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         Forests Environment:     more books (100)
  1. From farm to forest.(Environment)(Volunteers plant trees to help make Green Island greener): An article from: The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR)
  2. Irradiance and oak seedling survival and growth in a heterogeneous environment [An article from: Forest Ecology and Management] by C. Puerta-Pinero, J.M. Gomez, et all 2007-04-30
  3. Respect for environment drives forest company (Iisaak Forest Resources).: An article from: Wind Speaker by Denise Ambrose, 2000-09-01
  4. Domesticated trees may save forests.(Environment): An article from: The Futurist
  5. Future leisure environments (USDA Forest Service research paper NE) by Elwood L Shafer, 1974
  6. A calibration method for the crown illumination index for assessing forest light environments [An article from: Forest Ecology and Management] by H.C. Keeling, O.L. Phillips, 2007-04-30
  7. Atmospheric versus biological sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a tropical rain forest environment [An article from: Environmental Pollution] by M. Krauss, W. Wilcke, et all 2005-05-01
  8. Vanishing Rain Forests (Environment Alert!) by Paula Hogan, 1991-10
  9. A temporal analysis of urban forest carbon storage using remote sensing [An article from: Remote Sensing of Environment] by S. Myeong, D.J. Nowak, et all
  10. Hard Green: Saving the Environment from the Environmentalists.: An article from: Forest Products Journal by David H. Jackson, 2001-01-01
  11. Size-resolved particle deposition velocities of sub-100nm diameter particles over a forest [An article from: Atmospheric Environment] by S.C. Pryor, 2006-10-01
  12. Mistaken logging rips up reserve.(Environment)(The Forest Service admits clear-cuts in the botanical site are a `serious' error): An article from: The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR)
  13. Globalization, Forest Resurgence, and Environmental Politics in El Salvador [An article from: World Development] by S.B. Hecht, S. Kandel, et all
  14. The Tree in the Ancient Forest by Carol Reed-Jones, 1995-04

81. ACT Forests - Environmental Management
environmental Management. ACT forests operates under an environmentalAuthorisation issued under the environment Protection Act 1997.
http://www.forests.act.gov.au/envmgmt/environmentalmanagement.html
This site will look much better in a browser that supports web standards, but is accessible to any browser or Internet device. You may find that the text only version is more appropriate for your browser Text Only What's New About Us Contact Us ... Community Billboard Where am I? Home Environmental Management Forest Certification Code of Forest Practices Water Quality Environmental Weed Control ... Soil Erosion
Environmental Management
ACT Forests operates under an Environmental Authorisation issued under the Environment Protection Act 1997. This Authorisation is for the conduct of a logging operation of more than 5,000 tonnes of timber per year, and is subject to conditions prescribed by the Authority. As part of the Authorisation, ACT Forests must perform operations in accordance with the ACT Code of Forest Practices and conduct annual audits of its logging and roading operations. The native forest and grassland areas that are part of the ACT Forests' estate have important nature conservation values. ACT Forests implements programs to reduce soil erosion in water catchments. The Cotter River catchment is a secondary water source for Canberra and hence operations within this area are subject to special management requirements for maintaining water quality. Much of the plantation estate is heavily infested with environmental weeds, and weed control programs are conducted annually in priority areas. In some areas of native forest there are also substantial numbers of wildling pines that need to be removed over time. As part of ACT Forests' program to maintain nature conservation values, an annual program of wildling pine control is undertaken in areas of natural forest adjacent to the plantation estate.

82. American Forests: What Corporations Can Do
community, and the environment! Historic Tree Growing Kits use seeds collectedfrom famous and historic trees nationwide by American forests Historic Tree
http://www.americanforests.org/planttrees/corporations/
Plant Trees Purchase Trees
How to Plant Trees

What Corporations Can Do

Corporate Partnership Opportunities
...
American Forests' Partners

What Corporations Can Do
Home
Plant Trees Corporations Sponsorship Opportunities One Thousand Trees for Texas Campaign Living Classrooms Liberty Tree Forest Campaign Gift Memberships and Trees ... Carbon Offsetting Programs Current Corporate Partners Partnerships That Make a Difference For more information contact: Gregory Meyer
Development Officer
202/955-4500 ext.222
gmeyer@amfor.org
American Forests has dozens of corporate partners and each of these relationships is unique, offering special opportunities to our patrons in cause-related marketing, community impact efforts, and education and employee participation programs. The relationships that we build with our corporate partners promote constructive environmental action that is unique and tangible. We are a non-partisan, non-confrontational conservation organization and we can work with you to achieve your goals while helping to preserve and restore the environment for generations to come. On this page you will find information about many of our most successful action initiative programs, however we are also very capable of working with you to create a new and unique program specifically for your organization.

