41. World Wide Web Virtual Library - Finnish History Index - WWW VL Western finland (history of Uusikaupunki) eg http//www.wakkanet.fi/~mari/raatih.htm;Western finland (history of Kokkola, Ostrobothnia http://vlib.iue.it/hist-finland/topical.html

World Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue WWW-VL Search Facility. WWW-VL Main History Index and Sites Maintainers ... European University Institute's Library and Web Sites. Finnish History Index Historical Topics Reference Libraries and Library Resources Electronic Journals and Resources Archives, Archival Resources and Museums ... History Departments and Scientific Associations Chronological Periods Ancient Medieval Modern ... Contemporary Topical Social Women Cultural Political ... Economic Other Finnish Search Engines Finland and the European Union Finland and the Nordic Countries Finnish News TOPICAL: Social: Helsinki Department of Social and Economic History: http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/yhis/taso.htm Agricola Web, Links: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/talous.html Links on Migration and Demographics: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/vaesto.html Associations and Political Parties: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/jarjesto.html History of Medicine and Health Care: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/terveys.html History of Workers: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/tyovaki.html

42. Encyclopedia: Finland/History Updated Apr 04, 2003. Encyclopedia finland/history. This is the historyof finland. See also the history of Sweden, history of Russia http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Finland/History

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #17 Senior gentlemen might consider a trip to Russia where there's two over 65 women for every man Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Populous Most Militaristic ... More Stats Categories Agriculture Background Crime Currency ... Welfare Updated: Apr 04, 2003 Encyclopedia : Finland/History Sponsored links: This is the history of Finland . See also the history of Sweden, history of Russia, history of Europe, history of the European Union, and history of present-day nations and states. Pre-history Archeological evidence for the first settlers, mostly from the south and east, can be traced back to the 8000 BC. After 6500 BC the so called "Suomusj rvi culture", a hunter-gatherer society, spread over most of the country. Around 4200 BC the "Comb ceramic culture", known for their pottery, took over. This marks the beginning of the neolithic for Finland.

43. Encyclopedia: History Of Finland Updated May 10, 2004. Encyclopedia history of finland. This is thehistory of finland. See also the history of Sweden, history of http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History-of-Finland

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #30 Mexico has the most Jehovah's Witnesses per capita in the OECD Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Articles People who viewed "History of Finland" also viewed: Finland Finnish language Huckleberry Finn Continuation War ... Tatar language Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Populous Most Militaristic ... More Stats Categories Agriculture Background Crime Currency ... Welfare Updated: May 28, 2004 Encyclopedia : History of Finland Sponsored links: This is the history of Finland . See also the history of Sweden, history of Russia, history of Europe, history of the European Union, and history of present-day nations and states.

44. EDUCATION & SPORTS: History On The Seabed The Vikings eastward expeditions took them through the Gulf of finland and on toLake fringing the Finnish coast contain so many relics of history waiting for http://www.publiscan.fi/sc01e-8.htm

History on the Seabed W ater covers more than two-thirds of the surface of our planet. The Baltic with all its bays and inlets is only a small drop in that ocean, but for marine archaeologists and divers it is a fascinating and rewarding place. Systematic exploration of the treasures that it holds is only now beginning as new methods are adopted. Finnish researchers cannot hide their enthusiasm. Most of the oceans are kilometres deep, with some trenches in the Pacific plunging to depths in excess of ten thousand metres. The Baltic, by contrast, has an average depth of only 55 metres. In fact, it is one of the smallest, shallowest, most island-dotted and shoaliest seas in the world. For as long as the seas have been sailed, hundreds of vessels that have strayed off course or lost their battles with storms have ended up at the bottom of the Baltic, especially in its countless bays and inlets. Floor plates believed to have belonged to a Viking ship have been found in the Gulf of Finland. As research methods become more systematic, much more is likely to be uncovered. The Roman historian Tacitus reported nearly two millennia ago that the Germans obtained the furs they valued so highly "from beyond the unknown sea", i.e. the Baltic. The Vikings' eastward expeditions took them through the Gulf of Finland and on to Lake Ladoga. Over the centuries, fierce sea battles have been fought for control of that vital trade artery the Baltic. One indication of its continuing importance is that bristles with air and naval bases. Small wonder, therefore, that the waters of the

