61. Fossil Fuels Power stations that make electricity use many kinds of fuel, such as coal, gas, oil and radioactive fossil fuels fossil fuels provide 90% of all the energy used http://www.thegreenschool.fsnet.co.uk/Fossil Fuels/FossilFuels.htm

Welcome to .com ...helping children to care for planet Earth. Home Page Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Pollution ... Shrinking Forests Fossil Fuels What Can We Do? Cleaning the Air Cleaning the Water Reducing Waste Help the Wildlife ... Renewable Energy Fossil Fuels Click here for Teaching Ideas Page 1 of 2 Fuel is many things. Petrol for a car, diesel in a truck, gas for a cooker, wood on a stove and coal in a fire. Power stations that make electricity use many kinds of fuel, such as coal, gas, oil and radioactive uranium. Other power stations don't have obvious kinds of fuel, but they do have energy sources such as the flowing water of a river in a hydroelectric dam, or a giant spinning windmill on a wind farm. Fuels are substances that are convenient sources of energy, heat or power. We need huge amounts of fuels and other energy sources to power all the machines, vehicles and gadgets in our modern world. Without these fuels and energy sources, our world would grind to a halt. Our future depends on fuel. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels provide 90% of all the energy used. They are called fossil fuels because they are made from fossils - the preserved remains of living things that dies millions of years ago, and became trapped in the rocks. They contain chemical energy. We use fossil fuels by burning them, to release the energy.

62. David Suzuki Foundation: Climate Change: Fossil Fuels fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas - that we ve come to rely on for convenience and prosperity, are destabilizing our climate and polluting our air. http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Climate_Change/Science/Fossil_Fuels.asp

Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas - that we've come to rely on for convenience and prosperity, are destabilizing our climate and polluting our air. Large-scale fossil fuel use began with the industrial revolution. From firewood to natural gas, humans have always sought new energy sources to add light, warmth or power to our lives. For millions of years, we used firewood. Then, around the year 1200 in Europe, firewood began to run out, and we turned to coal - a "fossil fuel", having formed from the slow accumulation of dead plants millions of years ago. The technologies spawned in the industrial era which followed made it possible for us to drill, refine and burn other fossil fuels - oil and natural gas Modern industrial societies burn huge quantities of fossil fuels. We now consume petroleum products, which slowly accumulated over millions of years, at a tremendous rate. The combustion of fuel in our cars, factories and power plants has pumped billions of tonnes of microscopic particules and greenhouse gases into our atmosphere, fundamentally changing its composition. Renewable energy provides an alternative to fossil fuels.

63. Fossil Fuels Furthermore, the world s supply of fossil fuels is not limitless. coal, oil, and natural gas heat our homes, power our cars, generate electricity, and http://www.umich.edu/~envst320/fossil.html

This page was created as part of a term project for Environmental Studies 320 at the University of Michigan in the fall of 1995. The original author of this page is no longer maintaining it, and is not available for questions. Most of the statistics on this page were gleaned from US Department of Energy pamphlets. While the pamphlet titles aren't available, those of you looking for statistics can find lots of good ones at the DOE Information Administration home page . You can also find out lots of good energy information at the Department of Energy page itself. Fast Facts About Fossil Fuels: First, the USA The United States uses about 17 million barrels of oil every day. Petroleum accounts for nearly 40% of our country's energy. Coal is used to produce almost 60% of our nations electrical power, and accounts for 22% of our overall energy consumption. Natural gas, a third form of fossil fuel, accounts for roughly 23% of The United States energy usage. It takes the equivalent of 7 gallons of gasoline per day for every man woman and child to keep this country running at its current pace. The U.S. is home to 5% of the world's population, yet consumes 26% of the world's energy.

64. Fossil Fuels In UK Directory: Library: Energy Broadoak Community School, fossil fuels fossil fuels. Conventional power stations burn coal, oil or gas to produce AOL Broadband Offer. http://www.ukdirectory.co.uk/Dir/?Category=705569,705572,597469,670690,670693

65. Peopleandplanet.net > Renewable Energy > Factfile > Fossil Fuels And Carbon Emis global oil, 25 percent of the world s coal, and 27 per cent of the world s natural gas. It is the singlelargest source of carbon from fossil fuels-emitting 24 http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=566

66. Online NewsHour: Fossil Fuels -- May 23, 2001 MARGARET WARNER The big three fossil fuels oil, coal and natural gas powered America s economy for most of the 20th century. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june01/fossil_5-23a.html

