41. DOE Fossil Energy - Fossil Energy Projects In Alaska use in scaleup decisions; (2) developing a small, sustainable unit (bench-scale)that can provide desulfurized fuel and pilot BP to Study natural gas hydrates. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/projectdatabase/stateprofiles/2004/feprojects_ala

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Carbon Sequestration Other Clean Fuels Natural Gas Regulation Electricity Regulation ... Go to DOE Home Page Number of Projects Total Value* (Million $) DOE Share (Million $) Job Benefits** *Includes DOE and private sector cost-sharing **An average of 40 direct and indirect jobs per $1 million in R&D funding is used based on the Dept. of Commerce RIMS II formula and a report entitled "Revised United States Job Impacts of the United States DOE Advanced Power Technology Program," January 1998. The University of Alaska-Fairbanks is Studying Ways to Improve Production, Use of State's Oil and Natural Gas Resources Oxygen Transport Ceramic Membrane - The purpose of this project is to develop an innovative "electroceramic membrane" that separates oxygen from the air and uses it to convert natural gas to chemical "building blocks" that can be used to synthesize clean liquid fuels. Successful development of this membrane technology could lead to ways for converting remote natural gas reserves on the North Slope into clean-burning motor fuels. In turn, gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes could extend the lifetime of the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). Preliminary analyses suggest that a 30 to 50 percent cost savings in the production of synthesis gas can be achieved. The total project cost is $4.42 million (DOE share: $3.51 million). Operational Challenges in Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Transportation - This three-year comprehensive research program will address the operational challenges of GTL products transportation through the existing TAPS. This study will augment the ongoing project titled "Study of Transportation of GTL Products from Alaskan North Slope (ANS) to Market", and will provide practical insight needed for successful future commercialization of GTL technology in Alaska. The feasibility of moving GTL products through the TAPS and the impact of GTL movement on TAPS operation will be studied. The total project cost is $943,000 (DOE share: $758,000).

42. BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Ocean Methane Stocks 'overstated' of icelike crystals that trap natural gas under conditions of the Centre for gasHydrate Research in methane is supposedly cleaner than other fossil fuels. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3493349.stm

Home TV Radio Talk ... Programmes Last Updated: Tuesday, 17 February, 2004, 12:53 GMT E-mail this to a friend Printable version Ocean methane stocks 'overstated' By Paul Rincon BBC News Online science staff Commercial exploitation of hydrates may still be possible Stocks of a potential new source of natural gas in the sea-floor are much smaller than previous estimates have suggested, an expert claims. Gas hydrates contain huge quantities of natural gases - mainly methane - and are tipped as a future energy source. Estimates of hydrate-bound gas fell steadily in the last 30 years due to growing knowledge of their distribution and concentration in sediments. The findings are presented in the academic journal Earth Science Reviews. Gas hydrates are deposits of ice-like crystals that trap natural gas under conditions of high pressure and low temperature such as those found in sea-floor sediments or in permafrost. Limited reservoir One widely cited estimate proposes that 10,000 gigatonnes (Gt) of methane carbon is bound up as hydrate on the ocean floor.

43. Gas Hydrates A gas hydrate crystal structure. gas hydrates a source of natural gas so abundantits reserves are double those of all other known fossil fuel reserves! http://www.seed.slb.com/en/watch/gashydrates/

Science Watch Science Lab Meet The Experts Careers SEED Journal Teacher's Corner About Science Center Contact SEED Get Involved ... SEED People Fire and Ice: The Story of Gas Hydrates A gas hydrate crystal structure Gas hydrates a source of natural gas so abundant its reserves are double those of all other known fossil fuel reserves! Yet today it remains an untapped resource. This material consists of small cage-like structures of ice that contain within them methane natural gas ) molecules. A clump of gas hydrates looks much like a snowball but it is flammable! You could set it on fire and watch it burn with a clean blue flame. Why haven't you ever seen gas hydrates? Why aren't we using them as an energy source? Gas Hydrates Where to Find Gas Hydrates Detecting Gas Hydrates How to Get Them Out ... Related Links Unlocking the Energy Cage Immense quantities of natural gas can be found in icy gas-hydrate deposits, but getting it out is a great challenge.