45. FINLAND finland. Brief history of finland. The Finns ancestors, nomads fromAsia, began to arrive in what is now finland in about the first http://www.scantours.com/finland_history_and_heritage.htm

Home p; Country Links Main Menu Rail Passes City Packages ... E-MAIL Scandinavian travel specialist since 1967 Travel Agents Click Here Denmark Norway Sweden ... Lithuania FINLAND Brief history of Finland The Finns' ancestors, nomads from Asia, began to arrive in what is now Finland in about the first century BC, driving the Lapps northwards. Traces of pre-Christian Finnish society are still visible in the remains of hilltop fortresses in South Häme and in Karelia. During the Viking era, Swedish traders and warriors extended their interests throughout the Baltic, and Finland was conquered by the Swedes in 1155. But the Russians also had colonial ambitions in the area, and for centuries the country became a battleground for wars between Sweden and Russia. However, most of Finland remained a Swedish province until it was annexed by Russia in 1809, during the Napoleonic wars. From about this time Finnish nationalism gradually began to gain ground, but it was only after the First World War that Russian control was broken and independence declared. In 1939 Finland and Russia went to war after Finland rejected the Russians' request for military bases in the country. After a heroic defense of their country against overwhelming Soviet forces, the Finns made a reluctant peace, being forced to cede 10% of their territory. Hoping to regain it, Finland joined Nazi Germany in an attack on the USSR in 1941, but the Soviets' growing strength forced the country to agree to an armistice, and Finnish forces turned to fight German forces in Lapland. In 1948 Finland signed the Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance.

46. Travel In Pori - Finland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Pori,finland,history,Gallery,Photos,restaurants,hotels,carrental,rentals,campings,travel agencies.! http://www.eurotravelling.net/finland/pori/pori_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Pori History The city was originally settled in the 12 th century farther up the Kokemäen and chartered as Ulvila in 1365. On 8 March 1558, Juhana, the Duke of Finland, made the decision to build a powerful trade town at the seaside. It was destroyed by fire in the 16 th and 19 th centuries but was rebuilt both times because of its ideal commercial location. Today with its 76,600 inhabitants Pori is a significant industrial centre and port on the west coast with an active business life and is as well a popular holiday resort. This city contains Finland's largest short-wave radio transmitting station. It is connected by rail with Tampere and has air service to Turku and Helsinki. Pori has port facilities on the Kokemäen River and two outports, Mäntyluoto and Reposaari, on the Gulf of Bothnia. click to go back Back to Europe Eurotravelling.net POWERED BY wORLDTRAVELGATE.NET Back to WTG

47. Järvi-Espoon Eräpartiolaiset Ry Includes program information, history, contacts, and events. http://www.lpk.partio.fi/papa/jarea/

48. Travel In Tampere - Finland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Tampere,finland,history,Gallery,Photos,restaurants,hotels,carrental,rentals,campings,travel agencies.! http://www.eurotravelling.net/finland/tampere_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Tampere - History General Tampere is the third largest city in Finland with a population of 182000. Tampere is also the heart of the Tampere Region which has a dynamic population of about 430000. In the last few years the city's population has grown rapidly. Tampere is the second largest regional centre in Finland and one of the major city regions in Scandinavia. Besides, Tampere is the largest inland city in Scandinavia. Connections Tampere is located 180 kilometres (110 miles) north of Helsinki, the capital. The city has good railroad and road connections from any part of Finland. Tampere can be reached by train from Helsinki every hour. Executive class services are provided in the Intercity trains. There are plans to start superfast train connections between Helsinki and Tampere within a few years. The time used for travelling will shorten from 1h 40 min to 1h 10 min. In addition to the national connections, Tampere has good international road links. Because Tampere is located geographically on a narrow isthmus, there is a construction of 4-lane freeway system for bypassing traffic in progress. All the main harbours and airports for exports and passenger traffic are within a 200 km (125 miles) radius of Tampere City. The fastest link with continental Europe means a 2-2.5 hour international flight. Tampere has its own international airport, the Tampere-Pirkkala airport.

