61. CERC - Clean Energy Research Centre - Peter Englezos a crystal formed by water and natural gas constituents a class of inclusion compoundscalled clathrate or gas hydrates. than all the world s fossil fuel reserves http://www.cerc.ubc.ca/PeterEnglezosresearch.htm

CER C Clean Energy Research Centre Securing our energy future The University of British Columbia Home Research People Partnership ... Contact Us Natural gas hydrate formation and decomposition Principal Investigator: Prof Peter Englezos Research Team: Ju Dong Lee, Robin Susilo Project Description: Natural gas hydrate is a crystal formed by water and natural gas constituents. It belongs to a class of inclusion compounds called clathrate or gas hydrates. It is estimated that methane hydrate crystals in the seafloor and below permafrost store more energy than all the world's fossil fuel reserves! On the other hand these hydrates are subject to decomposition into methane gas, a greenhouse gas that is 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide. Hence, potential decomposition of these hydrates may create a runaway greenhouse effect. We study and seek to exploit gas hydrate formation/decomposition phenomena in order to develop technology to convert the earth's methane hydrate resources into reserves, to eliminate the possibility of a runaway greenhouse effect and exploit gas hydrate formation for the development of useful technologies. One of the potential technologies is storage and transportation of natural gas in the solid hydrate form. This concept has the potential to lead to a technology that is more economical than liquefied (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG).

62. Fossil Energy Technologies-Conducts Innovative, Science-based Research And Devel liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternatives to conventionalgasoline and diesel fuels for powering to those in the fossil energy community http://www.scitechresources.gov/Results/show_result.php?rec=2014

63. May 8 Abstract and gas hydrates as a possible natural source of is the Manager of the ESS gas hydrates– Fuel of the as related to the impact of fossil fuel production and http://www.cspg.org/body_may_8_abstract.html

GAS HYDRATES IN CANADA: OVERVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA AND PARTNERS SPEAKER Scott Dallinore, Geological Survey of Canada AUTHORS Scott Dallinore and Kirk Osadetz, Geological Survey of Canada DATE 11:30 am, Thursday , May 8, 2003 LOCATION TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE, CALGARY, ALBERTA - EXHIBITION HALL C* PLEASE NOTE: The cutoff date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, Monday, May 5th. Ticket price is $25.00 + GST. (For ticket purchasing information CLICK HERE are speculative and range over three orders of magnitude, from about 2,800 to 7,600,000 trillion cubic meters. Research interests in gas hydrates have focussed on three themes: gas hydrates as a future energy source; gas hydrates as a geohazard, both to conventional oil and gas exploration and in relation to marine slope instability; and gas hydrates as a possible natural source of greenhouse gas influencing global climate change. Over the past decade the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), working with a variety of partners, has conducted regional studies of gas hydrates in Canada. Concentrated occurrences of gas hydrates have been identified offshore of Vancouver Island and in association with thick permafrost in the Arctic Islands and Mackenzie-Beaufort region. A number of dedicated gas hydrate research wells have also been completed. Most notably, in 1994, Leg 146 of the Ocean Drilling Program investigated gas hydrates in the Cascadia margin, offshore of Vancouver Island. Research well programs, each with dedicated scientific and engineering objectives, were completed at the Mallik gas hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta in 1998 and 2002. The most recent program at the Mallik site included the first modern production testing of gas hydrates.

64. Fossil Fuels Most important by far are the fossil fuels oil, gas, coal. HydrocarbonsOil and gas. liquid fuels from natural gas. http://www.eps.mcgill.ca/~dwalker/243c/FossilFuels.htm

