region, but also to determine and trace their anthropogenic sources. The greenhouse gases of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons, were traced to such human activities as fossil fuel consumption, livestock abundance, agricultural tendencies, cement production,etc... It was shown that not only highly industrialized regions that consume large quantities of fossil fuels contribute to the amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere, but developing nations as well. Within this study, developing nations share the responsibility for the release of these greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Appenzeller, T., 1991, Fire and ice under the deep-sea floor: Science, v. 252 p. 1790-1793.

84. Paragraphs billion tonnes of carbon from fossil fuel, if the organic matter, and leaking fromnatural gas resevoirs, can be trapped in and below hydrates over thousands http://www.autobahn.mb.ca/~het/paras.html

Some longer quotations... Jeremy Leggett Winston Churchill David Brin Abbe Mowshowitz ... The Carbon War The Arithmetic of Carbon These figures for carbon in fossil-fuel deposits have been refined over the years, but the basic picture has not changed. As this book goes to press, the IPCC estimate for the total amount of fossil fuel 'resource' the quantity realistically recoverable, as opposed to total deposits exceeds 4,000 billion tonnes, over three-quarters of it coal. To hike the global average temperature to a dangerous 2 (degrees) C above pre-industrial levels, we would have to emit less than 220 billion tonnes of carbon from fossil fuel, if the climate sensitivity is at the upper boundary of the estimated range, and little is done to stop tropical deforestation." -Jeremy Leggett The Carbon War, Page 59 The Carbon War "A methane hydrate is a solid, ice-like mixture of water and methane, which forms when temperatures are low and pressure sufficiently high. The methan molecules are literally trapped, under pressure, in a cage of water molecules. A hydrate resembles ice, but isn't ice, the water crystallizes differently, and hydrates can form above freezing point if the pressure is sufficiently high. Hydrates will form, for example, if gas is pumped under pressure through pipelines in cold conditions, clogging them up. They will also form under sediment or seawater, and in cold enough conditions, will do so at fairly shallow depths. Methane generated from organic matter, and leaking from natural gas resevoirs, can be trapped in and below hydrates over thousands of years. But if the temperature in the surrounding water rises to the point where methane hydrate becomes unstable, methane gas is released at once."

85. World Oil: Gas Hydrate Research Heats Up If we encounter a good accumulation of natural gas hydrates, we could develop itwith existing technology, said WJA Swinkels, a member of Shell s gas hydrate http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m3159/6_220/54989068/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication Business Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles World Oil June, 1999 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Gas hydrate research heats up World Oil June, 1999 by Perry A. Fischer Most engineers are familiar with hydrates as a production impediment. For the uninitiated, gas hydrate is a strange, frozen-like solid form of natural gas that is created whenever certain high-pressure and low-temperature conditions are met. It occurs in nearly all of the world's offshore basins and some permafrost areas. Hydrates present a geo-hazard for drilling and platform siting. They can form in subsea flowlines, pipelines and well-head equipment, and solutions are costly. This aspect of hydrates is being investigated at the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center. Japan has taken the lead in gas hydrate exploration, perhaps due to a lack of options. In late 1999, JNOC is scheduled to drill its first hydrate exploration well. Last fall, a group from Shell International Exploration and Production, B.V., discussed exploitation of hydrates at a meeting in Chiba City, Japan. The consensus was that there "is nothing that we can't handle technically. If we encounter a good accumulation of natural gas hydrates, we could develop it with existing technology," said W.J.A. Swinkels, a member of Shell's gas hydrate team.

86. Marine Environmental Geology: Fluid Flow of the global inventory of gas hydrates, made by the carbon present in all knownfossil fuel deposits (including coal, crude oil, and natural gas). http://www.geomar.de/sci_dpmt/umwelt/gas_hydr/

Marine Environmental Geology: Fluid Flow from Accretionary Prisms - Aleutian Trench and Cascadia margin Gas hydrates recovered from the Cascadia accretionary margin off Newport, Oregon An international team of researchers, sailing on the German research vessel RV SONNE, recently recovered a dramatic quantity of solid "methane gas hydrates" from the seafloor off Newport, Oregon. A giant TV-guided grab sampler retrieved more than 100 lb. of this remarkable material, an ice-like solid substance made of methane gas and pure water. Formed under conditions of high pressure and low temperature, the gas hydrates slowly decompose when brought to the surface releasing methane gas and water. As an impressive demonstration of their natural gas content, these snow-white 'icecubes' are flamable. The research is part of a German-U.S.-Canadian project to study fluids and gases which are being expelled from the seafloor off the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. This fluid expulsion is a global process which is active along the entire plate collision boundaries of the earth. It results from the compression of water-rich sediments which are carried piggy-back on the moving oceanic plates towards the continents. The mechanical stress building up at the collission zones, usually the deep-sea trenches, forces the fluids back to the ocean. The fluids contribute as-yet unknown quantities of certain chemicals to the oceans and atmosphere and hence are the object of intense research by all major marine science institutions from around the world.

