1. FuturePundit.com: Natural Gas May Be Extractable From Ocean Gas Hydrates the understanding of natural gas hydrates and the development Even though gas hydrates are known to occur in to other fossil fuels energy sources? gas hydrates reserves estimates http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/001841.html

FuturePundit.com FuturePundit: future technological trends and their likely effects on human society, politics and evolution. Go Read More Posts On FuturePundit.com December 10, 2003 Natural Gas May Be Extractable From Ocean Gas Hydrates Natural gas can be produced from gas hydrates on the bottom of the ocean. For the first time, an international research program involving the Department of the Interior's U.S. Geological Survey has proven that it is technically feasible to produce gas from gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are a naturally occurring "ice-like" combination of natural gas and water that have the potential to be a significant new source of energy from the world's oceans and polar regions. Today at a symposium in Japan, the successful results of the first modern, fully integrated production testing of gas hydrates are being discussed by an international gathering of research scientists. The international consortium, including the USGS, the Department of Energy, Canada, Japan, India, Germany, and the energy industry conducted test drilling at a site known as Mallik, in the Mackenzie Delta of the Canadian Arctic. This location was chosen because it has one of the highest concentrations of known gas hydrates in the world. The United States is committed to participating in international research programs such as this one to advance the understanding of natural gas hydrates and the development of these resources. Even though gas hydrates are known to occur in numerous marine and Arctic settings, little was known before the Mallik project about the technology necessary to produce gas hydrates.

2. DOE - Fossil Energy - Oil And Gas Supply And Delivery [Methane Hydrates] This section of the DOE fossil Energy web site describes the Department's research efforts to determine if vast deposits of methane hydrates can be a future source of natural gas. Other Clean fuels. Oil gas. Supply Delivery. natural gas Regulation relevant quantities of natural gas from hydrates is speculative at Dehoratiis Jr. Office of fossil Energy (FE30 http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/hydrates

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Advanced Search Carbon Sequestration Other Clean Fuels Natural Gas Regulation ... Home Methane Hydrates Methane Hydrates - The Gas Resource of the Future Program Performance Goal: By 2010, develop and field-test technologies for characterizing Alaskan hydrate deposits, comprehensively study hydrate global environmental implications, and increase the safety of offshore oil and gas operations near hydrate deposits in the Gulf of Mexico. MORE INFO Program Strategy [641K PDF] 1999 Program Plan [144K PDF] [110K PDF] The 1982-92 Program Testimony of Arthur H. Johnson, Hydrate Energy Int., 06/24/03 A methane hydrate is a cage-like lattice of ice, inside of which are trapped molecules of methane (the chief constituent of natural gas). In fact, the name for its parent class of compounds, "clathrates," comes from the Latin word meaning "to enclose with bars." Methane hydrates form in generally two types of geologic settings: (1) on land in permafrost regions where cold temperatures persist in shallow sediments, and (2) beneath the ocean floor at water depths greater than about 500 meters where high pressures dominate. The hydrate deposits themselves may be several hundred meters thick. Scientists have known about methane hydrates for a century or more. French scientists studied hydrates in 1890. In the 1930s, as natural gas pipelines were extended into colder climates, engineers discovered that hydrates, rather than ice, would form in the lines, often plugging the flow of gas.

3. USGS Fact Sheet: Gas (Methane) Hydrates -- A New Frontier U.S. Geological Survey. Marine and Coastal Geology Program. gas (Methane) hydrates A New Frontier the natural controls on hydrates and gas hydrates occur abundantly gas hydrates is conservatively estimated to total twice the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/title.html

U.S. Geological Survey Marine and Coastal Geology Program Gas (Methane) Hydrates A New Frontier Methane trapped in marine sediments as a hydrate represents such an immense carbon reservoir that it must be considered a dominant factor in estimating unconventional energy resources; the role of methane as a 'greenhouse' gas also must be carefully assessed. Dr. William Dillon, U.S. Geological Survey Hydrates store immense amounts of methane, with major implications for energy resources and climate, but the natural controls on hydrates and their impacts on the environment are very poorly understood. Gas hydrates occur abundantly in nature, both in Arctic regions and in marine sediments. Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules, usually methane, each surrounded by a cage of water molecules. It looks very much like water ice. Methane hydrate is stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 meters, and where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in a surface layer several hundred meters thick. The worldwide amounts of carbon bound in gas hydrates is conservatively estimated to total twice the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth.