Fossil Fuels Subtopics Work, energy, power Earth’s energy cycle Human energy consumption Hydrocarbons: oil and gas Coal Work, energy, power Work: product of force acting on a particle, and displacement of that particle 1 kg-m /s = 1 watt-second = 1 joule Energy: capacity to do work also measured in joules 1 gigajoule (GJ) = 10 J barrels of oil exajoule (EJ) = 10 J 5.7 billion barrels of oil (Gbo) ~ 42 billion tonnes (Gt) of oil Power: the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred kg-m /s = 1 joule/second = 1 watt 1 terawatt (TW) = 10 W = 10 light bulbs Earth’s energy cycle (1.10) Flow 3 TW tidal energy 32 TW geothermal energy 174,000 TW solar radiation  of which 40 TW is captured by photosynthesis Storage 250,000 EJ recoverable fossil fuels photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to make organic matter, which usually oxidizes and recycles quickly back to CO + H O ...but some is buried and preserved as fossil fuels Human energy consumption Exploitation of energy minerals is the foundation of industrial civilization.

65. Natural Gas Technologies And Alternative Fuels Research - Fossil Energy - INEEL fossil Energy Technologies. natural gas Alternative fuels Research. INEELLNG bus provided clean transportation at Yellowstone National Park. http://energy.inel.gov/fossil/lng/default.shtml

Security/Privacy HOME A-Z Index Staff Directory ... Jobs Tuesday June 08, 2004 Energy Efficiency and Natural Resources Fossil Energy Technologies Exploration and Production Hydrogen Fuels ... Methane Hydrates Natural Gas Technologies Oil Reservior and Environmental Technologies Refining and Processing Collaboration and Contacts Fossil Energy Technologies Natural Gas - Alternative Fuels Research INEEL LNG bus provided clean transportation at Yellowstone National Park. The INEEL Alternative Fuels Program focuses on liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternatives to conventional gasoline and diesel fuels for powering heavy-duty and light-duty vehicles. Our program is part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiative to reduce air pollution and reduce the nation's dependence on imported petroleum products by promoting the use of domestically available fuels that burn with lower emissions. LNG and CNG meet both those criteria, and they provide the additional advantages of being cost-competitive with conventional fuels and being relatively safe to store and use. The program has four main thrusts, all designed to implement DOE's initiatives:

66. Alexander S Gas Oil Connections - NRCan Leads Natural Gas the world s natural gas hydrate reservoirs contain more than twice the amount ofenergy found in all other known sources of fossil fuels (including natural gas http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cnn21826.htm

67. Canada Research Chairs - Chairholders The Earth’s gas hydrate reserves exceed conventional carbon reserves and containmostly natural gas, the cleanest burning of all available fossil fuels. http://www.chairs.gc.ca/web/chairholders/viewprofile_e.asp?id=1240&UniversityID=

68. Science News: The Ice That Burns - Methane Hydrates Research the prospect of vast new fossil fuel deposits has USGS) estimates that the methanehydrates hidden beneath US 200 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, enough to http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m1200/1998_Nov_14/53280932/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication Reference Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles Science News Nov 14, 1998 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals The Ice that Burns - methane hydrates research Science News Nov 14, 1998 by Richard Monastersky Can methane hydrates fuel the 21st century? In October of next year, the Japan National Oil Corp. will send a ship to a spot about 60 kilometers off a cape called Omae zaki, not far from Mount Fuji. Its crew will lower a drill through 950 meters of water and then start cutting a circular hole the width of a dinner plate into the seafloor. At first, the bit will slice through fine silt as soft as birthday cake. Then, at a depth not yet known, the diamond-tipped drill will breach a hard icelike layer and, in the process, reach into the postpetroleum future. The frozen substance is called methane hydrate, a name that has been increasingly echoing off the walls of Congress, university research offices, and oil company conference rooms around the world. Found under the ocean floor and polar permafrost, methane hydrates are a crystalline combination of natural gas and water, locked together into a substance that looks remarkably like ice but burns if ignited. Until recently, the natural gas industry considered it only a nuisance, something that occasionally plugs up pipelines. Now, some scientists view methane hydrates as the resource that may power the 21st century, and governments are scrambling to explore its promise.