49. MapZones.com History finland, history, Back to Top. At the beginning of its recorded history, in theeleventh century AD, finland was conquered by its powerful neighbor, Sweden. http://www.mapzones.com/world/europe/finland/historyindex.php

Country Info Finland Introduction Finland General Data Finland Maps Finland Culture ... Finland Time and Date Finland History Back to Top The Signal achievement of Finland has been its survival against great oddsagainst a harsh climate, physical and cultural isolation, and international dangers. Finland lies at higher latitudes than any other country in the world, and the punishing northern climate has complicated life there considerably. Geographically, Finland is on the remote northern periphery, far from the mass of Europe, yet near two larger states, Sweden and Russialater the Soviet Union, which have drawn it into innumerable wars and have dominated its development. At the beginning of its recorded history, in the eleventh century A.D., Finland was conquered by its powerful neighbor, Sweden. Christianization and more than 600 years of Swedish rule (c. 1150-1809) made the Finns an essentially West European people, integrated into the religion, culture, economics, and politics of European civilization. The Finns have, however, maintained their own language, which is complex and is not related to most other European languages. The centuries of Swedish rule witnessed Finland's increasing involvement in European politics, particularly when the country served as a battleground between Sweden on the west and Russia on the east. Over the centuries, Russia has exerted an especially persistent and powerful pressure on Finland. Many wars were fought between Swedes and Finns on the one side and Russians on the other. Eventually, Russia conquered Finland and incorporated it into the Russian Empire, where it remained for more than a century, from 1809 to 1917.

50. Statistics Finland - About Statistics Finland - History The founding of an independent Statistical Office of finland on 4 October1865 is regarded as the start of the history of Statistics finland. http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/tkesittely_historia_en.html

Back to start page From the Director General Contact information Organisation ... Customer service principles History The Statistical Office of Finland, Etelä-Esplanadi, Helsinki, in 1921. The persons in the picture from left to right are Tekla Hultin, Arne G. Varonen, G. Modeen, Eino Kärki, Arvi Raivio, Valter Lindberg, A. E. Tudeer, I. Varpela. The origins of a statistical organisation in Finland date back to the mid-18th century when Finland was under Swedish rule and the Tabellverket (Tables Office) was set up in Sweden for the purpose of keeping population statistics. This marked the beginning of the world's longest, continuous population statistics. The founding of an independent Statistical Office of Finland on 4 October 1865 is regarded as the start of the history of Statistics Finland. State descriptions for rulers on conditions in different countries, the origin of statistics Tabellverket is established in Sweden The first Finnish population statistics are compiled The Statistical Office of Finland is founded on 4 October The first Statistical Yearbook of Finland is published Calculation of gross national income begins in Finland The Statistical Office of Finland is renamed Statistics Finland Finland becomes the second country in the world to draw a register-based Population Census European Union membership increases the international element in Finnish statistics Statistics Finland becomes the first statistical organisation in Europe to launch its online service on the Internet Archives of Statistics Updated 13.6.2003

51. ISI99 - Milestones Of The History Of Statistics In Finland Milestones of the history of statistics in finland. Sweden of wichfinland was a part - was the first country in the world to found http://www.stat.fi/isi99/milestones.html

Milestones of the history of statistics in Finland Sweden - of wich Finland was a part - was the first country in the world to found a statistical office to produce official statistics. This happened in 1748, and the office was named Tabellverket, Tabulation office. Before that, households were already enumerated for taxation purposes. the first population registers, kept by the parish prists the Tabulation Office, Tabellverket, was founded the first vital statistics in the world were compiled by the Tabulation Office the first Statistical Yearbook of Finland was published the first course of statistics was held at the University of Helsinki Finland became independent the Finnish Statistical Society was founded J. W. Lindeberg published the Central Limit Theorem the first chair of statistics was created at the University of Helsinki national accounts were calculated for the first time Finland joined the UN Finland became an associate member of the EFTA (full member 1986) the Population Register was founded Finland joined the OECD the interview organisation of Statistics Finland was founded a completely register-based population census was carried out Finland joined the European Union the Internet service of Statisctics Finland was opened Home Feedback

52. Finland's History finland s history. A brief description of finland s history suppliedby the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. This is a FAQ file from http://www.genealogia.fi/faq/faq000e.htm

Finland's History A brief description of Finland's history supplied by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. This is a FAQ file from the The Genealogical Society of Finland on Finnish genealogy. Updated December 23, 2003.

