21. Mi'kmaq / First Nations History Suppliment Shunpiking Vol 5 No 5, Issue # 38 In fact, the first Beothuk to develop relatively implicit or explicit descriptionof native americans most sacred destiny that befell Indian nations all along http://www.shunpiking.com/mikmaq/his-beothic.htm

History speaks for the Beothuk The ghost of the Beothuk, Newfoundland's indigenous people, hangs all over the proposals of the long knives for termination of aboriginal rights as the final solution for the Indian question A HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE BEOTHUK By Ingeborg Marshall, McGill-Queen's University Press Reviewed by Anthony J. Hall L eading the charge against the recognition of aboriginal land rights in British Columbia, Canada's richest and fastest-growing province, are Globe and Mail columnist Gordon Gibson and former b.c. civil servant Mel Smith. In many columns, Gibson has railed against the terms of the Nisga'a Treaty, an agreement that he says entrenches racial discrimination in law. Gibson's arguments, which have wide currency especially in the Canadian Alliance Party, are largely extensions of the themes in Smith's Our Home Or Native Land?, a little text that is on its way to becoming something of a cult classic among far-right activists organizing to oppose aboriginal rights. Smith cites selectively from various court rulings to advance the thesis that it is perfectly legal for governments and corporations to dispossess aboriginal peoples of lands and resources in Canada without their consent and without compensation. Both Smith and Gibson join a long line of social Darwinists who have asserted or implied that North America has no lasting place for indigenous nations, and that natives must simply leave behind their aboriginal nations to enter the political and economic cultures of their colonizers as equal citizens.

22. Dene Nation Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World first nation Information ProjectCree Indian Papers on/by native North americans Quebec s Northern Crees The http://www.denenation.com/links.html

HISTORY PROGRAMS CHIEFS ELDERS ... CURRENT EVENTS document.writeln(''); HEALTH AND WELL BEING Girl Power: Native American Girls Native American Spirituality The Native Adoptee Alberta Native Friendship Centre Association ... Healing Our Spirit Worldwide EDUCATION Aboriginal Education Initiatives in Saskatchewan Education Saskatchewan Learning: Aboriginal Education Saskatchewan Learning: Evergreen Curriculum Native Students in the Intermediate Classroom: BC Teacher ... NWT Student Financial Assistance ABORIGINAL ORGANIZATIONS Assembly of First Nations Arctic Council Arctic Peoples Arctic Athabaskan Council ... Alaska Federation of Natives GOVERNMENT Government of Canada Government of the Northwest Territories Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Indian and Northern Affairs Canada: Learning Circle ... Aboriginal Canada Portal MEDIA Aborigional Peeoples Television Network CBC North Frederick McDonald: Artist Purich Publishing ... Up Here Magazine WEATHER Weather ABORIGINAL NativeWeb: Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World First Nation Information Project Cree Indian Papers on/by Native North Americans ... Museum of Civilization, First Peoples

23. Mi'gmaq Mi'kmaq Micmac Online Talking Dictionary - Home Page Help Desk http//firstnationhelp.com/ Atlantic Canada s first nation Help Desk Mi kmaw,Micmac, mikmaq) http//www.nativelanguages.org/mikmaq.htm A http://www.mikmaqonline.org/links.html

Aboriginal Voices Radio http://www.aboriginalradio.com/ Aboriginal Voices Radio Inc. (AVR) is a non-profit organization founded in 1998 to facilitate the development of a national radio service known as the Aboriginal Voices Radio Network (AVRN). Assembly of First Nations http://www.afn.ca/ The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is the national representative organization of the First Nations in Canada. There are over 630 First Nation's communities in Canada. Atlantic Canada's First Nation Help Desk http://firstnationhelp.com/ Atlantic Canada's First Nation Help Desk is committed to provide internet content and accessibility, empowering students to become publishers as well as consumers of information, and helping teachers to create "teachable moments." Birch Bark Comics www.birchbarkcomics.com Birch Bark Comics is a small independant company whose sole purpose is to tell captivating stories! Like everything, this started off as just an idea. The idea was to create a comic book that reflected past and present native culture and combine them into one. Listuguj Mi'gmaq Development Council http://www.lmdc.ca/