FOSSIL FUELS May 23, 2001 After this background report, experts debate the Bush administration's energy proposals focusing on fossil fuel supplies Online Specials Energy and the Environment Power and Deregulation May 14, 2001 Rising gasoline prices April 5, 2001 Wind an alternative energy source March 14, 2001 President Bush decides against stricter CO2 emissions standards Feb. 26, 2001 Rising natural gas prices Feb. 23, 2001 Natural gas and high heating bills Feb. 15, 2001 Conserving power in California Nov. 29, 2000 The intensifying politics of global warming in the wake of the summit at The Hague Sept. 22, 2000 Energy Secretary Richardson talks about releasing oil from the strategic reserve May 3, 2000 Cleaner cars Browse the NewsHour's complete coverage of the Economy and Environment News for Students: The threat of global warming Department of Energy World Resources Institute USGS's 1998 ANWR Petroleum Assessment MARGARET WARNER: The big three fossil fuels oil, coal and natural gas powered America's economy for most of the 20th century. And our need for these fuels will only grow in the 21st, predicts the author of the Bush energy plan, Vice President Dick Cheney.

67. NOW With Bill Moyers. Science & Health. The Earth Debate - Energy | PBS The World of Energy. Percentage of world population dependent on nonfossil fuels 33%. 1980 US coal production in million of tons 890. http://www.pbs.org/now/science/unenergy.html

The Earth Debate More on This Story: Select One The Earth Debate: Overview Population and Development Poverty and Hunger Health Water Genetic Diversity Energy Development brings more energy consumption. In turn, greater consumption of some forms of energy bring the attendant problems of pollution, and health problems emissions shows. Consumption of energy grew in the 1990s, with great disparities in usage between the developed and developing world remaining. Use of renewable energy sources (hydro, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal) also increased in the last decade. If the global growth rate of energy use continues at its present rate, consumption will be double the 1998 rate by 2035, and will triple it by 2055. The World of Energy Percentage of world population dependent on non-fossil fuels: % of world's energy coming from renewable sources: Rate of per capita consumption of energy by developed countries and developing countries: 10 times United States percentage of world BTU consumption: United States percentage of world CO emissions: 1980 U.S. coal production in million of tons:

68. Bush Energy Budget Boosts Fossil Fuels, Cuts Renewables - 4/30/2001 - ENN.com Critics say the White House budget s increased emphasis on fossil fuels, including oil, natural gas and socalled clean coal technologies, could undermine http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04302001/bushenergy_43274.asp

Site Index: Home News ENN Earthnews Affiliates News In-Depth Topics Interact Online Quizzes Postcards Marketplace Business Center Store Advanced Search Advertise Join ENN e-mail Subscription Take our Survey Affiliate Tech Center Post Press Release Help About ENN Site Map Bush energy budget boosts fossil fuels, cuts renewables Monday, April 30, 2001 President George W. Bush's proposed budget puts alternative and renewable energy on the back burner while stoking funds for fossil fuel development. President George W. Bush's proposed federal budget would put America's alternative and renewable energy sectors on a diet while providing a glut of funding for fossil fuel development. Department of Energy Renewable energy research and development programs would lose more than $277 million in funds. Rsearch into cleaner coal technology would gain $2 billion over 10 years. "Continuing and expanding programs that have been in place as the country drifted to the brink of an energy crisis does not appear to be a wise course of action," said Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham, defending the cuts. "We need a better measure of success in the energy resource area." Energy efficiency programs would be cut by up to 50 percent, with one exception: the home weatherization program. That program would grow by $1.4 billion over the next 10 years under the president's proposed budget.

69. Wyoming DOE EPSCoR - Fossil Fuels for adding value to these fossil energy reserves conversion of hydrocarbon resources to fuels and removal of for the enhancement of the value of Wyoming coal. http://epscor-wise.uwyo.edu/DOE/dfossil.html

Wyoming DOE EPSCoR Home Lab Partnerships Supported Projects Achievements ... Return to Wyoming EPSCoR Please send page comments to: bkissack@uwyo.edu Fossil Fuels Research Cluster Research in this cluster included: A novel CO2 based coal upgrading process The critical role of oxygen in the manufacture of formed coke briquettes Cobalt phthalocyanine deNOx scrubbing strategies Selective hydrocarbon carbonylations mediated by solution and solid-state organometallic superacids About 280 million tons of wet sub-bituminous low-sulfur coal was mined in Wyoming in 1996 making it the largest coal producing state in the U.S. Clearly, technology for adding value to these fossil energy reserves must play a very significant role in any economic development plan for the state. An equally important issue relating to energy usage is the design of advanced catalytic processes both for efficient conversion of hydrocarbon resources to fuels and removal of pollutants from combustion exhaust streams. The focus of this cluster was to study new possibilities for the enhancement of the value of Wyoming coal . The four projects under the cluster involved five University of Wyoming faculty from departments of Mathematics, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. Technical personnel from industry - ARCO, MTCI, and FMC - will also contribute in advisory roles