83. American Forests
helps the environment for generations to come. . . . . Every DollarPlants a Tree! Go Paperless! American forests has released the
http://www.americanforests.org/

Plant Trees Now

You can be a part of one of the biggest, most effective environmental movements in the United States and around the world. Planting trees in our Global ReLeaf Projects helps the environment for generations to come.
Every Dollar Plants a Tree!
Go Paperless!
American Forests has released the 2004/2005 National Register of Big Trees. Big trees, such as the 2002 champion black hickory in Texas, pictured above, can also be found online . Tell a friend! Campaigns
Plant trees with the Dale Earnhardt Foundation and American Forests.
Measuring Tree Cover and Ecosystem Services

Request a Free Ecosystem Analysis
Wildfire ReLeaf

Liberty Tree Forest
Resources The National Register of Big Trees View The 2004-2005 Register online. Urban Forests Resources to understand and evaluate the trees in and around the places we live. Forest Policy Center Advocating for "community forestry" which helps restore and maintain both ecosystems and communities. Historic Tree Nursery Plant a bit of history.

84. Protecting Nicaragua's Forests - Nicaragua Network Environmental Committee
a vital niche for traditional approaches to environmental activism such as protestsand letterwriting campaigns decrying destruction of forests by logging
http://environment.nicanet.org/forests.htm
Projects Resources About Us Links
Protecting Nicaragua's Forests
Contents:
I. Why worry about Nicaragua's forests?
II. What is driving deforestation in Nicaragua?
III. What can be done to protect Nicaragua's forests?
IV. The ETF's proposed "Protecting Nicaragua's Forests" Campaign I. Why Worry about Nicaragua's Forests? For its size Nicaragua is incredibly rich in biological diversity. Despite its history of imperialist economic exploitation and military conflict, Central America remains one of the most biologically rich regions on planet Earth. It is estimated that Central America contains 7% of Earth's biodiversity in less than .5% of the total land area. This is due in large part to the diversity of landscapes that are packed into a small area, as well as the rich rainforest, coastal and coral reef habitats. Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast region has the largest remaining rainforests in Central America. The Indio-Maiz Biosphere Reserve in southeastern Nicaragua, and the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Nicaragua, along with adjacent forests in Honduras represent one of the best opportunities in the Americas to protect large intact rainforest habitats north of Amazonia. These forests lie at the heart of a proposed Mesoamerican Biological Corridor that would extend throughout the Central American isthmus.

85. Issues: Environment
Robert L. Langert, McD s PACKAGING PL - T. Mallinson, forests Forever Campaign FastFood Giant Justifies Packaging Burger the environment (Michael Jackson
http://www.mcspotlight.org/issues/environment/
intro
Conservationists have often focussed on McDonald's as an industry leader promoting business practices detrimental to the environment. And yet the company spends a fortune promoting itself as environmentally friendly. What's the story? One of the most well-known and sensitive questions about McDonald's is: are they responsible for the destruction of tropical forests to make way for cattle ranching? McDonald's say no. Many people say yes. So McDonald's sue them. Not so many people say yes anymore, but does this mean McDonald's aren't responsible? They annually produce over a million tons of packaging, used for just a few minutes before being discarded. What environmental effect does the production and disposal of all this have? Is their record on recycling and recycled products as green as they make out? Are they responsible for litter on the streets, or is that the fault of the customer who drops it? Can any multinational company operating on McDonald's scale not contribute to global warming, ozone destruction, depletion of mineral resources and the destruction of natural habitats? tell me more
McDonald's case
McDonald's QC's opening speech in the McLibel Trial

McFact Cards
- detailed information about the business

86. Ministry Of Environment And Forests - Government Of India
Metadata Ministry of environment and forests Government of India. Data SourceSUB. Keywords, forests; environment; protection, conservation; India.
http://www.forestryguide.de/cgi-bin/ssgfi/anzeige.pl?db=forst&nr=000600&ew=SSGFI