24. Native Pages From StFXU Authentic native americans Citizen Band Pottawatomi Tribe Home Page first nationsSite Index and Craft Exchange Guide to the Great Sioux nation Index of http://juliet.stfx.ca/people/fac/rmackinn/native.htm

by Fred Pashe Native Pages from StFXU Canadian Micmac/Mi'kmaq USA Canadian Aboriginal Links Aboriginal Educational Resources Database Aboriginal Links from Oscar Blackman School , from Manitoba Aboriginal Multi Media Society , excellent Canadian aboriginal links. Aboriginal Peoples of Canada , from Native Web, excellent Canadian resources. Aboriginal Single Window Initiative Aboriginal Super Information Hwy. , from Manitoba, the Canadian Aboriginal WWW Home Page. Aboriginal Web Links , great selection of links, by Denise Osted, Manitoba Aboriginal Youth Net , Canadian. Alan Syliboy Original Paintings , beautiful paintings by a well known Mi'kMaq artist. ARCNET, Aboriginal Resource Centre , Aboriginal-Canadian business and organization resources. Assembly of First Nations Bill's Aboriginal Links, Canada one of the best aboriginal links on the web. Canadian Aboriginal Law , by Deborah McIntosh, excellent legal and treaty references. Canada's First Nations , great page with many useful links. Canadian Indian Language Database , from Imperial College, London. Canada's First Nations and Aboriginal People's Home Page , from Schoolnet.

25. Paleoindians And The Great Pleistocene Die-Off, Native Americans And The Land, N Indians, native americans, and first nations to refer to themselves even ifthey most often think of themselves as belonging to a particular nation or http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/pleistocenec.htm

NHC Home TeacherServe Nature Transformed Native Americans Essay: Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die-Off Shepard Krech III, Brown University National Humanities Center, 2003 Scholars Debate Guiding Student Discussion Links to Online Resources Illustration Credits ... Works Cited (part 3 of 3) Seattle Weekly Coverage on Kennewick Man, 1997-2000 "The interest in human origins in the New World is intense." Guiding Student Discussion The interest in human origins in the New World is intense, and each new discovery that has some bearing on human behavior at this early time is often front-page news. Few other areas of research on American Indians attract such media attention as their first arrival in the New World, or the matter of the Pleistocene extinctions. In The Ecological Indian (1999), I explore in one chapter the data and arguments for the arrival of humans in the New World and for the Pleistocene extinctions. The chapter contains many references to articles and books by the principal researchers, and to many pieces readily available in the popular press (see Works Cited ). My conclusions there (and here) can be updated by a stream of materials that find their way into the national press. An Internet search will turn up the latest sites, dates, interpretations, and controversies pertaining to the New World prior to the arrival of Europeans (see

26. Native Geographies: Tribal Nations Case Studies & Links The Circle (Minneapolis), native organizations urban centers, first nations EnvironmentalNetwork. Atlantic Policy Congress. mikmaq.net. CRITFC. Yakama nation. http://www.uwec.edu/grossmzc/nations.html

GEOGRAPHY / AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES 322 / 522 NATIVE GEOGRAPHIES Professor Zoltan Grossman GENERAL NATIVE LINKS Wisconsin / Great Lakes: North America: Canada: Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council NativeNews on-line Aboriginal Connections Indian Country Wisconsin ... First Nations Environmental Network United States: Native Resources on Internet International Indigenous: U.S. Census Data Native media Center for World Indigenous Studies Tribal Census Tract Outline Maps ... Globalization effects on Indigenous Peoples (pdf map) National Park Service Tribal Preservation ESRI Native Conservation papers links Intertribal GIS Council ... Cultural property TRIBAL NATION CASE STUDIES Map of nations The books and websites are not necessarily endorsed by Professor Grossman as complete or accurate sources; all should be read critically. Major geography-related link suggestions are welcome. Links are subject to change! Tribal nation Other tribal name(s) (and language family) Lands in states/ provinces Book/chapter sources (check in library Native website sources and current issues Student Lake Superior Ojibwe Chippewa, Anishinaabeg

