81. CLEANER FOSSIL FUELS: We All Breathe Easier - Environmental Solutions - Economic sources we use now. TEAM has been a real leader in ensuring that fossil fuels such as coal are being used as efficiently as possible. . http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/english/publications/team_200103/fossil_fuels.asp

Contact Us Help Search Canada Site ... Full PDF Version Quick Links Assessing clean coal-burning technologies Bringing eco-efficiencies to the oil-and-gas sector Other projects CLEANER FOSSIL FUELS: We all breathe easier With its rich supply of natural resources, Canada has become, quite naturally, heavily dependent on fossil fuels. But while coal-burning plants supply some of our stationary energy grid and petroleum products help meet our transportation needs, we must continue to find ways to both reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and make our consumption of them less harmful to the environment. There is much to be gained by investing in cleaner fossil fuel technologies. While the obvious benefit is the reduced environmental harm, lower average GHG intensity per unit of activity and the improved air quality that results, there are many other benefits to Canadians, as well. Increased efficiency in power production, as just one example, will result in cost savings for users. And lower costs enable users to be more competitive, particularly in the global marketplace. As well, other fossil-fuel-dependent countries are looking to Canada for assistance in dealing with these issues. By investing in cleaner fossil fuel technologies here at home, we will be able to take advantage of those export opportunities.

82. Fossil Fuel Subsidies o ver more than $21 billion in handouts to subsidize coal, oil, and be, directed to the nation’s most profitable and dirtiest energy sources fossil fuels! http://www.chesapeakeclimate.org/fossil_fuel_subsidies.htm

83. Fossil Fuels, Future Fuels fossil fuels, future fuels This World Wide Web (WWW) site, maintained for grades 5 to 12 by the Department of Energy's (DOE's) fossil Energy Communications Office, contains an introduction to http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/index.html&

84. DOE - Fossil Energy - Educational Activities University Research Opportunities For students and professors interested in coal and other fossil fuel research grants, this link describes fossil Energy http://fossil.energy.gov/education/

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Advanced Search Fossil Energy Education Activities Mickey Leland Energy Fellowships Technical Career Intern Program ... Go to DOE Home Page For Students and Teachers: Fossil Energy Education Activities DOE's Office of Fossil Energy has had a longstanding commitment to the education of tomorrow's scientists and engineers. More than a quarter of a century ago, the Office established a coal research grant program specifically for student-professor research teams at the nation's universities. Our educational commitment expanded with a program to provide research and training grants to Historically Black Colleges and Universities and other minority institutions. In 2000, a new fellowship program was inaugurated to bring promising minority students to DOE-Fossil Energy facilities for summer internships. For College Students Mickey Leland Energy Fellowships The Office of Fossil Energy offers summer internships for minority students who are studying in academic disciplines related to coal, oil and natural gas resources, science and engineering. Read More Technical Career Intern Program DOE is collaborating with the nation's top earth sciences and engineering universities to provide a "pipeline" for future federal employees in the fossil energy program.

85. About C O A L About coal. Overview coal is our most abundant fossil fuel resource. coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/coal.html

Coal Creation Coal in General Coal Mining Coal Processing ... History of Coal Use About Coal Overview: Coal is our most abundant fossil fuel resource. Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and sulfur. This organic part of coal has associated with it various amounts of moisture and minerals. Coalification is the name given to the development of the series of substances known as peat, lignite or brown coal, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. The degree of coalification, also called the rank of the coal, increases progressively from lignite to low rank coal, to high rank coal, to anthracite. The carbon content increases, while the oxygen and hydrogen contents decrease throughout the series. The hardness increases, while the reactivity decreases. Different amounts of heat and pressure during the geochemical stage of coal development cause these differences in rank. It is not due to the kind of plants the coal is formed from. Coals in the US range from lignite with approximate as-mined carbon content of 30%, volatile matter 27%, and heating value of 7,000 Btu per pound, to anthracite with an average of 85% carbon, 5% volatile matter, and heating value of 12,750 Btu per pound. Sub-bituminous and bituminous coals are intermediate between these values.