87. NCDFR - Educational State Forests
Resources operates a system of six Educational State forests (ESFs) designed toteach the public especially school children - about the forest environment.
http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/education/esf.htm
SEARCH SITE INFO LINKS HOME ... ABOUT NCDFR EDUCATIONAL STATE FORESTS The North Carolina Division of Forest Resources operates a system of six Educational State Forests (ESFs) designed to teach the public - especially school children - about the forest environment. Since the first ESF opened in Johnston County in 1977, the ESF program has become very popular - so popular that teachers must make reservations months in advance to bring their students to the forest for environmental education classes. Each forest features self-guided trails that include exhibits, tree identification signs, a forest education center and a talking tree trail. Specially trained rangers are available to conduct classes for school and other youth groups. Teachers or group leaders choose from a selection of 30-minute programs that cover all aspects of the forest environment - from soil, water and wildlife to timber and forest management. Every summer, the Division offers an environmental education workshop at each forest for teachers and other leaders of youth groups. The "Investigating you Environment" workshops focus on methods of teaching outdoors. This 30-hour workshop offers teacher renewal credit.

88. FORESTS AND THE POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEX
forests AND THE POVERTYenvironment NEXUS. INTRODUCTION. This paper sets outto review the main issues related to forests, poverty and the environment.
http://www.undp.org/seed/pei/publication/forest.html
FORESTS AND THE POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS J.E.M. Arnold* and P. Bird** Prepared for the UNDP/EC Expert Workshop on Poverty and the Environment, Brussels, Belgium, January 20-21 1999 Revised June 1999 * Consultant ** Forests and Sustainable Livelihoods Specialist CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION POVERTY AND FORESTS Poverty, deforestation and forest degradation: what are the links? FORESTS AND LIVELIHOODS Forest products and rural livelihoods Forest products and urban livelihoods Forest services and livelihoods Understanding livelihood trajectories: changes in the role of forest outputs FRAMEWORK FOR POVERTY-FOREST INTERACTIONS Forests managed by their users as common property Managing forests with multiple stakeholders and multiple objectives Supplying forest products from agroforestry sources Forest products as a source of income and employment RECOMMENDATIONS Adopting a livelihoods approach Strengthening governance systems Making the connections: addressing the impact of non-forest sector policies Promoting partnerships CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUMMARY Linkages between the rural poor and the forest resources they draw upon are complex. In using and managing forests to maintain flows of material and environmental inputs into their livelihood systems, people often transform the resource. While pressures of poverty can mean that this leads to deforestation, it is incorrect to assume that this will necessarily happen. The existence of multiple categories of user, with different and often competing interests, can mean that developing equitable and effective systems of participatory control and management of forests can be difficult. In particular, the needs of the poor to have continued access to forests to sustain subsistence and coping livelihood strategies, are likely to conflict with the interests of the wealthier and industry in privatising forest product flows in order to exploit market opportunities.

89. Statistical Resources On The Web/Environment
environment forestry, fisheries, water, weather; Alternative statistical interfaceprovided by CIESIN permits downloading of just data sets in forests and Land.
http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/stenv.html
Statistical Resources on the Web
Environment
Frames Index No-Frames Version
UNITED STATES
Climate Change
Comprehensive Statistics Endangered Species Floods ... Wildlife INTERNATIONAL
Climate Change
Comprehensive Statistics Endangered Species Environmental Sustainability ... Wildlife Last updated on November 13, 2003
Comprehensive Statistics
  • Environmental Maps (HUD)
    • State, county and census tract maps showing public housing and environmental risks
    • Either zoom in on place or search it
    • Choose layers indicating various types of air, water, or solid waste pollution with public housing projects or brownfields (indicated by symbols)
    • You can use colors to indicate percentages of 1990 census data (race, education, income, age of housing, housing value or rent)
  • FedStats
    • Comprehensive listing to statistical programs of over 70 federal government agencies
    • Arranged by agency or program; includes explanatory material and contacts
    • Search engine indexes individual statistical tables by keyword or agency and provides direct connection
  • Southeast Michigan Environmental Monitor
    • Maps arsenic, radon and septic tank potential in Washtenaw County