27. The American Lobster: Native Rights Many of the first nation reserves have signed the one more on the Marshall Decisionand native rights, visit these websites http//www.mikmaq.net/english http://www.parl.ns.ca/lobster/nativerights.htm

Native Rights: The Aftermath of the Marshall Decision What are Treaty Rights? Long before Europeans arrived in “Turtle Island” (North America) the Aboriginal peoples had been living in their own distinct societies with their own laws, customs and economies for thousands of years. When the British government felt the need to legitimize their settlement claims in the Americas they began to negotiate with the various indigenous nations. The results of these negotiations were treaties, contracts signed by two parties to legalize agreements between nations. When these treaties were made the indigenous peoples owned and occupied these American territories and when they entered into the agreements with the British Crown, they signed as independent nations and not as subjects of the British Crown. Had the British perceived them as subjects, the making of the treaty between the two nations would not have been necessary. In 1760 the Peace and Friendship Treaty was signed between the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy and the British Crown.

28. TJ's Links really is American Indian Books (first nations authors, native Walam Olum, LenniLenape nation, Delaware Indian culture, Mi kmaq traditions, mikmaq) YMCA Y http://www.angelfire.com/hero/tjekanefir/tjslinks.htm

TJ's links On this site and elsewhere Lora's personal pages and photos Orrin's personal page with all his musings American Indian languages Ataniel homepage (including Demon War The Wall Regions Beyond Run Down Like Waters ... Lora's CRPG Reviews (including walkthroughs to Balder's Gate Throne of Bhaal Wizardry 8 Arcanum ... Charisma Creep Quiz , a silly online quiz not quite up to memehood Abenaki Indians (Abenakis, Abanaki, Abnaki war, Graylock, books by Joseph Bruchac) Abenaki Language (Abénaki, Abénakis, Abnaki, Abnakis, Abenaki words, Abenaqui, Abenaquis) Algonquin Indians (Algonquin Indian tribe of Canada, Algonquins, Algonkin people, Algonkins) Arapahoe Indians (Northern Arapaho Tribe, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, Arapahoe Nation) ... Bering Straight (Bering Strait) Orrin's essay why Indians get so po'd about this Blackfoot Indians (Blackfeet Indian nation, Blackfoot Tribe, Blackfeet Language, Siksika) Blood quantum Orrin's essay about what a blood quantum really is American Indian Books (First Nations authors, Native American poetry) a partial reading list Cherokee Language (Cherokees, Cherokee Indians, Tsalagi, Cherokee Indian history)

29. Mikmaq Resources Cape Sable during French regime) The first nation s Mi kmaq http//www.tusket.com/mikmaq.htm. peopleof Atlantic Canada, will premiere at the native American http://www.leveillee.net/ancestry/mikmaqresources.htm

WHAT BECAME OF MI'KMAQ, THE FAMILIES OF ACADIANS AFTER 1755? 1. Stories of the Mi'kmaq by Calvin Coish, College of the North Atlantic. http://www.nald.ca/CLR/mikmaq/cover.htm 2. Mi'kmaq Language and the Mi'kmaq Indian Tribe (Micmac, Mikmaq, Mi'kmaq" comes from a word in their own language meaning "my friends"; it is used both internally and externally now, though Mi'kmaq people fluent in their language. http://www.native-languages.org/mikmaq.htm 3. Before the arrival of Europeans the Mi'kmaq people had mastered techniques which enabled them to make tools and equipment from animal bone, ivory, teeth, claws http://museum.gov.ns.ca/arch/infos/mikmaq1.htm 4. 1894 ca Nine Mi'kmaq people with two wigwams [11k][Figure 1116 - 11k] 1894 ca Nine Mi'kmaq people with two wigwams Rocky Point, PEI Photograph: HB Sterling Prince Edward Island Public Archives and Records http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mikmaq/mp0306a.htm 5. NativeTech: The Mi'kmaq people of Atlantic Canada, by Laurie.NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art The Mi'kmaq people of Atlantic Canada. Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Medicines, Foods and Teas http://www.nativetech.org/lacey/micmac.html