70. Origin Energy Fossils Gallery The origin of fossil fuels. Microscopic plants that are trapped, crushed and heated in these sedimentary deposits can become layers of coal, oil or gas. http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/fossils/fgw6.htm

The origin of fossil fuels Sand and mud deposited in low-lying basins, such as seas or lakes, build up in layers that can eventually form sedimentary rocks like sandstone. Microscopic plants that are trapped, crushed and heated in these sedimentary deposits can become layers of coal, oil or gas. Commercial natural gas from the Otway Basin in the South East of South Australia had its source in the organic material trapped within cracks in folded rocks and sandstones such as the Pretty Hill Formation. The gas has been trapped below the shales of the Laira Formation and is extracted from wells north west of Mount Gambier. Other oil and gas reserves in South Australia come from the Cooper Basin. They are found in the 250 million year old rocks deep in the Great Artesian Basin which lie below the Eromanga Basin. The gas comes from coal deposits that formed in cool, high-latitude forests and swamps in the early Permian Period. Coal formation ended with an ice age that covered much of southern Australia with glaciers. The evidence of this Permian ice can be seen at Hallett Cove, south of Adelaide, where glacial pavements and glacial sediment is exposed on the coast. LINKS Friends of Hallett Cove Conservation Park About Origin Energy Layers of Earth History in South Australia This cross-section shows a simplified record of the sedimentary formations deposited in South Australia over hundreds of millions of years. These layered sedimentary rocks record the history of changes in sea-level and climate through time. Geologists study these rocks using surface outcrops, drill holes and seismic records to locate the likely sources of petroleum and mineral resources.

71. The End Of Fossil Fuels can be made in organic or coal tar chemistry from textiles to plastics, dyes to fuels, we can only should we stop calling hydrocarbons fossil fuels , but we http://www.borderlands.com/archives/arch/endfos.html

The End of Fossil Fuels 1998 by Thomas J Brown "To the writers of books upon meteorites, it would be as wickedby which we mean departure from the characters of an established speciesquasi-established, of courseto say that coal has fallen from the sky, as would be to something in a barnyard, a temptation that it climb a tree and catch a bird. Domestic things in a barnyard: and how wild things from forests outside seem to them. Or the homeopathistbut we shall shovel data of coal." Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned The End With a title like The End of Fossil Fuels you may think that this is an article about alternative energy or "free" energy, but alas, it is not. It is an attempt to describe the inadequacy of the term "fossil fuel" and to prevent its further usage in the English language through education in the mysteries of the hydrocarbon structures in the earth. I can't blame people for having used this misleading phrase, being guilty myself. We are regularly taught such misconceptions in school. But one should always be ready to learn new ideas and concepts, especially once the evidence is investigated. The term "fossil fuel" is a standard phrase used in reference to hydrocarbons in their various permutations as petroleum, coals, and natural gas. The argument to be presented here is that hydrocarbon deposits are not "fossilized carbon" at all in the sense implied in the modern usage of that term, that there is a larger "carbon dynamic" eventuating in the earth process. The standard response to this is "well, they FIND fossils in the deposits". This is scientific fact and will not be disputed, fossils certainly are found in SOME deposits, many of them being quite curiouscoal balls and roof ballsand will be discussed in turn as they will further our argument. There are also serious fossil anomalies, evidences of human intelligence which crop up in various coal beds supposedly laid down hundreds of millions of years before humans are supposed to have existed. But we will first look at the hydrocarbon structures themselves.

72. Environmental Decision Making, Science, And Technology The basic reaction of the burning of C is the basis of our largest energy source fossil fuels of various types, including coal, natural gas, and oil. http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml

Introduction History of the Energy System Human Energy Needs Science Notes Energy Transformation Fundamental Forces of Nature Energy and Chemical Stability Chemical Formations ... Printer-Friendly Web Version Science Notes: Chemistry of Fossil Fuels Combustion and Energy Release The chemistry principles previously described can be used to describe the burning of methane (CH , marsh or natural gas), or of carbon in coal. Combustion involves combinations of the fuel with oxygen. Thus, C + O CO CH CO O We can show that these reactions release energy. The basic reaction of the burning of C is the basis of our largest energy source fossil fuels of various types, including coal, natural gas, and oil. Recall the energy in these bonds came originally form the solar energy captured by plants and then "processed" for millions of year (transformed over millions of years) under the pressure in the Earth. Burning of Coal Coal is mainly carbon, water, some hydrogen, and oxygen. There are many different kinds of coal. In addition to H and O, coal also contains some small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and some other minerals.