90. FREE TRADE AREA Of The AMERICAS
With a GFLA, US laws designed to protect forests, the environment andsmall locally owned mills can be challenged under the FTAA as NTBs.
http://www.americanlands.org/IMF/free_trade.htm
October 17, 2000 The Free Trade Area of the Americas: Hemispheric Forest Threat What is the Free Trade Area of the Americas? The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) is a free trade and investment agreement being negotiated between the governments of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is modeled after the North American Free Agreement (NAFTA) between North America, Canada and Mexico. Negotiations are scheduled for completion in 2005. However, negotiators claim to be ahead of schedule and expect that a draft text will be completed by the end of this year. Presidential candidates George Bush and Al Gore have expressed plans to push swiftly ahead with the FTAA upon taking office. The goal of the FTAA is to create a free trade and investment zone that extends from northern Canada to the southern tip of Chile. As with NAFTA, "free trade and investment" means reducing government regulations on corporations, opening markets to foreign competition and expanding trade in all products, including forest products. In fact, it appears that the FTAA will include a "Global Free Logging Agreement" like that proposed and thus far defeated at the World Trade Organization. We can use NAFTA as a model to predict the impact of the FTAA on forests. After signing NAFTA, all three NAFTA countries lowered protections for forests and biodiversity; fifteen U.S. forest product companies set up new operations in Mexico taking advantage of lower environmental and labor safeguards; and one U.S. corporation, Boise Cascade, has been linked to extreme human rights abuses against forest protection activists in Mexico. Boise Cascade has also been blocked in its plans to open the world's largest chip mill in the heart of Chile's endangered rainforests by Chilean and U.S. citizen opposition. However, the FTAA could be the silver bullet the company needs to push their plans to completion.

91. The Twin Cities Green Guide: ENVIRONMENT: Forests & Lumber
a coalition of international business, environmental and social nongovernmentalorganizations came together to create the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in
http://www.thegreenguide.org/article/environment/forests
FOOD GARDENING DO-IT-YOURSELF ENERGY HEALTH FAMILY COMMUNITY ARTS TRANSPORTATION RECREATION ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS CITIZEN ACTION MEDIA EDUCATION Find green businesses
and organizations! ENVIRONMENT GREEN PAGES Complete GREEN PAGES Get The Guide Introduction to The Guide ... Definitions
The Twin Cities Green Guide
2129 James Ave. North
Minneapolis, MN 55411
Agriculture
Air Quality Animal Rights Exotic Plants ... Minnesota Land Trust
Primeval Forest , Chris Maser A Sand County Almanac , Aldo Leopold
Community Forestry Resource Center 2105 1st Ave. S. Minneapolis, MN 55404
Website

Audubon Center of the North Woods P.O. Box 530 Sandstone, MN 55072
Website
Home Page ENVIRONMENT Sustainable Forestry Michelle Peach, Community Forestry Resource Center, IATP Printable Version Forest products are ubiquitous in our society and include much more than wood and paper. Taxol, a chemotherapy drug; rubber-soled shoes; cosmetics; chewing gum; a molded plastic comb; and a softball can all be derived partially or fully from trees. With growing populations and rising standards of living, demand for forest products has increased. So, too, have concerns about preserving the aesthetic, cultural, ecological, recreational and spiritual values of forests. The question becomes: how do we continue to use forest products without compromising the integrity of the ecosystem? Determining how to reincorporate fire safely into forest ecosystems is just one of many challenges facing sustainable forest management. To deal with these challenges, a coalition of international business, environmental and social non-governmental organizations came together to create the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in the early 1990s. This council aims to define and promote sustainable forest management. The FSC is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organization that has set standards for well-managed forestry worldwide. These standards, defined by a committee of people representing a wide range of opinions, are quite broad and include protection of biodiversity, conservation of ancient natural woodlands, long-term responsible management, regular monitoring, recognition of indigenous people's rights, and long-term economic viability. Forests can become certified (similar to organic certification for food) (See:

92. GEO-3 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK
GEO Global environment Outlook 3. Past, present and future perspectives. ContactUs Help, Search GEO3 Home - GEO-3 - Chapter 2, Table of contents. forests.
http://www.grida.no/geo/geo3/english/177.htm