44. Gas Hydrates currently be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth as US demand for cleanburningnatural gas is projected percent, producers will look for gas prospects in http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/c/a/cak233/Extras/index_EGEE101.htm

45. Natural Gas Hydrates As An Alternative Fuel Source The gas trapped within a hydrate is primarily This fossil fuel is quickly becomingthe energy source of Worldwide, natural gas consumption is about 85 trillion http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jma13/FSc401/Wahl_Courtney/Intro page.ht

46. Fire And Ice that a vast new source of fossil fuels will only due to increasing pressure for cleanfuels and the capital and operating costs of new natural gasfired power http://www.rand.org/scitech/stpi/ourfuture/GameChangers/fireice.html

Fire and Ice Will Methane Hydrates Help Power the World in 2020? Research over the last decade has shown that the oceans around the United States hold immense amounts of methane (the primary component of natural gas) concentrated in cage-like ice structures known as methane hydrates. Occurring naturally both in permafrost regions where cold temperatures persist in shallow sediments, and at ocean depths of 500 meters or more where high pressures dominate, these unique structures encase methane at very high concentrations. In fact, a single unit of hydrate can release as much as 160 times its volume in gas when heated and depressurized. A flame held over room-temperature hydrates will ignite the evaporating methane and result in "burning ice." New production techniques are now being developed in hopes that hydrates may become a major energy source in the future. Source: GSJ Symposium on Methane Gas Hydrate, June 10, 1996. Hydrates are typically found a few meters below the ocean floor in layers a few hundred meters thick. The majority of methane hydrates were formed from accumulations of biogenic methane excreted by deep-sea bacteria over thousands of years. These hydrates are concentrated in areas of organic detritus accumulation or where rapid accumulation of sediments protected the detritus from oxidation. Another less prominent source of hydrates occurs when natural gas migrates up through faults in the Earth's crust to areas of the seabed with sufficient pressure and temperature. Although less common, many geologists believe that these type of hydrates will be easier to recover because of their more localized distribution.

47. Technology Review: MIT's Magazine Of Innovation the amount of all other known fossil fuel deposits combined from only 1 percent ofall the hydrates in the Tim Collett, we would have enough natural gas to last http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/wo_wolman013004.asp

SEARCH: 2 FREE ISSUES FREE NEWSLETTER CUSTOMER SERVICE FREE DIGITAL ISSUE ... RESEARCH NEWS TOPICS Biotech Business Computing Energy ... Expanded List FREE REGISTRATION To read this article requires a one-time registration Already a subscriber? Enable Paid Subscriber Access REGISTER HERE: Benefits of Registration Email View our Confirm Email Password First name Last name Postal Code Country Please select USA Canada Aden Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antarctica Antigua Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Azores Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia Botswana Brazil British West Indies British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Chad Channel Islands Chile China Christmas Island Colombia Congo - Democratic Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Czech Oslo Denmark Dominica Dominican Republic Dutch West Indies East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Fiji Islands Finland Formosa France French Polynesia French West Indies Gabon Gambia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland INDIA Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Macedonia Madagascar Maderia Island Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayanmar Mexico

48. ONGC :: Print the amount of all fossil fuels on Earth (compared on the basis of the mass of thecarbon). Due to very highenergy resource potential, natural gas hydrate is a http://www.ongcindia.com/print.asp?d=techpaper&cat=techpaper5.txt

49. Clathrates - Little Known Components Of The Global Carbon Cycle natural gas) more than twice all other fossil fuels, recoverable and nonrecoverable;Unknown difficulties in recovery, not known how much of the hydrate could http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate199.htm

return to EES199 home page Methane hydrates (Clathrates): New Fuel or Major Threat for Increased Global Warming, Huge Slumps and Disastrous Tsunami? What are clathrates? What is the origin of the methane in clathrates? Where do clathrates occur naturally? What organisms use clathrates? ... Clathrates as a cause of tsunamis /climate change What are clathrates? Clathrates are also called gas hydrates Hydrates were discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy, and were considered to be a laboratory curiosity. In the 1930s clathrate formation turned out to be a major problem, clogging pipelines during transportation of gas under cold conditions. Gas hydrates, also called clathrates, are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when water molecules form a cage-like structure around smaller 'guest molecules'. The most common guest molecule in natural hydrates is methane, CH . In this figure the methane is shown by grey (carbon) surrounded by foor hydrogen atoms (green), trapped in a cage of water molecules (oxygen red, hydrogen white). If all cages would be occupied by methane, one cubic meter of solid hydrate could contain 170.7 m