30. MSN Encarta - Native Americans Of North America provided funds to help develop postsecondary educational institutions for NativeAmericans. In 1968 the Navajo nation created the first tribally controlled http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570777_31/Native_Americans_of_North_Ameri

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Migration to the Americas Native American Architecture more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Native Americans of North America News Search MSNBC for news about Native Americans of North America Internet Search Search Encarta about Native Americans of North America Search MSN for Web sites about Native Americans of North America Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement document.write('

31. First Nations SchoolNet - Premières Nations Sur Rescol native americans AND THE ENVIRONMENT. (THE) native TRAIL A Links to governmentweb sites, first nation organizations, web sites, treaty-related organizations http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/e/links_e.asp

 Français  Contact Us  Help  Search ... Home : Links Links to Other Websites ABORIGINAL BUSINESS MAP - Guide to Aboriginal business in Canada. ABORIGINAL CANADA PORTAL ABORIGINAL CONNECTIONS - Links page to Aboriginal web sites. ABORIGINAL DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ON SCHOOLNET Web projects preserving and celebrating heritage, languages and contemporary Aboriginal life. ABORIGINAL MULTIMEDIA SOCIETY - Comprehensive listing of sites. BILL'S ABORIGINAL LINKS - Extensive list of Canadian and American links. COUNCIL FOR CANADIAN UNITY ENCOUNTER WITH THE FIRST NATIONS FIRST PEOPLE WEB SITES IN THE AMERICAS Listing of websites (many outdated). INDIAN LIFE ONLINE - Online newspaper, radio program, stories and more... JOHNCO - First Nations Information Project and links. LAND INSIGHTS LINKS FOR EDUCATORS: ABORIGINAL FOCUS For teachers who want to learn more about Aboriginal peoples. MICMAC - ARTICLES ABOUT MI'KMAQ The largest, most comprehensive listing of online resources about historical and contemporary Mi'kmaq culture - an excellent resource. MI'KMAQ RESOURCE CENTRE - University College of Cape Breton Overview of the Mi'kmaq People, list of First Nations communities in Nova Scotia, oral histories, ethnographies of selected reserves, treaties, Mi'kmaq Resource Guide 2000, Master's Thesis in Mi'kmaq...and more.

32. Canada's First Nations: Sources Algonquian External Link first nations Dolls. Lawrence External Link ColonialNorth America native americans. from the Montagnais nation (I06501.jpg http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firstnations/sources.html

CANADA'S FIRST NATIONS Sources Jump to: Bibliography and Suggested Readings Selected Web Sites Images and External Links Bibliography and Suggested Readings Axtell, James, ed. The Indian Peoples of Eastern America . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1981. Axtell, James. The European and The Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America . New York : Oxford University Press, 1981. Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North Amercia . New York: Plenum Press, 1994. Voices From Hudson Bay: Cree Stories From York Factory . Montreal: McGill University Press, 1996. Black, Meredith Jean. Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in Southwestern Quebec . Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, 1973. Brizinski, Peggy. Knots In A String: An Introduction to Native Studies in Canada . Saskatoon : University Extension Press, 1993. Brown, Jennifer. Strangers in the Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country . Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1980. Clark, Ella Elizabeth. Indian Legends of Canada . Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1960.

33. Links To Sites About The Mi'kmaq Tribe By Phil Konstantin Metepenagiag first nation about them; Metepenagiag, The Village of of the Miramichi The native People info mikmaq Net Communities, Events, Flags, Government http://www.americanindian.net/links12mi'kmaq.html