69. PROSPECTS OF NATURAL GAS, CONDENSATES, AND GAS HYDRATES IN THE SCOTIAN MARGIN, E 2010 may increase demand for methane to steer cleaner fossil fuel energy in NorthAmerica. The abundant prospects of natural gas and gas hydrates within the http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003NE/finalprogram/abstract_50907.htm

Paper No. 8-7 Presentation Time: 10:40 AM-11:00 AM PROSPECTS OF NATURAL GAS, CONDENSATES, AND GAS HYDRATES IN THE SCOTIAN MARGIN, EASTERN CANADA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO EAST COAST ENERGY STRATEGY BEYOND 2010 MUKHOPADHYAY, Prasanta K. , Global Geoenergy Rsch Ltd, P. O. Box 9469, Station A, (1657 Barrington Street, Suite 427), Halifax, NS B3K 5S3 Canada, muki@global-geoenergy.com. The Scotian Margin, one of the least explored sectors covering the area from the Laurentian Channel to the Georges Bank in the North Atlantic, is considered to be one of the major gas provinces (gas, condensate, and gas hydrates). The comprehensive fluid flow visualization of three major units of the Petroleum System approach (play characteristics, hydrocarbon expulsion component, and hydrocarbon preservation structure) has provided a basic framework for such predictions. The entire petroleum system within the Scotian Margin is, however, dependent on the hydrocarbon saturation, nature of reservoir hydrocarbons and the stability of each individual plays. The hybrid fluid flow in various play types of both the inner and outer Scotian Slope has been controlled by heat flow related to basement fractures, thickness of sedimentary packages, salt tectonics, source rock anoxicity, and timing of the transmissibility or sealing behavior of the major growth faults. Accordingly, the expected hydrocarbon families in the Scotian Slope would be different compared to the shelf and shelf-break petroleum. However, the concept of a petroleum system using geochemical data (from earlier DSDP/ODP and other wells), hydrocarbon pockmarks (seepages), and comprehensive fluid flow modeling suggest that late Triassic to Early Cretaceous organic-rich oil- and gas-prone source rocks could be the key contributors for future gas and condensate discoveries (both for natural gas and gas hydrates) in the slope.

70. Gw22 more than twice that of all other fossil fuels combined States at 320,000 trillioncubic feet of gas, some 200 times conventional natural gas resources and http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/nebraska/gw22.html

http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/methane000404.html Fuel on the Ocean Floor Frozen Methane Possible Energy Source By Nick Wadhams The Associated Press W A S H I N G T O N, April 4 — Congress is initiating research into a near-limitless energy source that has the potential of ending America’s dependency on foreign fuels but could, if improperly used, cause devastating damage to the environment. The House by voice vote Monday approved $47.5 million over five years to study methane hydrates, ice-like crystals buried under the Arctic permafrost or beneath the ocean floor at water depths greater than 1,640 feet. More Than Gas, Coal and Oil Scientists estimate that the methane trapped in the frozen deposits has an energy potential equal to more than twice that of all other fossil fuels combined. The U.S. Geological Survey has put the value of gas hydrates in the United States at 320,000 trillion cubic feet of gas, some 200 times conventional natural gas resources and reserves in the country. “If only 1 percent of the methane hydrate resource could be made recoverable, the United States could more than double its domestic natural gas resource base,” the bill’s chief sponsor, Rep. Mike Doyle, D-Pa., said in a statement.

71. Senator Daniel K. Akaka - Press Release is twice as much carbon in methane hydrate than all other fossil fuels, includingcoal. By any measure, this is a staggering resource. natural gas will grow in http://akaka.senate.gov/releases/98/980723.html