4. DOE Document - Storage Of Fuel In Hydrates For Natural Gas Vehicles The need for alternative fuels to replace liquid petroleumbased fuels has been accelerated in recent years by environmental concerns, concerns of shortage of imported liquid hydrocarbon, and natural gas is the cheapest, most domestically abundant, and cleanest burning of fossil fuels form of hydrates in natural gas vehicles http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.bib

5. MSN Encarta - Fossil Fuels for the commercial extraction of gas hydrates has not III, Removing and Refining FossilFuels. instruments to locate underground petroleum, natural gas, and coal http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761586407/Fossil_Fuels.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Coal environmental effects of fossil fuel use more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Fossil Fuels News Search MSNBC for news about Fossil Fuels Internet Search Search Encarta about Fossil Fuels Search MSN for Web sites about Fossil Fuels Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Fossil Fuels Multimedia 12 items Article Outline Introduction Formation of Fossil Fuels Removing and Refining Fossil Fuels Consumption of Fossil Fuels ... World Fossil Fuel Supply I Introduction Print Preview of Section Fossil Fuels , energy-rich substances that have formed from long-buried plants and microorganisms. Fossil fuels, which include

6. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Fossil Fuels natural gas may also form in coal deposits, where it is often D. Other fossil fuels, immensedeposits of other hydrocarbons, including gas hydrates (methane and http://encarta.msn.com/text_761586407___34/Fossil_Fuels.html

Print Preview Fossil Fuels Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Fossil Fuels II. Formation of Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels formed from ancient organisms that died and were buried under layers of accumulating sediment. As additional sediment layers built up over these organic deposits, the material was subjected to increasing temperatures and pressures. Over millions of years, these physical conditions chemically transformed the organic material into hydrocarbons. Most organic debris is destroyed at the earth's surface by oxidation or by consumption by microorganisms. Organic material that survives to become buried under sediments or deposited in other oxygen-poor environments begins a series of chemical and biological transformations that may ultimately result in petroleum, natural gas, or coal. Many such deposits occur in sedimentary basins (depressed areas in the earth’s crust where sediments accumulate), and along continental shelves. Sediments may accumulate to depths of several thousand feet in a basin, exerting pressures up to one hundred million pascals (tens of thousands of pounds per square inch) and temperatures of several hundred degrees on the organic material. Over millions of years, these conditions can chemically transform the organic material into petroleum, natural gas, coal, or other types of fossil fuels. A.

7. NRCan Leads Natural Gas Hydrates Research Expedition In Northwest Territories step toward evaluating gas hydrates as an energy source sources of fossil fuels (including natural gas, oil, coal than conventional natural gas sources. Transforming hydrates into a http://www.electricityforum.com/news/apr02/can_nrcan.htm

Gateway To North America's Electrical Industry Our Site About Us/Staff Feedback Web Advertising Plans - CAN Web Advertising Plans - USA ... Industry Conferences Directories Generation Companies Generation Products/Services Product Showcase Buy Products On-Line Features Electricity Today Magazine Electricity News Classifieds Careers ... Our Latest Forum Schedule FREE Email Newsletter Monthly Magazine Member Of Download Our Issues NRCan Leads Natural Gas Hydrates Research Expedition in Northwest Territories Canadian Corporate News OTTAWA, ONTARIO (CCN Newswire via COMTEX) A seven-member international partnership, led by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), has just completed groundbreaking research on natural gas hydrates in the Northwest Territories. Natural gas hydrates, a vast potential source of clean energy, are ice-like substances composed of water and natural gas that form in low temperatures and under high pressure. Many reservoirs are associated with deep permafrost of certain Arctic sedimentary basins and in marine sediments in coastal zones. NRCan's Geological Survey of Canada led a research project involving more than 50 scientists, which began in mid-December 2001, in the Mallik gas hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta on the shores of the Beaufort Sea. Three research wells were drilled through the permafrost to carry out a diverse scientific program aimed at contributing to the evaluation of the potential and economic viability of gas hydrate production and to study the role of gas hydrates in climate change.