73. Michigan Renewable Energy Success Stories: Fossil Fuels – A Short Blip In Histo It was not until the industrial revolution in the 1800s that humankind tapped the storehouse of energy we know today as fossil fuels. coal was used at first http://www.urbanoptions.org/RenewableEnergy/FossilFuelsAShortBlip.htm

Home Introduction Michigan Renewable Energy Success Stories ... Table of Contents Michigan’s Renewable Energy and Efficiency Success Stories Fossil Fuels – A Short Blip in History It was not until the industrial revolution in the 1800s that humankind tapped the storehouse of energy we know today as fossil fuels. Coal was used at first because mining was already well understood from the mining of gold, silver, copper and other minerals. Gradually, coal displaced wood as the most commonly used fuel. With the invention of the internal combustion engine, oil consumption grew until it displaced coal as our largest source of energy. As civilization advanced, energy consumption increased exponentially. The human population consumed more than five times as much energy in 2000 as it did in 1950, and more than 13 times as much as in 1900. As fossil fuels are depleted and our polluted environment motivates changes, we will return to a greater use of clean and timeless energy sources. The fossil fuel era will give way to renewable and alternative sources of energy, as the graph below illustrates. Back Next Arlie M. Skov, SPE, Journal of Petroleum Technology

74. Best Replacement Energy To Fossil Fuels When that will happen is greatly debated, but, we do have enough fossil fuel, particurlarly coal to last for many years before it all runs out. http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen99/gen99773.htm

Ask A Scientist General Science Archive Best Replacement Energy to Fossil Fuels Back to General Science Topics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

75. > Energy.gov : Fossil Fuels fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas currently provide more than 85% of all the energy consumed in the United States, nearly twothirds of our http://www.energy.gov/engine/content.do?BT_CODE=FOSSILFUELS

76. Fossil Fuels - NFCRC Tutorial Quiz 1. Which of the three fossil fuels (Natural Gas, coal, Oil) is the cleanest fuel and simplest in terms of composition? a) Natural Gas b) coal c) Oil. http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/EnergyTutorial/fossilfuels.html

NFCRC Tutorial Fossil Fuels Natural gas oil and coal are the three (fossil) fuels that are abundantly used. These fuels are remains (fossils) of life forms such as marine organisms and plant life, that flourished on our planet millions of years ago. This energy is thus a stored form of solar energy that accumulated over millions of years , and at the current and projected rates of consumption, fossil fuels will be used up in a fraction of time compared to the time it took to collect the energy from the sun. Natural gas as supplied is the cleanest fuel with sulfur removed (except for small amounts of odorants added), no ash and only molecular nitrogen, and a high hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio which minimizes the greenhouse gas CO2 emission. Coal is the worst (dirtiest) containing sulfur, elemental nitrogen, low H/C ratio and ash, while oil represents an intermediate fuel in terms of quality. The U.S. has abundant reserves of coal, enough to meet its energy demands for the next 300 years. Natural gas is simplest in terms of composition and being a gas mixes immediately in the combustor, while

77. Lecture 10: Fossil Fuels As Energy Sources Another 90 quads are produced from coal. Total fossil fuel energy production is greater than 90% of total energy production. fossil fuels are therefore by far http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/lithosphere/lec10.html

Lecture 10: Fossil Fuels as Energy Sources PowerPoint Class Notes Origins of fossil fuels Importance of structure Most of world's reserves of oil and natural gas contained in deformed rocks fig Most coal exploited from relatively undeformed sedimentary strata. Importance of depositional environment A few large oil fields in lake (lacustrine) sediments. Mostly sediments with lots of marine organic matter yield large amounts of oil and gas. Importance of high productivity and good preservation (low oxygen or anoxic basins). Coal forms from peat which accumulates in bogs and swamps ( fig Freshwater swamps are low in sulfate and thus the goal generated is lower in sulphur. Importance of burial and thermal reactions Burial preserves the organic carbon from oxidation and predation. Chemical changes accompany conversion from plants to peat, thence to lignite, to sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and semi-bituminous coal, finally to anthracite coal, and ultimately to graphite. As heating progresses at higher and higher temperatures ( fig carbon content increases.