AKAKA METHANE HYDRATES PASSES SENATE; HOUSE ACTION PLANNED July 23, 1998 Washington, D.C. The United States Senate has passed legislation authored by United States Senator Daniel K. Akaka (D - Hawaii) to promote research and development of methane hydrates as an energy resource. The Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act (S. 1418) would establish a research and development program at the Department of Energy to assess and develop methane hydrates as an energy source. The House Committee on Science has scheduled a hearing on the Akaka bill for Tuesday, July 28, 1998. Methane hydrate is a methane-bearing, ice-like substance. It is stable at moderately high pressures and low temperatures and contains large quantities of methane. One unit volume of methane hydrate contains over 160 volumes of methane at standard temperature and pressure. Methane hydrates are found in deep ocean sediments and northern permafrost. An enormous amount of methane is sequestered in gas hydrates. Scientists estimate there is twice as much carbon in methane hydrate than all other fossil fuels, including coal. By any measure, this is a staggering resource. Natural gas will grow in importance as demand for clean burning fuel increases. Also, as we move to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, natural gas will become an even more strategic fuel source because its emissions contain significantly less carbon dioxide. Methane hydrates hold a near endless supply of natural gas.

72. BBC News | SCI/TECH | Fossil Fuel Revolution Begins more efficiently and cleanly than any other fossil fuel. are so interested in gashydrates is the 80,000 times greater than those for conventional natural gas. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_532000/532468.stm

low graphics version feedback help You are in: Sci/Tech Front Page World UK ... Audio/Video Tuesday, 23 November, 1999, 01:40 GMT Fossil fuel revolution begins The methane could be liquefied at sea and transported by tanker By BBC News Online's Damian Carrington The first step in a new era of global energy production is being taken, with a Japanese attempt to recover vast reserves of frozen methane gas from under the ocean floor. End of the energy crisis? Professor Richard Selley The drilling project began on Friday and is the first commercial offshore attempt but it is fraught with danger. Accidental releases of vast volumes of the buried gas have in the past led to the destruction of oil platforms in the Caspian Sea. These releases are also a possible explanation for the mysterious disappearances of ships. "It's horrifically dangerous," said Professor Richard Selley, a gas hydrate expert at the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London. "If they drill in with a conventional drill ship and they hit the stuff and destabilise it, all the gas comes bubbling up and the ship will sink. "The Japanese are the brave souls who are drilling this first commercial test offshore," added Professor Selley. "It may be very easy to avoid the risk of a catastrophic blowout but this is the first to test it."

73. Methane As A Fuel humanrelated activities such as fossil fuel production, animal benefit by usingthis fuel source onsite some 200 times conventional natural gas resources and http://healthandenergy.com/methane_fuel.htm

Extreme Climate Change Pentagon Warns Bush 2003 EPA Report Then and Now ... Methane Fever [ Methane Fuel ] Threat to Humanity Don't Forget Methane, Climate Experts Say By Robinson Shaw, March 18, 2004 The inclusion of methane, the primary component in natural gas, in emission strategies is key to curbing global warming, according to a team of atmospheric scientists, economists and emissions experts. The scientists found that by including methane in abatement strategies, the costs of meeting United States emission-reduction targets could be lowered. Because methane remains in the atmosphere about 12 years, a short time compared to other greenhouse gases, concentrations will respond quickly to emission reductions, producing an immediate and significant impact on climate change, said Atul Jain, a University of Illinois atmospheric scientist. It takes carbon dioxide, the top human-caused greenhouse gas, anywhere from 50 to 200 years to disappear from the atmosphere. "Methane is the second-most important greenhouse gas. Together, methane and other non-carbon dioxide gases are currently responsible for about 40 percent of the global warming problem," said Don Wuebbles, a University of Illinois professor of atmospheric sciences. "However, reducing carbon dioxide emissions is still the primary means of achieving significant long-term mitigation of climate change." Over the last two centuries, methane concentrations in the atmosphere have more than doubled, largely due to human-related activities, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

74. Methane Hydrate This suggests that human activities such as burning of biomass, fossil fuel explorationand distribution, rice farming gas (Methane) hydrates — A New http://healthandenergy.com/methane_hydrate.htm