86. FOSSIL The US has the world s largest oil shale reserves (Colorado and Wyoming), and shale oil is US s most abundant fossil fuel next to coal. http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/FOSSIL.HTML

FOSSIL (Also see Coal Power Plant Flash animation) There are three classes of fossil fuels: coal oil natural gas The general chemical formula for the hydrocarbon compounds is H x (H C) y although they are many times composed with nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur derivatives. Some important hydrocarbons are methane (CH ), ethane (C H ), propane (C H ), and butane (C H ). Burning of sulfur creates SO which reacts with atmospheric water vapor to form acid rain. natural gas consists mostly of ethane and ethane; whereas liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is primarily composed of propane and butane. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the U.S. Coal found in the eastern U.S. typically has high-sulfur and is found in deep deposits (underground shaft mined); conversely, western coal is of low-sulfur content found at the surface (strip or open-pit mined). One of the important properties of a fuel is its heating value (the negative of the heat of combustion). In most instances, the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel is quoted. However, the lower heating value (LHV) may be a more appropriate quantity since the heat to vaporize any moisture in the fuel is accounted for (i.e., LHV=HHV - h fg water Combustion In any discussion of fossil fuels it is necessary to examine the combustion process. There are three important exothermic chemical reactions:

87. SEEN India, Mozambique, Venezuela and the Brazilian Amazon, and a coal mine in Colombia. It also supported over 4,363 MW of new fossil fuel power generators in ten http://www.seen.org/pages/reports/WB_brief_0903.shtml

THE WORLD BANK AND FOSSIL FUELS: AT THE CROSSROADS A Sustainable Energy and Economy Network / Institute for Policy Studies Brief September 2003 In its own words, the World Bank Group's position as a leading source of global fossil fuel financing poses a "clear and present danger" to its reputation and the global commons. At its annual meeting, now underway in Dubai, the Bank finds itself at a crossroads. It is high time for the Bank to decide whether to remain the world's key agent for transnational corporations' oil, gas and coal aspirations, or to become an agent for positive change, truer to the stated mission of an institution that claims to alleviate poverty and promote environmental sustainability. We are seeing countervailing trends. We have witnessed "business as usual" in the Bank's energy financing over the past year, with big fossil fuel projects beating renewable and energy efficiency projects by a 17 to 1 ratio. We see the Bank embedding itself with the occupying U.S. forces in Iraq, creating the conditions for foreign investment and corporate plunder of that country's vast oil reserves. But we also see hope, particularly in the draft recommendations of the Bank's Extractive Industries Review, which calls for a phase-out in oil, and a massive phase-in of renewables projects.

88. Coal - The Dirtiest, Most Plentiful Fossil Fuel coal the dirtiest, most plentiful fossil fuel. Find out why Earth First!ers staged a protest of mountain top renewal, and what a http://www.culturechange.org/coal.html

Culture Change A project of the Sustainable Energy Institute - Promoting eco-democracy since 1988 Home About SEI Donate Culture Change Letter ... feedback Culture Change print magazine issues: index Pedal Power solutions to petroleum dependence and polluting vehicles: Arcata Library Bikes Pedal Power Produce , and more! CAOE - Committee Against Oil Exploration - stop offshore oil drilling to protect sensitive habitats and cut petroleum dependence. Culture Change through music! The Depavers eco-rock! Take our Pledge for Climate Protection and learn about the Global Warming Crisis Council SEI hometown action! Arcata city council's proclamation against war on Iraq and Kyoto Protocol proclamation Overpopulation has become a reality. Overpopulation Resources and News Tidbits Sail Transport Network Fact Sheets Interviews ... Long Distance Coal: the dirtiest, most plentiful fossil fuel Find out why Earth First!ers staged a protest of mountain top renewal, and what a court case is about in

89. NASA GISS: Tracking Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Fossil Fuel Burning The largest single source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the burning of fossil fuel (coal, oil and gas), which currently accounts for ~80% of the http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/intro/matthews_01/

+ View the NASA Portal Tracking Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning The largest single source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ) is the burning of fossil fuel (coal, oil and gas), which currently accounts for ~80% of the annual emission of CO into the atmosphere. Nitrogen is also a byproduct of fossil fuel use. Fossil fuels, therefore, play a pivotal role in the global budget of carbon, acting as both a source of CO and of atmospheric nitrogen which can fertilize the biosphere and stimulate it to sequester carbon. Statistics indicate that fossil fuel use accounts for emissions to the atmosphere of ~5.5 GtC (GtC = billions of metric tons of carbon) annually. Other important processes in the global CO budget are tropical deforestation, estimated to generate about 1.6 GtC/yr; absorption by the oceans, removing about 2.0 GtC/yr; and regrowth of northern forests, taking up about 0.5 GtC/yr. However, accurate measurements of CO show that the atmosphere is accumulating only about 3.3 GtC/yr. The imbalance of about 1.3 GtC/yr, termed the "missing sink", represents the difference between the estimated sources and the estimated sinks of CO . This imbalance has increase consistently since around 1920 and has undergone substantial increases since 1950. Because CO is not chemically active, it either accumulates in the atmosphere or is taken up by the oceans or by the terrestrial biosphere (vegetation and/or soils). Various atmospheric