50. Energy Ice Kvenvolden, who estimates the amount of gas hydrates on Earth the amount of all otherfossil fuels combined US could more than double its natural resource supply http://www.acfnewsource.org/environment/energy_ice.html

SEARCH STORIES: Navigation June 8, 2004 Energy Ice The Osgood File (CBS Radio Network): 2/22/01 Printer-friendly version E-mail this story to a friend Scientists find vast supplies of alternative energy trapped in ice deep in the earth. Oil prices recently reached a 30-year high, prompting former President Clinton to tap our national reserves and reviving the debate about drilling in places like the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. But some scientists believe the most promising source of energy in the future is not petroleum, but natural gas locked in ice. Inside a particular type of ice crystals called hydrates are trapped molecules of methane, the key constituent of natural gas. Hydrates are crystal structures similar to ice; inside which molecules of gas are held in a natural state. If the methane can be extracted from its "cage," it could be burned just like natural gas a much cleaner form of fuel than coal or petroleum. As USGS Menlo Park researcher Keith Kvenvolden explains, methane hydrates are what you get when you have water and methane together under certain conditions. It is sometimes called "flammable ice" because it is a highly combustible solid material that only exists at extremely low temperatures and high pressures. But because it can only exist in such conditions, researching it can be extremely difficult. Hydrate deposits are known to exist deep beneath the ocean floor and closer to the Earth's surface in permafrost Arctic regions. The size of the deposits around the world, from the Gulf of Mexico to Siberia, is enormous, says Kvenvolden, who estimates the amount of gas hydrates on Earth to be more than twice the amount of all other fossil fuels combined. According to the Department of Energy, if only one percent of the existing deposits could be exploited for domestic consumption, the U.S. could more than double its natural resource supply.

51. Inmagic DB/Text WebPublisher PRO Found 1 Records natural gas, as a relatively clean fossil fuel, represents an to natural gas as afuel source offers gas hydrates incorporate natural gas into a solid icelike http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/pamsdb.aspx?id=328

52. Icy Substance Called Gas Hydrate Might Be Source Of Clean-burning Fuel than in all the other forms of fossil fuels combined, said Technology Laboratory,which leads the department s natural gas and ultraclean fuels efforts. http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19991213hydrate1.asp

Icy substance called gas hydrate might be source of clean-burning fuel Monday, December 13, 1999 By Byron Spice, Science Editor, Post-Gazette Flammable ice sounds like a bad oxymoron, something that belongs on a list with "tight slacks," "fresh frozen," "simply confusing," "Microsoft Works" and the ever popular "military intelligence." But flammable ice is a fair description of the planet's most abundant, if least recognized, form of fossil energy. Called methane hydrate, or gas hydrate, it's an ice-like substance composed of methane the main constituent of natural gas trapped inside cages of water molecules. It forms under pressure, with deposits found underneath permafrost in Arctic regions and beneath deep ocean floors. When extracted and placed in normal atmospheric pressure, chunks of the stuff pop and fizzle as highly concentrated methane escapes. It can even be set aflame. Gas hydrate ceased to be this Mr. Wizard-ish curiosity in 1995, when the U.S. Geological Survey assessed U.S. gas hydrate resources. The study concluded that hydrate deposits entrapped between 112,000 trillion cubic feet and 676,000 trillion cubic feet of methane. The estimate was refined in 1997 to a more conservative 200,000 trillion cubic feet, but it still dwarfed the 1,400 trillion cubic feet in the nation's conventional gas reserves. Worldwide, the figures are even more staggering 400 million trillion cubic feet, compared with 5,000 trillion feet in known gas reserves. Even oil and coal reserves are no match.