8. Gauging The (natural) Gas gas almost 5,000 times the conventional natural gas resource In terms of carbon,gas hydrates seem twice as massive as all other fossil fuels coal, gas http://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g115/nat_gas/

Energy crisis III? With the price of energy heading north and winter heading into the Northern Hemispheric, President Clinton uncorked the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in October 2000. While he hoped spilling 30 million barrels of oil would ease the price spiral, other politicians want to drill in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge for a quick fix. Survived Energy Crisis I? Then you must remember this: In 1973, in Oregon, price was no object: this gas station had nothing to sell. The twin energy shocks of the 1970s shook the American economy and lead to dramatic sales of [the horror, the horror!] small, efficient cars. Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration. For the first time in decades, OPEC leaders are not just talking tough, but actually tightening the valves on their pipelines. The soaring energy prices, however, don't reflect just OPEC's machinations, but also the hallowed relationship between supply and demand. World energy consumption is booming. Today in April 2001, the planet uses 77.3 million barrels of oil daily. That's projected to balloon to 113 million barrels by 2020.

9. USGS Fact Sheet 021-01: Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future natural gas hydrates gas hydrates are natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwide is estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels http://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs021-01

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 021-01 Online Version 1.0 Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future By Timothy Collett Gas hydrates are naturally occurring icelike solids in which water molecules trap gas molecules in a cagelike structure known as a clathrate. Although many gases form hydrates in nature, methane hydrate is by far the most common; methane is the most abundant natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwide is estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels on Earth, including coal. Download a PDF version of this fact sheet [116K] Download Adobe Acrobat Reader version 4.0 for free URL of this page: http://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs021-01/ Maintained by: Eastern Publications Group Web Team Created 04/10/01 Last modified: 04/10/01 (krw)

10. Fossil Fuels methane; tight gas, geopressure gas; gas hydrates on the fossil fuels = portablecoal gasification South Africa as example. natural gas = even worse greenhouse gas http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~pbrown/g410/energy1.html

Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels Fossilized solar energy which made industrialization possible Coal Oil Shales Fuel of the past, potential fuel of the future Simple sedimentary rocks Coal: carbonized remains of freshwater plants - swamps Oil: saltwater algae (high in H) Gas: saltwater plants (high in O) Oil shale contains kerogen not oil Maturation takes time and heat Coal: Mining, Environment and Health Open Pit (Cast) vs Underground groundwater quality ground subsidence black lung disease: 5-10% of active miners fires and explosions: methane and coal dust Coal Mining Overburden for strip mining <100 feet can be 20-30 times seam thickness Anthracite / Bituminous Thick = >42", Interm. = 28-42", Thin = 14-28" Sub-bituminous / Lignite Thick = >10', Interm. = 5-10', Thin = 2.5-5' peat less than a few thousand BTU/lb lignite < 8,300 (2 slides - US coal) 50-55% carbon sub-bituminous 8,300 - 11,500 BTU/lb 55-60% carbon bituminous 11,500 - 14,000 BTU/lb 60-85% carbon anthracite >14,000 BTU/lb 85-98% carbon Other Classification Features ash content moisture content sulfur content (usually pyrite) trace elements (heavy metals, radioactive species, F)

11. Coal And Nuclear Resources problem with this method is that the natural gas produced by carbon now believed toexist in gas hydrates exceeds that in all known fossil fuels and other http://earthsci.org/teacher/basicgeol/coal/coal.html

Coal and Gas Hydrate Resources Earth Science Australia... Contents of Entire Course of "The Earth and Beyond Coal Disadvantages of Coal ... Links adapted to HTML from lecture notes of Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Tulane University Coal Provides 25% of world energy The world has 1 trillion tons of reserve U.S. has about 300 billion tons If all energy was to be supplied by coal, U.S. would have enough for at least 200 years Australia also has hundreds of years of resrerves Formation of Coal Dominantly from plants buried in swamp environment On burial the coal changes character in the following stages: peat lignite bituminous - The coal most of us are used to seeing. Black, "dirty" coal. anthracite - Hard, shiny black rock. Does not easily rub off onto your fingers. The steps in the transformation from buried plant debris to coal. The character of coal changes as pressure and temperature increases. We notice a general trend towards higher carbon content as volatiles and moisture are lost. In the crust, at higher temperatures and pressures, metamorphism turns coal into graphite. Disadvantages of Coal Sulfur as sulfide oxides to form sulfuric acid in mines or on burning causes acid rain.