78. Fossil Fuels And The World Bank will come from coal despite the fact that the country already burns more coal than any other country, the dirtiest, most carbonintensive of fossil fuels. http://www.whirledbank.org/environment/fuels.html

These projects will, over their lifetimes, release 37.5 billion tons of CO into the Earth's atmosphere. Another $3.9 billion in fossil fuel lending is pending, which will add another 3.8 billion tons of CO to the Bank's climate change portfolio for the years 1992-98. Over the next 20 to 50 years, these projects will add carbon dioxide emissions to the Earth's atmosphere equivalent to 1.3 times the total amount emitted by all the world's countries in 1995. Total estimated carbon dioxide emissions for all of the countries from fossil fuel combustionthe single greatest contributor to climate changewere approximately 28 billion tons of CO in 1995. To learn more about how the World Bank is changing the Earth's climate for business, see http://www.seen.org/pages/ifi.shtml These projects are often associated with major human rights abuses. For example a gas pipeline in Burma, allegedly built with slave labor, feeds into World Bank-backed power projects across the border in Thailand, to Nigeria, where 9 Ogoni activists were hanged in 1995 for opposition to oil drilling in their homeland, the World Bank is involved in promoting a gas pipeline from Chevron's fields in Nigeria to CMS Energy's new power plant in Ghana. To learn about the campaign to phase out public financing of fossil fuel projects, go to

79. Fossil Fuels fossil fuels = portable coal gasification? coal liquification? South Africa as example. Natural gas = even worse greenhouse gas not limitless supply in any case. http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~pbrown/g410/energy1.html

Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels Fossilized solar energy which made industrialization possible Coal Oil Shales Fuel of the past, potential fuel of the future Simple sedimentary rocks Coal: carbonized remains of freshwater plants - swamps Oil: saltwater algae (high in H) Gas: saltwater plants (high in O) Oil shale contains kerogen not oil Maturation takes time and heat Coal: Mining, Environment and Health Open Pit (Cast) vs Underground groundwater quality ground subsidence black lung disease: 5-10% of active miners fires and explosions: methane and coal dust Coal Mining Overburden for strip mining <100 feet can be 20-30 times seam thickness Anthracite / Bituminous Thick = >42", Interm. = 28-42", Thin = 14-28" Sub-bituminous / Lignite Thick = >10', Interm. = 5-10', Thin = 2.5-5' peat less than a few thousand BTU/lb lignite < 8,300 (2 slides - US coal) 50-55% carbon sub-bituminous 8,300 - 11,500 BTU/lb 55-60% carbon bituminous 11,500 - 14,000 BTU/lb 60-85% carbon anthracite >14,000 BTU/lb 85-98% carbon Other Classification Features ash content moisture content sulfur content (usually pyrite) trace elements (heavy metals, radioactive species, F)

80. Hydrogen's Dirty Secret percent of all hydrogen will be refined from oil, natural gas, and other fossil fuels in a process using energy generated by burning oil, coal, and natural http://www.motherjones.com/news/outfront/2003/05/ma_375_01.html

Other ways to search for an article Current Issue Free MoJo Newsletters MoJournal Text HTML Must Reads ... Learn about paid content on MotherJones.com IN NEWS Eating Away at Science IN COMMENTARY A Bargain at Any Price PS Is the Bush Administration on Steroids? Hydrogen's Dirty Secret President Bush promises that fuel-cell cars will be free of pollution. But if he has his way, the cars of tomorrow will run on hydrogen made from fossil fuels. By Barry C. Lynn May/June 2003 Issue E-mail article Print article New Energy Solutions Incorporated ... E-mail the editor When President Bush unveiled his plans for a hydrogen-powered car in his State of the Union address in January, he proposed $1.2 billion in spending to develop a revolutionary automobile that will be "pollution-free." The new vehicle, he declared, will rely on "a simple chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen" to power a car "producing only water, not exhaust fumes." Within 20 years, the president vowed, fuel-cell cars will "make our air significantly cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign sources of oil." Such a system, experts say, would effectively eliminate most of the benefits offered by hydrogen. Although the fuel-cell cars themselves may emit nothing but water vapor, the process of producing the fuel cells from hydrocarbons will continue America's dependence on fossil fuels and leave behind carbon dioxide, the primary cause of global warming.

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