Extreme Climate Change Pentagon Warns Bush 2003 EPA Report Then and Now [ Methane Hydrate ] Shadow of Extinction Methane Fever Methane Fuel Threat to Humanity Atmospheric Methane Oceanic Burp Warmed Earth Researchers have found evidence to support a theory that an abrupt warming of the Earth 55 million years ago was caused by the sudden release from the ocean of frozen deposits of methane. Core samples and soundings taken off the east coast of Florida indicate that massive amounts of methane, stored as frozen hydrate in sediments on the ocean floor was feed at about the same time as a rapid warming of the global climate. The finding, published in the journal Science, supports a theory that the release of gas hydrates caused what is called the latest Paleocene thermal maxim. This was a period 55.5 million years ago when ocean temperatures soared by 7 to 14 degrees Fahrenheit within only about 1,000 years, a short period by geologic standards. A warming trend on land opened migration routes for animals and led to a rapid evolution of more advanced species. The first primates, for instance, appeared during this period. "This event allowed primitive mammals to both radiate and to evolve into more modern mammals", said Miriam Katz of Rutgers University, the first author of the paper.

75. Lecture 21 May 2003 The publication natural gas in the Netherlands At best, its contribution to fossilfuel supplies will be 30 even without a contribution from gas hydrates and geo http://www.clingendael.nl/ciep/lectures/lecture_2003_05_21.htm

CIEP LECTURES Lectures Index The Global Energy Outlook for the 21st Century Lecture by Peter R. Odell, Professor Emeritus of International Energy Studies at Erasmus University Rotterdam, Wassenaar 21 May 2003 On Wednesday 21 May 2003, the NOGEPA and the Oranje-Nassau Groep hosted an event at ‘Kasteel de Wittenburg’ in Wassenaar, which combined a lecture by Professor Peter Odell, the launch of the Oranje Nassau Group publication Natural Gas in the Netherlands. From Cooperation to Competition? – written by staff members of the Clingendael International Energy Programme – and the annual Luncheon of NOGEPA. In his lecture, Professor Peter R. Odell gave a global energy outlook for the 21st Century and the expected growing role for natural gas. An abstract of the lecture can be found below. The publication Natural Gas in the Netherlands. From Cooperation to Competition? was presented by Dirk-Jan van Ommeren, chairman of the board of management of the Oranje-Nassau Groep, to Joop Wijn, State Secretary of Economic Affairs in the Netherlands. More information on the book can be found in the publications section Current Affairs number 2 discusses some of the important conclusions of the book. It is also possible to order the publication. More information on NOGEPA can be found on

76. EES215 Lecture 21 between 2 and 40x10 15 m 3 ; ie very large compared to known reservoirs of fossilfuels or current use of natural gas. Origin of gas hydrates dating (using http://www.earth.rochester.edu/fehnlab/ees215/lect21.html

Lecture 21 Review of energy at surface of earth Use of energy: main sources still from fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Example: USA ( Fig. 1 ), typical for distribution of energy sources in the world Differences between energy use: World average - 2 kW/person; US average - 10 kW/person Populations: World: 6x10 people; USA - 280x10 people (roughly). Total energy use: World 2,000 W/person x 6x10 people x 3.15x10 s/yr = 3.78x10 J/yr. US population (4.6 % of world population) consumes 23 % of total energy in the world. Energy from fossil fuels is derived from the following reactions Coal: C + O => CO Natural Gas (mainly methane, CH CH => CO O CO release from coal: Energy content of coal: 7300kWhr/ton = 2.64x10 J/ton Roughly one third of energy comes from coal (world): 3.78x10 J/yr x 0.3 = 1.13x10 J/yr Total coal used: 1.13x10 J/yr / 2.64x10 J/ton = 4.29 x 10 tons of coal/yr C in CO CO released from burned coal: 4.29 x 10 tons of C/yr / 0.27 = 1.6 x 10 tons of CO /yr CO release from natural gas (CH Energy content of gas: 3.68x10 J/m ; density of gas: 0.6 kg/m

77. Natural Gas, Oil Occur Naturally does not prove that it is a fossil fuel; it proves coal prove that coal is not madefrom those fossils. work contends that there is so much natural gas in the http://www.americanfreepress.net/RFA_Articles/Natural_Gas__Oil_Occur_Natural/nat