53. Finland's History finland s history. A brief description of finland s history supplied by the Ministryfor Foreign Affairs. A Chronology of Finnish history by Virtual finland. http://www.genealogia.fi/faq/faq002e.htm

Finland's History A brief description of Finland's history supplied by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. A Chronology of Finnish History by Virtual Finland This is a FAQ file from the The Genealogical Society of Finland on Finnish genealogy. Updated December 23, 2003.

54. Green League, Finland Party manifesto, leadership and history. http://www.vihrealiitto.fi/english.shtml

Finnish front page Yhteystiedot Kannanotot Ohjelmat ... Search Green League of Finland New (March 2003): The best ever election result of Finnish Greens Green League Green League party office The Platform of the Green League ... Rohelise Liidu programm (Estonian version) Towards a Strong Europe of Regions - statement on the Development of the EU (May 2001) Green League executive committee Green members of parliament May 2002: The Finnish Parliament approved the 5th nuclear power plant The Greens leave the Government Greens in Government Green delegation in the European Parliament ... Green League manifesto (1998) Contact the Green league at: vihreat@vihrealiitto.fi Julkaistu 10.11.2003 © Vihreä liitto rp.

55. History Of Finland A Selection Of Events And Documents Updated on 15 January, 2004 history of finland A selection of eventsand documents. history of finland Swedish rule c. 1200-1809. http://www.histdoc.net/history/history.html

Updated on 15 January, 2004 History of Finland: A selection of events and documents Document language: Sisällysluettelo/Contents in Finnish Urkunder till Finlands historia History of Finland - Swedish rule c. Arma Magni Ducatus Finlandiæ. The arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland, as pictured in 1591 on the pedestal of Gustav Vasa's tomb in Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden. Pope Innocentius IV's Letter of Protection to the Confessors of the Christian Faith in Finland 27 August 1249. A Letter of Protection by King Birger Magnusson for womankind in Karelia on Oct. 1, 1316. A letter (1539) by Martin Luther to the Swedish king Gustavus Vasa, original in Latin with a Swedish translation. The king searched a tutor to his son, and Luther recommends also the Finn Michael Agricola, who later in 1548 translated the New Testament ( excerpt ) into Finnish. April 20, 1539. The first printed Bible in Finnish. (National Library Treasures). Georg North's short description about Finland. Printed in London, 1561. The Peace Treaty between Sweden and Russia May 18, 1595. The Duchy of Estonia was recognized to belong to Sweden and the eastern border of Finland was defined through this treaty. Even though its final signatories, the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (died 1598) and the Swedish King Sigismund (deposed 1599) never signed the treaty, it was put into effect right after the negotiations. Parallel old Swedish text included.

56. Columbus World Travel Guide - Europe - Finland - History And Government World Travel Guide finland - history and Government - includesinformation on the constitution and politics. http://www.travel-guide.com/data/fin/fin580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Finland/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Finland hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Europe /Finland FINLAND History and Government History: In recent years, the main change in the political landscape has been caused by the emergence of the right-wing National Coalition Party (Kokoomus, referred to as ‘Kok’). Finland’s long-serving President, Mauno Koivisto, the architect of its delicate balancing act between East and West, stood down in 1993, after two terms. He was replaced by the SDP candidate, former senior UN official Martti Ahtisaari. He was succeeded in turn by another Social Democrat, Tarja Halonen – the first woman to hold the post – at the beginning of 2000. The SDP has also dominated successive coalition governments. Paavo Lipponen, the leader of the SDP, assumed the post of Prime Minister following the general election of March 1995. Lipponen survived the 1999 general election, and finally ceded office following the most recent poll in March 2003. This was won by the Centre Party, whose leader Anneli Jaatteenmaki took over as premier, although the Social Democrats were brought into the new coalition government along with the Swedish People’s party, which represents Finland’s ethnic Swedish population. Jaatteenmaki’s tenure was short-lived. Brought down by a political scandal, he was replaced in June 2003 by Martti Vanhanen. Government: The constitution allows for a President, who is Head of State, and a single-chamber Assembly, the Eduskunta. The President is elected by direct popular vote for a term of six years, while the 200-strong Parliament is elected every four years.