12. USGS Fact Sheet 021-01: Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future most abundant natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwideis estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels on http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs021-01/

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 021-01 Online Version 1.0 Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future By Timothy Collett Gas hydrates are naturally occurring icelike solids in which water molecules trap gas molecules in a cagelike structure known as a clathrate. Although many gases form hydrates in nature, methane hydrate is by far the most common; methane is the most abundant natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwide is estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels on Earth, including coal. Download a PDF version of this fact sheet [116K] Download Adobe Acrobat Reader version 4.0 for free URL of this page: http://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs021-01/ Maintained by: Eastern Publications Group Web Team Created 04/10/01 Last modified: 04/10/01 (krw)

13. TAMU Oceanography: Gas Hydrates secret that the world s production of conventional fossil fuels will begin soon, withthe goal to recover natural gas by decomposing hydrates from offshore http://oceanography.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.3/sassen.html

Home Student Info Research About Us ... Directory Gas Hydrates Although gas hydrates contain hydrocarbons that are colorless, not all of them are white like snow. Some hydrates from the deep Gulf of Mexico are richly colored in shades of yellow, orange, or even red. The ice-like masses are beautiful, and contrast with the dull gray of deep sea muds. Hydrates from the Blake-Bahamas Plateau in the Atlantic Ocean can be gray or blue. Scientists would like to explain why hydrates show these colors, but so far there is little agreement on reasons. A number of different factors, including oil, bacteria, and minerals, are probably at play in producing the rainbow hydrates . Almost all gas hydrates are found by drilling in sediments at 10s to 100s of meters depth, but the gulf is different. The Gulf of Mexico is the best natural laboratory in the world for studying gas hydrates because they outcrop on the seafloor as mounds and can be easily sampled in sediments. Scientists aboard research vessels first found gas hydrates in the deep waters of the gulf in 1983 by taking core samples at sites where oil was naturally seeping out of the bottom. Hydrates have since been recovered in cores from water depths as shallow as 425 meters and at depths greater than 2000 meters.

14. NOAA Ocean Explorer: Deep East at least twice as much as all other fossil fuels (eg oil, natural gas, coal) combined. as200,000 trillion cubic feet of methane in hydrates (Kleinberg and http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/deepeast01/background/fire/fire.html

Mission Plan Deep Sea Corals Complexity of Life What Lies Beneath... ... Explorers Hydrates are ice with fuel inside - they can be lit by a match, or the application of any heat. Credit: Naval Research Laboratory. Click image for larger view. Fire in Ice Gas hydrates are a class of materials that Sir Humphrey Davy first described in the early 1800s. They since have been defined as "an ice-like crystalline mineral in which hydrocarbon gases and non-hydrocarbon gases are held within rigid cages of water molecules" (Sassen et al. 2001). Described in this way, gas hydrates may not sound very interesting or important, but they are. If you hold a hydrate nodule in your hand and light it with a match, it will burn like a lantern wick. There is fire in this ice. Pain in the Pipeline - Frozen Resource and Frozen Hazard People near the poles generally are familiar with gas hydrates because, like ice, glaciers and polar bears, they can exist on land at temperatures below freezing. They also can exist underwater above the freezing point at high pressures. When light natural gases (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and their relatives) exist under either of these conditions, hydrates may form. Gas hydrate molecule methane molecule locked inside watery cage. Credit: USGS. Click image for larger view.

15. Natural Gas Hydrates to nonfossil fuels. Metasource is focusing on developing a smart way to delivernatural gas cost-effectively to new markets and for new uses - as a hydrate. http://www.metasource.com.au/NR/exeres/D1BB7D49-39BD-4629-B348-6B3D75BB63B3,fram

16. Mr. Chairman And Committee Members impact of fossil fuels on global climate change. What are gas hydrates? gas hydratesare snowlike crystals that contain water and natural gas (mostly methane http://www.house.gov/science/holder_051299.htm

Mr. Chairman and Committee Members, I am pleased and honored to be invited to testify before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment regarding "S 330: Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 1998". I have conducted research on methane hydrates for more than 25 years focusing on both the properties of hydrates and the possible production of methane gas from hydrates. S 330 will not only provide an opportunity for outstanding scientific inquiry into the very frontiers of geophysics, oceanography and chemical engineering, but will also have important consequences for the future of the world’s energy supply and for the potential impact of fossil fuels on global climate change. What are gas hydrates? Gas hydrates are snow-like crystals that contain water and natural gas (mostly methane) which is virtually identical to the natural gas which, after processing, is burned in our homes. Gas hydrates are found beneath the earth’s oceans and beneath permafrost regions. If hydrates are brought to the ocean or land surface and exposed, the hydrates will melt and the gas will escape. About 160 cubic feet of natural gas is recovered from each cubic foot of hydrate. The goal of S 330 is to support research that will allow recovery of the gas in methane hydrates so that the gas can be used as an energy resource. Why are natural gas hydrates of interest?