93. Canadian Forests - Forestry, Canada, Careers, Jobs, Forest Products, Wood, Paper
a comprehensive website on forestry and the forest products industry in Canada including career opportunities in forestry, news and more. Canadian forests. Your Internet Gateway to Forestry and
http://www.canadian-forests.com/
Canadian Forests
Your Internet Gateway to Forestry and Forest Products
Canadian Institute of Forestry/Institut forestier du Canada

and the
Society of American Foresters

Joint 2004 Annual General Meeting and Convention

October 2-6, 2004
Edmonton, Alberta CANADA
The Canadian Institute of Forestry / Institut forestier du Canada (CIF/IFC) is the national voice of forest practitioners.
CIDA Forestry Advisers Network Want to find out more
about international forestry issues?
Visit the FORESTRY ISSUES feature on the website of the CIDA Forestry Advisers Network (CFAN) for a Canadian perspective on issues of global importance like an international forest convention, tropical deforestation, world forest organization, tropical forests and climate change, and much more. http://www.rcfa-cfan.org

94. Division Of Lands And Forests
The Division of Lands and forests cares for public lands in New York State and provides leadership in forestry and forest management. and Catskill Forest Preserves, State forests, Unique Areas and the State
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dlf
Division of Lands and Forests
New Information: Vanderwhacker Mountain Wild Forest Draft Unit Management Plan
The Department of Environmental Conservation has developed a Draft Unit Management Plan for the Vanderwhacker Mountain Wild Forest, and has released the Draft UMP for public review. 2004 Winning Arbor Day Poster
The winning Poster for the 2004 Arbor Day Poster Contest is announced. Governor Pataki Announces Historic Land Conservation Effort for Adirondacks
In celebration of Earth Day, Governor George E. Pataki announced the largest land conservation project in New York State history. The Department of Environmental Conservation, International Paper Company and The Conservation Fund have partnered to conserve over a quarter million acres of forest land yielding economic and environmental benefits to many Adirondack communities. Peconic Headwaters Natural Resources Management Area Draft Unit Management Plan
The Department of Environmental Conservation has developed a Draft Unit Management Plan for the Peconic Headwaters Natural Resources Management Area, and has released the Draft UMP for public review. New York State Priority Plan for the Implementation of the Forest Land Enhancement Program
The Forest Land Enhancement Program (FLEP) has been established to provide financial assistance to State Foresters to promote sustainable forestry practices on non-industrial private forest lands (NIPF) by establishing procedures and rules developed jointly by the State Forester and the State Forest Stewardship Coordinating Committee.

95. Forest Conservation Portal -- Rainforest, Forest And Biodiversity Conservation N
from forests.org Climate Ark the Premier Climate Change Portal WaterConserve.Info- A Water Conservation Portal Eco-Portal - the Environmental Sustainability
http://forests.org/
Forest Conservation Portal
Ecological Science Based Forest Conservation Advocacy
Providing Vast Rainforest, Forest and Biodiversity Conservation News and Information works to end deforestation, preserve primary and old-growth forests, conserve and sustainably manage other forests, conserve water and climatic systems and commence the age of ecological restoration. This web site is for educational and non-commercial use only ( Privacy Statement Menu: Home News Recent Links Archives Sources ... Forest Conservation Action Alerts CyberAction of the Moment President Putin - Russia Must Ratify Kyoto Now Discuss Forest Conservation and other environmental topics at Earth Talk - ask questions, share ideas, learn and work together
Forest Blog
- recent brief commentary and analysis by Glen Barry, Ph.D. ( Newsfeed about
Forest Conservation News Today
- Recent Essays and Editorials on Current Forest News Oregon "Salvage Logging" Threatens Ancient Forest Renewal (more: Internet Archive
CYBERALERT VICTORY: President Putin Says Russia Will Soon Ratify Kyoto
(more: Internet Archive
Amazonia Deforestation to Escalate Due to Infrastructure Plans
(more: Internet Archive
RAN's Finance Campaign Pays Dividends, Further Gains Ahead?