57. Medieval Castles In Finland Beautiful photographs from Virtual finland, with readable history by Dr. Carl Jacob Gardberg, State archaeologist. http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/castles.html

Mainpage NewsRoom Site Map Contact us About this site Search: Articles General information National symbols History International relations Way of life Famous Finns Picturebook Events in Finland Travel information Medieval Castles in Finland Written for Virtual Finland by Dr. Carl Jacob Gardberg, State archeologist Olavinlinna Castle In Finnish history, the prehistoric era is generally considered to end and the Middle Ages to begin in the 1150s, when, according to a Swedish chronicle, King Erik of Sweden and English-born Bishop Henry undertook a crusade to the southwestern parts of Finland. The chronicle's claim that the Bishop 'baptized' the Finns has later been modified. Archaeological finds have shown that Christianity had reached the Finns as early as the eleventh century, and the main purpose of the crusade was thus to establish Swedish dominion in Finland and organize a bishopric there. Helmi Hämeenlinna, painting by

58. UBS - Global Asset Management - Finland - History finland, our business. Review the history of UBS on our corporate website.Learn more about our organization, products and services. http://www.ubs.com/e/globalam/emea/finland/about/history.html

document.write(UBS_getContentImage('')); Home Service Finder Contact eng swe fin UBS Funds Fund Gate ... Organization structure History Investment Philosophy Investment Process Clients Client Services ... About UBS Global AM History The separate asset management business group was formed after the merger of Union Bank of Switzerland and the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1998. Review the history of UBS on our corporate website Products and services in these webpages may not be available for residents of certain nations. Please consult the sales restrictions relating to the service in question for further information.

59. Finland - History For much of its history, finland had been a poor country, but in the postwarera it gradually become one of the world s most prosperous. http://countrystudies.us/finland/3.htm

History Finland Table of Contents FINLAND HAS BEEN THE SITE of human habitation since the last ice age ended 10,000 years ago. When the first Swedish-speaking settlers arrived in the ninth century, the country was home to people speaking languages belonging to the distinctive Finno- Ugric linguistic group, unrelated to the more prevalent Indo- European language family. The first dates in Finnish history are connected with the Swedish crusade of the 1150s that, according to legend, aimed at conquering the "heathen" Finns and converting them to Christianity. There was, however, no Swedish conquest of Finland. The bodies of water that lay between Finland and Sweden, rather than making them enemies or separating them, brought them together. Trade and settlement between the two areas intensified, and a political entity, the dual kingdom of Sweden-Finland, gradually evolved. During the seven centuries of Swedish rule, Finland was brought more and more into the kingdom's administrative system. Finland's ruling elite, invariably drawn from the country's Swedish-speaking inhabitants, traveled to Stockholm to participate in the Diet of the Four Estates and to help manage the kingdom's affairs. Swedish became the language of law and commerce in Finland; Finnish was spoken by the peasantry living away from the coasts. The clergy (Lutheran after the Protestant Reformation), who needed to communicate with their parishioners, were the only members of the educated classes likely to know Finnish well.

60. Introduction: Finland, Basic Facts (the S.c.nordic FAQ) Lots of information about finland, Finnish, its history, language etc. http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq41.html#index

The home pages for the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.nordic [ This page was initially edited in a version suitable to get printed [ Check if Lysator's faster www-server is up and running? ] Finland Introduction: Finland, basic facts Index Fact Sheet General information Geography, climate, vegetation ... Acknowledgements marks sections intended to be extended ) marks sections not yet written ) The faq consists of the following parts: Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Miscellaneous topics on Norden Part 3: Denmark Part 4: Finland Part 5: Iceland Part 6: Norway Part 7: Sweden Appendix: Related texts Appendix: archived texts Lakes and birches are common in Finland Subject: 4.1 Fact Sheet Name: Suomen Tasavalta / Republiken Finland [ Fi / Sw ] Telephone country code: Area: 338,127 km² / 130,125 sq mi Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills; fjells and some mountains in the extreme northwest Highest mountain: Haltiatunturi (1,328 m). Natural resources: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver Land boundaries: Russia, Sweden, Norway

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