Links to Sites about the Mi'kmaq Tribe by Phil Konstantin - Page 12mi'kmaq Click here to find out about getting paid to surf the net! About My Book Below is a picture of the cover of my book "This Day in North American Indian History" IT IS NOW AVAIABLE. Click on the cover to order a copy ... in the USA. or In the U.K. or In Germany or In France or In Canada Looking for a good book, usually at a discount? Purchasing a book through this link helps support my site. Click on the appropriate line below: American Indian History Books American Indian Biography Books American Indian Studies Books American Indian Literature Books ... American Indian Music If you find a link which no longer works properly, or you wish to suggest a site for inclusion in this list, please let me know. Sites With Information About the Mi'kmaq Tribe Yes, I realize there are several ways to spell Mi'kmaq, (Micmac, Mikmak, Micmak, Mikmaq, L'nu'k, Nikmaq) All links were valid as of June 27, 2002, The are sorted by their internet address, not by title or importance. Lennox Island First Nation about them Mi'kmaqmain excellent site with lots of info Mi'kmaq History Sites Online long list of links By Russell Gould Membertou First Nation short page made by studets The History of the Mi'kmaq People from Mike's Mi'kmaq page Muins' Mi'kmaq Links Web Page very detailed site Nova Scotia Native Women's Association about this group and their efforts "Mi'kmaq, MicMac Page of Sites, Resources and News articles I found"

34. NativeWeb Home The mikmaq Portal! in the American Indian Movement (AIM), a radical first Nationsorganization that social upheaval in North America, from a native perspective http://www.nativeweb.org/resources.php?name=Mi'kmaw&type=1&nation=3812

35. Kanata Resources Abenaki. Oneida Indian nation. Innu nation. Canada first nations. Haudenosaunee. nativeAmerican Lore. History of native americans. native-American Village. http://exodus.tbcdsb.on.ca/stmarg/kanataresources.htm

Thunder Bay Catholic District School Board St. Margaret School Kids From Kanata Resources Land Claims Nisga'a Land Claims Nisga'a Treaty Negotiations Nunavut Implementation Commission Yukon Agreements Package ... FWDP Treaties, Agreements, and Other Constructive Arrangements History of Fort William and Thunder Bay The History of the Boreal Forest (local) Found Local - History City of Thunder Bay Archives Metis History (local) ... Kids from Kanata Website First Nations Grand Council of the Crees Sioux Heritage Welcome to Askwitteachik Mohawk Nation Office - Kahnawake Branch ... Nisga'a History The Frontier in American Culture Native American Lore History of Native Americans Native-American Village ... Thomas W. Kavanagh, Curator of Collections, Mathers Museum

36. Welcome To The "Unofficial" Indian Brook First Nation Website - Spring And Summe was aimed at absorbing the country s first Peoples into or English, the language ofthe European nation involved To the mikmaq people and to other native groups http://home.rushcomm.ca/~hsack/policies.html

Last Update March 9, 2004 - "Always do right. That will gratify some of the people, and astonish the rest." Home Community Photos Genealogy Status FAQ ... E-mail Us The Dream Catcher Another Symbol of the Mi'kmaq Nation United with the cross, the crossed spears symbolize the Mi'kmaq nation as an excogitated star. The flag of the Mi'kmaq Nation The Flag of the Mi'kmaw Grand Council Canadain Government Policies Towards the Mi'kmaq People B efore and after Confederation, government policy regarding Canada's native population was aimed at absorbing the country's First Peoples into the majority white population. These policies were imposed without including native people in the decision-making process. Early contact between the leaders of the native peoples across Canada and the European explorers and their governments resulted in a number of treaties. These treaties were often not fully understood by the native leaders who signed them. They were written in French or English, the language of the European nation involved. Translations were usually inadequate. The French and British fought each other for control of North America and gained dominance over the native population. Treaties were signed with the native people, although the Europeans, did not see these early treaties as important. To the native people, these treaties were and are of great importance. To the Mikmaq people and to other native groups, the treaties were agreements that would last until time immemorial.