53. ICDP Mallik Objectives: Petrophysical Properties Of Gas Hydrate Bearing Sediment natural gas hydrates occur widely in marine sediments of the the estimates of carbonfrom known fossil fuel sources. concerning the use of gas hydrates as a http://www.icdp-online.de/sites/mallik/objectives/physical_properties.html

deutsch français Project: Petrophysical Properties of Gas Hydrate Bearing Sediments Influence of sediment properties (e.g. grain size distribution) on the formation, size, and distribution of gas hydrate aggregates Sonic longitudinal and transversal wave velocities as a function of gas hydrate content Influence of the gas hydrate content on the electrical formation resistivity factor Influence of grain size distribution and gas hydrate content on hydraulic permeability Keywords: gashydrates, sediment properties, sonic wave velocity, electrical formation resistivity factor, hydraulic permeability Contact: E. Spangenberg J. Kulenkampff E. Huenges Cooperations: Section 4.2 Section 2.2 Criticism, ideas, suggestions: webmaster

54. Methane Hydrates The fuel of the future may be ice that Methane hydrates, a promising natural gasresource, are believed to s gas Hydrate program for the fossil Energy Program http://www.ornl.gov/reporter/no16/methane.htm

June 2000 Methane hydrates M The fuel of the future may be ice that burns Methane hydrates, a promising natural gas resource, are believed to reside throughout the globe in sea-floor sediments and permafrost. Lorie Langley, who is leading ORNL’s Gas Hydrate program for the Fossil Energy Program, believes ORNL can contribute significantly to DOE’s and Congress’s research agenda. Last month President Clinton signed the Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act, which authorizes approximately $50 million over five years to develop an understanding of the nature, behavior and abundance of this clean-burning energy resource. Explains Langley, “Gas hydrates are clathrate compounds. A clathrate is simply a structure in which water molecules under certain conditions bond to form an ice-like cage that encapsulates a gas molecule, known as a guest molecule. When that guest is a methane molecule, you have methane hydrate.” Methane hydrates, which form at low temperature and high pressure, are found in sea-floor sediments and the arctic permafrost. They can be scattered through several-hundred-meter depths and at various concentrations. The gas hydrates being evaluated by ORNL researchers are methane hydrates and carbon dioxide hydrates. Although some research has been carried out in the past, little is known about the location, formation, decomposition, or actual quantities of methane hydrates. However, national and international research and exploration over the last 20 years by various governmental and industrial entities have resulted in general agreement that methane hydrates should be evaluated as a potential primary energy source for the future.

55. Hubbert Peak Of Oil Production fossil fuel and therefore the fossil fuel of choice Being solid, hydrates cannotmigrate into commercial Information Agency more on natural gas • fact and http://www.hubbertpeak.com/gas/

Natural Gas Home News Schoolhouse Overview ... LNG terminal plans proliferate in Baja California , EcoAmericas [April 2002] "... [O]ur gas-related drilling boom ... was real and ... came to an end last August [2001] when gas prices collapsed. By the bottom of its collapse, gas drilling had fallen by 45%. Most gas analysts and many industry executives think that gas supplies will fall by 2% to 4% this year, even though gas drilling fell by 45%. They are making the classic mistake of ... misunderstanding depletion, which caused the supply flatness in the first place, despite a drilling boom. "Texas represents 31% of total U.S. daily gas supply. ... U.S. natural gas supplies could fall as much as 10% in as little as six months from now. The drop could be close to double this amount by the time it bottoms. "If this happens, it will jolt the U.S. economy far worse than the 1973 Oil Embargo. And unfortunately, there is no quick fix to this supply crisis. America’s electricity grid is highly dependent on an abundant supply of natural gas that must grow by 35% over the next 8 years. "If gas supplies drop by even 5%, there is a good chance that the industry will not be able to get supplies back to the flat levels we enjoyed for the past 8 years.

56. Science Digs Deep To Study Pros And Cons Of Marine Methane - 2/20/2000 - ENN New known reserves of all other fossil fuels, it is into the possibility of harvestingmethane for fuel. and may also contain extractable natural gas in formations http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/2000/02/02202000/methane_10174.asp

Site Index: Home News ENN Earthnews Affiliates News In-Depth Topics Interact Online Quizzes Postcards Marketplace Business Center Store Advanced Search Advertise Join ENN e-mail Subscription Take our Survey Affiliate Tech Center Post Press Release Help About ENN Site Map Science digs deep to study pros and cons of marine methane Sunday, February 20, 2000 By John Roach Core samples were taken by microbiologists working from this rig off the coast of Japan. Researchers are on a quest to understand the microorganisms that produce gas hydrates trapped in the ocean floor. The hydrates may be a boon to an energy-hungry world, but their release could trigger catastrophic global warming. "There is a huge amount of hydrated natural gas around ocean margins," said Mark Delwiche, a microbiologist at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. "If there was some clever way of extracting it from the ground it would be a tremendous resource." Gas hydrates are methane gas molecules trapped in lattices of ice. They are the products of microorganisms that feed on organic matter that has been washed into the ocean or has died in it. Since methane gas burns more efficiently and cleanly than any other fossil fuel and researchers estimate the volume of extractable methane gas to be more than twice the amount of known reserves of all other fossil fuels, it is an attractive resource.