Tell a friend about this story: Instead, according to Dr. Gold, these resources are constantly being manufactured within the Earth by natural processes that are little understood and which point toward new, relatively unexplored realms in science. In his book, The Deep Hot Biosphere: The Myth of Fossil Fuels, which is available in most bookstores, Dr. Gold has outlined the entirety of his theory. Y The astronomers have been able to find that hydrocarbons, as oil, gas and coal are called, occur on many other planetary bodies. They are a common substance in the universe. You find it in the kind of gas clouds that made systems like our solar system. You find large quantities of hydrocarbons in them. Is it reasonable to think that our little Earth, one of the planets, contains oil and gas for reasons that are all its own and that these other bodies have it because it was built into them when they were born? I will tell you why this had to be so and why I became convinced. In the whole petroleum and coal story, there is this extraordinary paradox that all of these substances contain some biological material. But the chemistry in detail fits it better, as many chemists have said, with the theory of a primordial hydrocarbon mixture (say an oil or gas mixture) to which biological products have been added. That was one aspect that has been quite firmly noted by many Nobel laureate chemists and others. So every time they find oil deep in the ground and they analyze it chemically, they are effectively supporting your theory?

78. Petroleum Conservation Research Association increasing and cannot be met by the depleting fossil fuel. petrochemicals and alsoas a fuel so as fraction for LPG and stabilized natural gas condensate for http://www.pcra.org/petroleum.html

Home Mission Savings Organograms ... PCRA Offices VARIOUS OPTIONS TO MEET ENERGY REQUIREMENTS The world is only a few years away from the depletion of its fossil fuel stock. The need of the hour is the commercialization of renewable and non-conventional sources of energy besides sustained oil conservation. The article examines the Indian possibilities for such new initiatives. THE NEED TO CONSERVE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Today every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources, which can broadly be categorized as commercial and noncommercial. The commercial include fossil fuels (Coal, oil, and natural gas), hydroelectric power and nuclear power, while the noncommercial sources include wood, animal wastes and agriculture wastes. Per capita energy consumption in developing countries remains low despite rapid advances. The world noncommercial fuels contribute approximately 60% of the total primary energy consumption. The subject of alternate energy sources are not only the energy for tomorrow but for today also. Heavy and constant use of fossil fuels in the developed world and the irrational use of the firewood in the developing countries has resulted in environmental degradation. The basic goals of a country are to achieve energy self-sufficiency and preservation of environment.

79. Ruhrgas AG - Umwelt - Start natural gas has become a key fuel for environmentally Making the use of natural gaseven more efficient most environmentally compatible of all fossil sources of http://www.ruhrgas.de/englisch/umwelt/

My Ruhrgas Innovation Infoactivity Service Quickfind Environment Enviroment as a corporate goal It is the most environmentally compatible of all fossil sources of energy and, at the same time, highly efficient. Current proven reserves will last well into the next century. Natural gas has become a key fuel for environmentally benign energy supply. Making the use of natural gas even more efficient, environmentally compatible and attractive is a continuous challenge for us. We provide the gas as required by the market, ensure environmentally acceptable transportation and promote the development of energy-efficient gas utilisation technologies. A host of customer support activities rounds off the broad range of services we provide. It is the most environmentally compatible of all fossil sources of energy and, at the same time, highly efficient. Current proven reserves will last well into the next century. With our environmental activities, we establish a pivotal link between the characteristics of natural gas, the possibilities for its use and the resulting ecological effects. This report gives an outline of the environmental protection activities we pursue both alone and in cooperation with national and international partners. Multibox Glossar Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) All-gas households Aquifer storage Cathodic protection ... Voluntary undertaking on climate protection Suche Gesamt Erdgaswirtschaft Dienstleistungen Downloads News-Archiv i-journal - subscription i-journal is an absolute must if you're looking for the latest information on the gas industry

80. File Moved Thomas Hayden Citation May 27, 2002 p 6062 Section Science Technology SubjectsFOSSIL fuels; ARCTIC; CANADA; OIL FIELDS; natural gas; GEOLOGY Word Count http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/020527/misc/27gas.htm

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