37. Subject Directory Query Url http//museum.gov.ns.ca/mikmaq/ Content This Subject SOCIAL STUDIES NativeStudies. the World. Search the 4744 links by country or first nation. http://www.library.pe.ca/bookmarks/subquery.asp?qs=SOCIAL STUDIES -- Native Stud

38. Native America Calling - Media Archives people will broadcast in their own language for the first time ever the ongoing lobsterbattle between members of the mikmaq nation and nonnative fishermen http://www.nativecalling.org/archives/list2000.html

Welcome to NAPT's Media Archives. Media Archives is a resource of Native American Public Telecommunications. Browse the topic and guest categories to listen to classic episodes of our favorite talk show in Indian Country, Native America Calling. NATIVE AMERICA CALLING ARCHIVES: 2000 TOPIC / GUEST CATEGORIES Media Archives Home TOPICS Topics 1995-1997 Topics 1998 Topics 1999 Topics 2000 Topics 2001+ Civil Rights Current Events 2001, 2000 Current Events 1999, '98, '97 Environment Economics Education Gaming History Human Rights Indian Humor International Issues Land Issues Legal Issues Media Metaphysics NCAI Native Literature '01 Native Literature '00 Native Literature '99 Native Literature '98 Native Literature before '98 Race Racism Religion GUESTS Irene Bedard (real media) JoAnn Chase President Bill Clinton Wallace Coffey (real media)

39. Native American Tribes And Cultures 4) Chumash Indians, (5) California s first Oceanographers The 3) Miami Indian Culture,(4) Miami Nations, (5) Miami simk, Mi kmaw, Micmac, mikmaq) from native http://www.42explore.com/native4.htm

The Topic: Native American Tribes and Cultures Below is an indexed list of links to sites on specific Native American tribes and cultures. This is a companion page to an EduScapes project on Native Americans . Before you return to the main page, you might also want to connect to the other two companion pages for the project: (1) Native American Biographies - A to Z and (2) Comprehensive Index Sites Federally Recognized Tribes - Lower 48 http://www.the-rez.com/lower48_tribes.htm First Nations Histories http://www.tolatsga.org/Compacts.html Index of the North American Indian http://curtis-collection.com/tribalindex.html Links to Information on Specific North American Indian Tribes (A-H) by P. Konstantin http://members.tripod.com/~PHILKON/links12.html Links to Information on Specific North American Indian Tribes (I-M) by P. Konstantin http://members.tripod.com/~PHILKON/links12a.html

40. Native Americans: Maliseet Indian Tribe (Malecite, Malécites, Skicin, Maliseet Maliseet culture, language, history and genealogy. of small groups of native americans who lived together yet claimed The mikmaq and Maliseet gambling tradition genealogy of this Maliseet http://www.native-languages.org/maliseet.htm

Index of Native American languages Support our organization What's new on our site today! Native Languages of the Americas: Maliseet (Malecite, Malécite, Malecites, Malisit) Language: Maliseet-Passamaquoddy is an Algonquian language with two major dialects: Maliseet (or Malécite), spoken mainly in New Brunswick, and Passamaquoddy (or Peskotomuhkati), spoken mostly in Maine. There are 1500 speakers of both dialects combined. Very few people in the younger generations speak Maliseet or (especially) Passamaquoddy, which means that the language will die out within this century unless language revival efforts can successfully restore its use among Passamaquoddy and Maliseet children. People: The Maliseet tribe belonged to the loose confederation of eastern American Indians known as the Wabanaki Alliance , together with the Passamaquoddy Penobscot Mi'kmaq , and Abenaki Indians . The Maliseet live primarily in Canada, especially New Brunswick, with one band across the border in nearby Maine (the US granted official recognition to the Maine tribe in 1980). Older literature sometimes refers to them as "St. John's Indians," though there's no evidence they ever used that term themselves. The Maliseet's own name for themselves is Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet is a Mi'kmaq word for someone who can't talk very well,) but today they are usually known as Maliseets or Malecites. History: The Maliseet and Passamaquoddy people were closely related neighbors who shared a common language, but though the French referred to both tribes collectively as Etchemin, they always considered themselves politically independent. The tribes of the east coast were extremely confusing to the Europeans, who couldn't understand why there were dozens of small groups of Native Americans who lived together yet claimed to be separate nations. What the Europeans did not realize was that the east coast had not been nearly as empty before they got there. Smallpox and other European diseases had decimated the Indian populations, and they regrouped as best they could. The Maliseet and Passamaquoddy, near relatives and long-time allies who spoke dialects of the same language, banded together against European and

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