57. Natural Gas Reserves (Bruce Hamilton) 7 Estimates of remaining US natural gas ( ascii approximation count the free methaneand gas hydrate, there s a that we will move from fossil fuels for sound http://yarchive.net/env/naturalgas.html

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58. Natural Resources Canada - 2002 Mallik Gas Hydrate Research Well Program - Decem of natural gas, the most environmentally friendly fossil fuel. growth in demand fornatural gas provides Canada gas hydrates are being evaluated as a potential http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/gashydrate/mallik2002/news_dec_10_2003_b.asp

Contact us Help Search Canada Site Mallik 2002 : An international research initiative looking at gas hydrates, a potential new energy resource Geological Survey of Canada Program Description Project Activities Backgrounder ... Natural Resources Canada Press Releases Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program December 10, 2003 Gas hydrates are a naturally occurring A ice-like combination of natural gas and water that have the potential to provide an immense resource of natural gas from the world s oceans and polar regions. The estimated amount of natural gas in the gas hydrate accumulations of the world greatly exceeds the volume of all known conventional gas resources. While gas hydrates hold great potential as an A environmentally-friendly fuel for the 21 st Century, the technical challenges of realizing them as a resource are substantial. Research is required to understand and develop new techniques to quantify their distribution in nature. Proposed gas recovery methods such as dissociating or melting the gas hydrate by heating and/or depressurizing the reservoir are untested. Upon the occasion of the From Mallik to the Future International Gas Hydrate Symposium held December 7-10, 2003 in Chiba City, Japan

59. EMD Luncheon 04:2004 EXPLORER and studying resources outside the traditional fossil fuels, he continued. whatwe have used as fuels has changed that change today from oil to natural gas. http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2004/04apr/dal_emdluncheon.cfm

AAPG Site Search Home EXPLORER Archives ... Return to Luncheon Talks EMD: Down to the Crossroad The energy industry is at a crossroads petroleum is in the rearview mirror and a methane-based economy is squarely ahead. What will this fundamental change in the energy mix mean for public policy, the environment and earth sciences? Many of the answers to those questions rest with the U.S. Geological Survey. "I think our role over the next 20 years will be identifying, assessing and determining the availability of the world's remaining energy resources," said Patrick Leahy, USGS associate director of geology. Leahy, who said his agency's job is to "develop scenarios ... and try to understand any environmental and economic affects that accompany those resources in terms of their development," will be the keynote speaker at the Energy Minerals Division luncheon Wednesday, April 21, at the Dallas Convention Center. His talk is titled "The USGS Role in Preparing for the Energy Mix of the Future."

60. Project-elaina This is due in part to less fossil fuels containing carbon dioxide being releasedinto This pressure would retard the natural release of the gas, which some http://oceanography.asu.edu/project-elaina.html

Burning Issues on the Usage of Methane Hydrates J. Elaina Abbassian As the oil and gas industry continue to explore deeper beneath the ocean floor, there are growing concerns about safety issues, particularly about drilling through hydrate zones. Foundations for platforms and production wells can destabilize, and in turn collapse causing millions of dollars in damage as well as jeopardize the safety of many people. This disruption to the ocean floor may result in surface slumping or faulting, which could endanger work crews and the environment. Undersea ocean cables and many other ocean-dependent installations could be irrevocably damaged if the sea floor is caught in catastrophic landslides. These issues are just in the beginning stages of exploration and will take quite some time to analyze thoroughly. Methods of harvesting methane hydrates still need to be developed even when and if scientists do find answers to these dilemmas. The United States consumes about 21 trillion cubic feet of natural gas per year, 3 of which is imported. However, the demand is expected to grow to 32 trillion cubic feet by 2020. As the demand for natural gas continues, methane hydrates may be our best bet. REFERENCES http://www.cnie.org

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