87. Wired News Fuel Is Big On Supply, Short On Access jackpot of a cleanburning fossil fuel - or a It s long been suspected that gas hydratereserves around quantities of methane, otherwise known as natural gas. http://www.wired.com/news/news/technology/story/3311.html

88. China Geological Survey The total amount of carbon contained in natural gas hydrate exceeds the fossil fuelbased carbon by far and therefore represents a potentially important energy http://www.cgs.gov.cn/Ev/news/2003111801.htm

Home About CGS Mission Organization ... Contact Us Geological Activities ¡¤Regional Geology ¡¤Geophysics ¡¤Geochemistry ¡¤Remote Sensing ... Project Compounds made of gas and water: marine methane hydrate and its amazing properties Erwin Suess GEOMAR Research Center ¡¡¡¡Hydrate deposits found at the seafloor, such as off the eastern North Pacific coast, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea or in the Black Sea document highly dynamic formation and dissociation processes. Fabric analyses show that natural hydrate is less dense than experimentally formed phases. It coexists with free methane which migrates upwards from beneath the hydrate stability zone. Several types of hydrate fabrics, interlayered with carbonate crusts and hemipelagic sediment clasts, are described. In most cases pure hydrate occurs in layers millimeters to several decimeters thick. On a macroscopic scale the fabric varies from highly porous, with pore diameters up to several cm, to massive with no visible pores. Bulk densities range from 0.35¨C0.75 g/cm and are inversely correlated with the pore volume. These data allow estimates for an end-member density of pure natural methane hydrate of 0.79¡À0.13 g/cm

89. American Natural Gas Supply Fact Sheet hydrates is conservatively estimated at twice the energy contained in all known fossilfuels on earth, ie, twice that in all the world s estimated natural gas, http://www.ngvc.org/ngv/ngvc.nsf/bytitle/supplyfactsheet.html

document.writeln(''); About NGVC About NGVs Business Directory Government Policy Marketplace Media Center Technology and Data Tools and Resources Incentives Feedback Site Index document.forms[0].onsubmit=submitkiller; Media Center Clean Bus Report Fact Sheets Industry Contacts ... Member Login Last Updated: Home Media Center Fact Sheets American Natural Gas Supply Jump to: Select One American Natural Gas Supp... CARB Study Talking Points Natural Gas Supply/Price... PDF Version Introduction The demand for natural gas in the U.S. continues to grow. Its clean burning characteristics, coupled with the fact that nearly all the natural gas used in North America is produced in North America, makes natural gas an increasingly popular fuel as the nation wrestles with major energy and environmental problems including dependence on imported oil, poor urban air quality and global warming. As a result, it is forecasted that natural gas use will continue to grow in every U.S. energy sector - residential, commercial, industrial and, especially, power generation. Using natural gas to power vehicles is yet another market that has grown significantly over the past decade. Moreover, groundbreaking legislation currently under consideration by the U.S. Congress, if passed, would provide valuable tax incentives for the purchase and use of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) and natural gas fueling infrastructure. This would stimulate further growth in that market.

90. Warming Worries Because this natural methane could be playing an into the source and transport ofgas hydrates could fill in Given the current shortages of fossil fuel and the http://whyfiles.org/119nat_gas/5.html

Sea-level rise triggered by global warming could spark a release of gas hydrate, triggering more global warming due to methane's ability to trap reflected heat in the atmosphere. U.S. Geological Survey Hot under the collar These days, with global temperatures on a dangerous upward trend, discussions of energy resources can't ignore climate impacts. How might gas hydrates affect global warming due to greenhouse gases? The discovery could reduce the already flagging demand for energy conservation since price, more than good intentions, is what reins in demand for energy. Natural gas produces less carbon dioxide than either oil or coal, so substituting it may reduce greenhouse emissions. That carbon might get released accidentally - with catastrophic results. Says Steven Holbrook: "The amount of organic carbon [meaning carbon bonded to hydrogen and perhaps other elements] in these deposits is ... by far the largest such reservoir on Earth, so it is vital to understand whether that reservoir is 'locked up' or whether it exchanges carbon with the oceans and atmosphere, either through gradual or catastrophic processes." Perhaps most important: What is the fate of all that methane? Gram for gram, methane packs more greenhouse punch than carbon dioxide, so deliberate or accidental releases could accelerate global warming.