96. Forests Forever - Contents
forests Forever Contents
http://www.forestsforever.org.uk/contents.html

97. Ministry Of Waters And Environment Protection
Contact us. Government of Romania. Ministries. Ministry of Waters and EnvironmentProtection Minister. Inapoi Inainte. Siteul ministerului http//www.mappm.ro/.
http://domino.kappa.ro/guvern/ministere.nsf/ArhivaEng/0011?OpenDocument

98. Forests - Alberta Sustainable Resource Development
The designation as Forest Capital recognizes the valuable role that forestsplay in the economic and environmental health of our communities.
http://www3.gov.ab.ca/srd/forests/
Contact Us
Search
Location: Alberta Government Sustainable Resource Development Forests
Managing our Forests
Forest Health Enforcement and Compliance Research/Education ... Wildfires Feature Story May 3, 2004
Lac La Biche takes the spotlight during National Forest week
Throughout 2004 a number of special events and educational activities will be held to highlight the importance of the forests in Lac La Biche and throughout Alberta. Lac La Biche and northeastern Alberta have strong historic ties to the boreal forest. As Forest Capital of Canada, Lac La Biche has a unique opportunity to create a greater awareness among all Albertans about this distinctive part of the province. The designation as Forest Capital recognizes the valuable role that forests play in the economic and environmental health of our communities. It also provides an opportunity to generate a greater understanding of the forest and the sustainable forest management practices that are carried out in Alberta.
The Government of Alberta is responsible for maintaining a balance between activity and conservation, while taking into account the economic, social and environmental benefits that Albertans value.

99. Environmental Organization WebDirectory - ScienceAgriculture
a grassroots organization working to protect the Old Growth forests in British Columbia;Foundation for a Sustainable Suriname A environmental NGO, protecting
http://www.webdirectory.com/Science/Agriculture/Forestry/Rain_Forests/
Science Agriculture Forestry :Rain Forests
Products and Services
  • Amazon Wilderness School - Tropical hiking, wildlife photography, paddling, and anthropology courses. International Non-profit organization.. Focusing on environmental and cultural awareness, and personal growth.
  • A Music Company for the Rainforests - Adult contemporary music to raise funds for rainforests
  • Calgary Rainforest Action Group is a group of Southern Alberta citizens concerned about global deforestation. Specifically, we are concerned about the alarming rate of destruction of the world's rainforests and boreal forests.
  • Canadian Rainforest Web Site - Help the Sierra Club of British Columbia save the world's largest unprotected temperate rainforest from clearcut logging!
  • CascadiaNet - The ancient forests of Cascadia (Pacific Northwest) are being destroyed. This site is a cybermonitoring network for the Cascadia rainforests.
  • Center for Tropical Forest Science - A program within the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to promote and coordinate long-term research within tropical forests.
  • Clayoquot Sound Temperate Rainforest - Explore one of the largest coastal temperate rainforests in the world, the endangered Clayoquot Sound.

100. The Environmental Literacy Council - Forests
Deforestation can have numerous environmental impacts. forests provide habitatfor a substantial percentage of terrestrial plants and animals.
http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/20.html
Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food
Forests
Forests cover about a third of the Earth's surface and support much of the world's biodiversity. It is estimated that about half of the world's species are found in forested areas, particularly in species-rich tropical forests. Forests also provide critical ecosystem services by replenishing oxygen in the atmosphere, reducing erosion, retaining moisture in the soil, and storing carbon. In addition, forests are one of the world's most important renewable natural resources, supplying timber products for fuel, building materials, paper, and other consumer goods, in addition to non-wood forest products , including fruit, cocoa, coconut, rubber, and coffee. There is also increasing awareness of the economic value of forests for recreation and tourism. According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) , about 56 percent of the world's forests are classified as tropical or subtropical and 44 percent are temperate or boreal. Twenty-seven percent of global forest resources are found in Europe, 25 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, 19 percent in Asia and the Pacific, 17 percent in Africa, and 12 percent in North America. Historically, large expanses of forestland in Western Europe and eastern North America were cleared for agriculture and for fuelwood and building materials. In the 17th century Britain looked to the richly forested New World as an important source of timber for shipmasts, because its own forests had been depleted. As the U.S. population grew, demand for forest products increased and by the mid-1800s most of the indigenous forest along the Eastern seaboard was cleared. As settlers moved west, mid-western forests were rapidly converted for lumber for housing, fencing, and railroad construction. Forest conversion in the U.S. peaked in the 1920s; demand for lumber was reduced because, among other things, coal and other fuels replaced wood for heating and energy, and steel and other materials were increasingly used for construction (see

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