90. Geoscape Calgary - Fossil Fuel Energy fossil fuel energy. Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary was covered by an inland sea teeming with marine life. Burial of land plants creates coal. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/calgary/geoscape/topics/fuels_e.html

Contact us Help Search Canada Site ... GSC Calgary Calgary Home Introduction View the Poster View by Topics ... Sandstone City Fossil Fuels Slope Stability Rivers Groundwater Satellite Image ... Contributors Fossil fuel energy Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary was covered by an inland sea teeming with marine life. The land to the west featured rivers draining from the ancestral Rocky Mountains and swamps covered by dense vegetation. Burial of land plants creates coal Dead land plants were buried by mud and sand as environments shifted. Through heat and pressure resulting from burial over millions of years, the sediments gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. The plant matter, concentrated at levels that were formerly swamps, became the coal seams of the Canmore and Bankhead areas. They were deformed to mineable thicknesses by faulting and folding. Burial of marine life produces oil and gas When the marine plants and animals died, their remains settled on the seafloor where they were buried by layers of sediment and fossilized. As the soft organic tissue was buried, heat and pressure transformed it into oil and gas: lower heat preserves oil whereas gas can survive to higher temperatures. Migration and entrapment The rocks in which oil and gas form are called ‘source rocks’. Due to the pressure of overlying rock layers, oil and gas seldom remain in the source rock. Instead, they migrate with water through the layers of rock until they either escape at the surface or are trapped by an impermeable barrier. There are two main types of traps: stratigraphic and structural.

91. Jean-Marc Jancovici : Climate Change - Won't A Soon To Come Fossil Fuel Shortage We will also suppose that any fossil fuel can substitute another one (for example after oil is exhausted it s coal that takes over) without any losses (in http://www.manicore.com/anglais/documentation_a/greenhouse/fossil_fuels.html

Won't a soon to come fossil fuel shortage solve the problem for us ? September 2003 website of the author : www.manicore.com - contact the author : jean-marc@manicore.com One can legitimately ask oneself whether it is not sufficient, to fight against climate change, to simply wait until we run out of fossil fuels, what will automatically lead to the vanishing of the majority of our emissions of greenhouse gases I will not develop here the fact that a massive shortage of fossil fuels, in a world that did not anticipate this stage, is probably one of the best ways to trigger a worldwide deflagration. The purpose of this page is to give a couple of figures that will help to answer this question on a "purely climatic" point of view. If we look at the present proven reserves, we are endowed with : about 40 times the consumption in 2003 for conventional oil a nd in addition there are "unconventional" resources, that are composed of various hydrocarbons not as easy to extract or to refine than conventional oil : (extra) heavy oils, tar sand and shale oils

92. End Of The Fossil-Fuel Era (washingtonpost.com) The sun is setting on the great fossilfuel culture that began with the harnessing of coal and steam power more than 200 years ago. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A3445-

93. Sustainable Business Insider Article by Heather Kaplan Three towering smokestacks rise from the fossil fuelfired Schiller Power ago, Schiller is a striking example of a dirty, coal-burning power http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/features/feature_template.cfm?ID=1106

94. CNN.com - Bush Energy Plan Includes Coal-burning Power Plants - May 17, 2001 coal is one of the major ways that we can do that, along with the other fuel sources that are emphasized in the plan natural gas, nuclear and a growing and http://www.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/05/17/bush.coal/

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe set your edition Languages Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW Bush energy plan includes coal-burning power plants Coal industry officials say coal is an important part of the nation's future CHARLESTON, West Virginia (CNN) President Bush's long-range energy plan includes the use of more coal-burning plants, a proposal that some experts say might help avoid an energy crisis and that critics say would harm the environment. Possibly offsetting criticism, the Bush administration wants to spend $2 billion on research into so-called clean coal technology aimed at reducing dirty emissions from coal-burning power plants. Industry officials say more emphasis on coal is important to the nation's future. "We need to have, in the United States, energy independence from the rest of the world," said Stuart Solomon of American Electric Power, one of the nation's largest coal-fueled power producers. "Coal is one of the major ways that we can do that, along with the other fuel sources that are emphasized in the plan natural gas, nuclear and a growing and important role for renewable power. VIDEO CNN's Eileen O'Connor has more on using coal for electricity and its potential problems (May 17) Play video (QuickTime, Real or Windows Media)

95. Untitled Document http://www.fossilfuels.org/

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