91. World Natural Gas Business, The - Start Your Market Research At STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES The study quantifies the world's natural gas utilization demand scenarios. It assesses the role of natural gas as a primary energy source and a major feedstock for http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://link.decideinteractive.com/n/7560/7562/w

92. Petroleum And Natural Gas Exploration, Refining And Transportation R&D Requireme electricity and almost all of its transportation fuel. is the Nation’s most abundantfossil energy source will have to rely on natural gas from unconventional http://www.house.gov/science/energy/jun12/energy_charter_061201.htm

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hearing Charter on the President’s National Energy Policy: June 12, 2001 10:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. 2318 Rayburn House Office Building Purpose of the Hearing On Tuesday, June 12, 2001 at 10:00 a.m. in Room 2318 RHOB, the Subcommittee on Energy will hold a hearing on the “President’s National Energy Policy: The President’s National Energy Policy developed by the National Energy Policy Development (NEPD) Group chaired by Vice President Cheney recommended that: (1) the Department of Energy (DOE) invest $2 billion to fund research in clean coal technology; (2) DOE and the Department of the Interior promote enhanced oil and gas recovery from existing wells through new technology; and (3) DOE improve oil and gas exploration technology through continued partnership with public and private entities. The hearing will consist of two panels. The first panel will consider clean coal technology. Witnesses will include: (1) Robert S. Kripowicz, Acting Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy (Mr. Kripowicz will also appear on Panel 2); (2) Ben Yamagata, Executive Director of the Coal Utilization Research Council (CURC), Washington, DC; (3) James E. Wells, Director of Natural Resources and Environment at the U.S. General Accounting Office; (4) Katherine Abend, Global Warming Associate at the U.S. Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG); and (5) John S. Mead, Director of the Coal Research Center at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale.

93. Clathrates - Little Known Components Of The Global Carbon Cycle potential equal to more than twice that of all fossil fuels combined. natural gashydrates searching for the longterm climatic and slope-stability records. http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm

Clathrates: little known components of the global carbon cycle What are clathrates? Clathrates are also called gas hydrates Hydrates were discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy, and were considered to be a laboratory curiosity. In the 1930s clathrate formation turned out to be a major problem, clogging pipelines during transportation of gas under cold conditions. Gas hydrates, also called clathrates, are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when water molecules form a cage-like structure ). 5.75(H of methane gas at standard conditions of temperature and pressure. In nature, one cubic meter of hydrate turns out to contain up to 164 m of methane. Recently clathrates have received attention as a possible energy source, and as playing a role in large undersea slumps which could result in dangerous tsunamis, as well as in climate variability. What is the origin of the methane in clathrates? The methane in gas hydrates is dominantly generated by bacterial degradation of organic matter in low oxygen environments. Organic matter in the uppermost few cm of sediments is first attacked by aerobic bacteria, generating CO d Where do clathrates occur naturally?

94. Climate Change Update -- Climate Class produces less CO2 when burned than do other fossil fuels. or landfills, for example,for fuel use, we reap natural or human disturbance of these deposits could http://www.nsc.org/ehc/climate/ccucla5.htm

Environmental Health Center Climate Class Methane: The 'Other' Greenhouse Gas So much attention is paid to carbon dioxide as part of the greenhouse effect that people tend to overlook another critically important gas in manmade greenhouse warming – methane. Methane, or CH4 (four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom), is the main ingredient in the “natural gas” our home stoves use. The concentration of methane in the atmosphere is minute – about 1.7 parts per million, by volume (ppmv). That’s much lower than the concentration of carbon dioxide (in 1998, just over 360 ppmv) – but methane is far more efficient than CO2 at trapping heat. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates methane’s “global warming potential” as 21 times more than CO2 on a pound-for-pound basis over 100 years. Methane in the atmosphere has increased even faster than carbon dioxide during the industrial age – to more than double its pre-industrial concentration. Current levels are the highest ever observed, even compared against air bubbles trapped in 420,000-year-old ice. The IPCC estimated in 1990 that methane accounted for some 15 percent of the manmade increase in radiative forcing during the previous decade (compared with 55 percent for CO2). That’s the bad news. There’s some good news about methane, too. Its lifetime in the atmosphere is far shorter than that of carbon dioxide – hardly more than a decade, as compared with 50-200 years for carbon dioxide. That means any reductions in human emissions will have a quicker payoff in slowing global warming.

95. Planet Ark : Thaw Of Icy Gas May Worsen Global Warming - Report Planet Ark gives you up to 40 'World Environment News' stories every day from the Reuters news agency. Nearly 10,000 environmental news stories are fully http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/25185/story.htm

Subscribe to daily environment news Recycling Near You Planet Ark Home Our UK Home Page Select a topic from this pull-down menu Read the latest Reuters World Environment News Look at the latest Reuters Environment News Pictures Receive free daily news headlines via email Search the Planet Ark News Archive Find out about National Tree Day Visit the Planet Ark Media Centre Download our free environmental software Who are Planet Ark? Find out how YOU can help the planet Find out about the local recycling services available in your area Thaw of Icy Gas May Worsen Global Warming - Report Mail this story to a friend Printer friendly version NORWAY: May 20, 2004 OSLO - A thawing of vast ice-like deposits of gas under oceans and in permafrost could sharply accelerate global warming in the 21st century, British-based scientists said yesterday. Rising temperatures could break down buried mixtures of water, methane and other gases - called gas hydrates - and release them into the atmosphere where they would trap the sun's heat, they said. Gas hydrates could be a "serious geohazard in the near future due to the adverse effects of global warming on the stability of gas hydrate deposits," the Benfield Hazard Research Center said in a report.

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