17. About Offshore Oil And Gas is more carbon trapped in hydrates than in all the fossil fuels. Scientists are alsoresearching new ways to obtain natural (methane) gas from biomass http://www.noia.org/info/natgas.asp

Members Only Public Information About Natural Gas What is Natural Gas? Natural gas is generally considered a nonrenewable fossil fuel. Natural gas is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants that died 200-400 million years ago. When these tiny sea animals and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans where they were buried by layers of sand and silt. Over the years, the layers of sand and silt became thousands of feet thick, subjecting the energy-rich plant and animal remains to enormous pressure. Most scientists believe that the pressure, combined with the heat of the earth, changed this organic mixture into petroleum and natural gas. Eventually, the natural gas became trapped in the rock layers, like water becomes trapped in a sponge. Raw natural gas is a mixture of different gases. Its main ingredient is methane, a natural compound that is formed whenever plant and animal matter decays. By itself, methane is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. As a safety measure, natural gas companies add a chemical odorant called mercaptan (it smells like rotten eggs) so escaping gas can be detected. Natural gas should not be confused with gasoline, which is made from petroleum. History of Natural Gas The ancient peoples of Greece, Persia, and India discovered natural gas many centuries ago. The people were mystified by the burning springs created when natural gas seeping from cracks in the ground was ignited by lightning. They sometimes built temples around these eternal flames so they could worship the fire.

18. ONGC :: Library :: Technical Paper 21 X 10 15 cubic meters of methane in natural gas hydrates at STP where it is a powerfulgreenhouse gas (CK Paull twice the amount of all fossil fuels on Earth http://www.ongcindia.com/techpaper1.asp?fold=techpaper&file=techpaper5.txt

19. Deep Sea Stores Freshwater And Natural Gas hydrates could be used to generate natural gas and freshwater Megatons of gas hydratesare found at the bottom of as much in tons as fossil fuels and releasing http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/6254.cfm

Edie weekly summaries Keeping you up to speed with news and events from around the world. Front Page UK Europe International ... News Releases Deep sea stores freshwater and natural gas Deep sea reservoirs of methane hydrates could be used to generate natural gas and freshwater. But technological advances are needed to pump out the gas and water without triggering submarine landslides. Methane hydrates are formed at high pressures and low temperatures, such as those found at the ocean bottom, where methane gas crystallises with water into lumps of ice. As methane freezes with ocean saltwater the salt crystallises out, leaving an icy mix of gas and pure water. Mega-tons of gas hydrates are found at the bottom of the ocean - at least twice as much in tons as fossil fuels and releasing less carbon dioxide when burned. The difficulty lies in accessing and transporting the hydrate, which melts and expands 164 times when brought to the sea surface. Hydrate instability in the reservoirs can also trigger submarine landslides, which can cause costly damage to pipelines and undersea cables. “Many technological problems need to be resolved, and these need a coordinated international effort,” says Nick Langhorne, science officer at the Office of Naval Research. Nevertheless, deep sea methane offers an extension to the lifetime of fossil fuels.

20. Shuqiang Gao's Homepage reservoir to simultaneously recover natural gas with no Clearly the research on gashydrates shows great of the availabe fossil fuels, gas hydrates would be http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~sqgao/

Learn all you can, who knows how far you'll go A s a second year student at Chemical Engineering Department at Rice University, I am in the research group of Professor Walter G. Chapman. I am also amember of the SPE Rice-UH student chapter, you are welcome to visit our homepage . My research interest is to investigate the formation and decomposition mechanism of gas hydrates using pulse gradient NMR technique and molecular simulation. To show my gratitude for your visit of my page, let me tell you something about gas hydrates Gas hydrate looks very similar to ice. You can call it weird ice because you can set it on fire. But take a look at this picture . Hah! Surprised?! Gas hydrates are just so cool and interesting! The structure of gas hydrate is very different from ice. In gas hydrate, the water molecules arrange themselves around gas molecule to form a cage like structure You must have heard about Bermuda Triangle . Many stories relate Bermuda Triangle to UFOs. However, the most convincing explaination so far is that the dissociation of gas hydrates under the sea floor of Bermuda Triangle is responsible for the disappearance of ships/planes. As the gas hydrates dissociate, the gas will release from gas hydrates and float up toward the surface of the sea, which will decrease the density of sea water. Consequently the sea water is not able to support the ship anymore. The ship will sink straightly to the ocean bottom.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 1     1-20 of 95    1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20