1. Eritrea citations to monographs, essays, newspaper articles and official documents on thehistory, politics, and the culture of eritrea as well as the Horn of africa. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/eritrea.html

Countries : Eritrea Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Eritrea News Against All Odds. African Languages and Literatures into the 21st Century, Asmara, Eritrea, January 11-17, 2000 AISI Connect Online Database. Information and Communication Infrastructure in Africa - Eritrea Good source for facts about information and telecommunications in Eritrea, internet service providers . http://paradigm.wn.apc.org/africa/countdet.CFM?countriesISO_Code=ER Asmarino In English and Tigrinya. Eritrea history, geography, etc., articles on Eritrea, embassies and visa information, directories of ministries and government bodies, full text of a Feb. 2000 report, " Eritrea, The New Frontier in Northeast Africa " by Glenn M. Gomez, Gary Jones, Aron Kiebreab, Sharon Y. Sharp, Vicky C. Stiles for the University of Phoenix MBA Program, community events (mainly in the U.S.), Radio Asmarino (with audio files), discussion forum, links to related sites, shopping mall (books, music, Tigrinia tutorial on CD). Based in Cerritos, California. [KF] http://asmarino.com/ Awate News on Eritrea, historical profiles, interviews with prominent Eritreans, articles, photos of martyrs of the Eritrean Struggle for independence, announcements. Site administered by Gadi Enterprises, San Jose, CA. http://www.awate.com/

2. Atlas - Eritrea Map Including map and overview of history, culture, economy and currency. http://atlas.freegk.com/world/africa/eritrea/eritrea.php

Introduction People History Culture ... Disputes Eritrea Introduction Back to Top Eritrea, independent state in Africa, bordered on the east by the Red Sea, on the south-east by Djibouti, on the south and west by Ethiopia, and on the north and north-west by Sudan. Formerly under Italian control, Eritrea was taken over by Britain during World War II and was a British protectorate from 1941 until 1952, when it was federated with Ethiopia. The creation of an Ethiopian unitary state in 1962, in which Eritrea was incorporated as a province, helped to provoke a long war of liberation that culminated in Eritrean independence in 1993. Eritrea has an area of 121,144 sq km (46,774 sq mi). Asmera is the capital and largest city. Official Name- State of Eritrea Capital City- Asmara Languages- Arabic, Tigrinya and other dialects Official Currency -Nafka Religions- Christian, Muslim, others Population -3,901,000 Land Area -93,680 sq km (36,170 sq miles) Eritrea Provinces Back to Top 8 provinces (singular - awraja); Akale Guzay, Barka, Denkel, Hamasen, Sahil, Semhar, Senhit, Seraye In May 1995 the National Assembly adopted a resolution stating that the administrative structure of Eritrea, which had been established by former colonial powers, would consist of only six provinces when the new constitution, then being drafted, became effective in 1997; the new provinces, the names of which had not been recommended by the US Board on Geographic Names for recognition by the US Government, pending acceptable definition of the boundaries, were: Anseba, Debub, Debubawi Keyih Bahri, Gash-Barka, Maakel, and Semanawi Keyih Bahri; more recently, it has been reported that these provinces have been redesignated regions and renamed Southern Red Sea, Northern Red Sea, Anseba, Gash-Barka, Southern, and Central

3. The ACG Eritrea Page Government of eritrea Homepage. The eritrean Edition Quarterly Magazine. eritrea News provided eritrea FAQ from Soc.culture.africa. Characteristics From the EIC Page. eritrea at UPenn http://www.abyssiniacybergateway.net/eritrea

(Eritrea) Page Net Culture Travel Archives ... Top Links Into The Virtual Community EDIN - Eritrea Development and Information Network the Dehai Homepage The Eritrean Youth Newsletter Homepage! University of Asmara Homepage Mailing Lists Eritrean Communities Online Eritrean IRC Club ... Asmarino News and Info Sites and Services Government of Eritrea Homepage The Eritrean Edition Quarterly Magazine Eritrea News provided by Tedros Eritrea Profile Back Issues Eritrea Information Center Eritrea FAQ from Dehai Eritrea FAQ from Soc.Culture.Africa Characteristics From the EIC Page Eritrea at UPenn Eritrea: "Official Documents" at UPENN Eritrea in The CIA 1994 Fact Book Eritrea News at UI's Center For African Studies Lycos Eritrea Search Visafric Production (Border Conflict News) Info From and On NGO's In Eritrea Eritrea at Horn Information Exchange Eritrea Country Profile by USAID Eritrea at the Red Cross Eritrea at Model League of Arab States Art Poetry ... Top Art and Images Eritrea Multimedia Exibit Eritrean Artists Homepage Tedros Tecle Has New GIFs!! Poetry Tigrigna Poetry provided by Daniel Haile Poetry Abraham Afewerki Religion Churches Sports Soccer!

4. Eritrea Vacation Guide: Romantic Eritrea Vacations, Eritrea Safaries eritrea Overview eritrea History eritrea culture eritrea Geography Info eritreaVacation Planner eritrea Luxury Cruise Luxury Safari s and Tours of africa. http://www.travelwizard.com/africa/Eritrea_Culture.html

Site Index Africa Luxury Vacations: Call 1-415-662-2683 to book. Open every day! Places in Africa Algeria Angola Benin ... Zimbabwe Eritrea: Culture Population: 4,135,933 (July 2000 est.) Nationality: noun: Eritrean(s) adjective: Eritrean Ethnic groups: ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) 3% Religions: Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant Languages: Afar, Amharic, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages Literacy: definition: NA total population: 25% male: NA% female: NA% Eritrea Overview Eritrea History Eritrea Culture Eritrea Geography ... Africa Tour Vacation Packages Submit Free, Full Service Africa Vacation Planner Here Click here to save money, time and stress planning, making reservations, or booking your Africa vacation with our full service Virtuoso Travel Consultants We are recommended, authorized Virtuoso Africa Travel Consultants, and will arrange every little detail to make sure you have a wonderful, carefree vacation experience at no extra charge! You may call our Africa Travel Consultants, but first- we'd really appreciate it if you complete our

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6. Eritrea/Society And Culture : Africa Sites Sponsor Best africa Travel Packages Deals. Home eritrea Society and culture. Links British Council eritrea. Information on facilities and programs. http://www.africa-sites.com/Eritrea/Society_and_Culture

Search Us! the entire directory only this category More search options Home Link To Us Add a link ... Search Sponsor: Home Eritrea : Society and Culture Links Amharic Discussion of this family of languages and of its history. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It British Council : Eritrea Information on facilities and programs. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Daniel's WWW page Includes images of the country, links and AIFF files of Tigrigna songs. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Eritrea, Ethiopia, war and famine A history of the country's move to independence. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Ethnologue: Eritrea A summary of the languages spoken in each area of the country. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Hafash Eritrean politics: news and documents. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Homepage of Mebrat Tzehaie Includes images, a photograph taken from space and a lot of information about the country. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Sha'bia Personal homepage of a Belgian-Italian Eritrean. Personal information and a few links. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Tedros Tecle Homepage with Eritrean links and photographs of the country.

7. Eritrea -- Culture Overview eritrea culture Overview. eritrea was under the rule of the AksumiteEmpire beginning in the fourth century AD Christianity was http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Eritrea/culture.htm

Eritrea - Culture Overview Eritrea was under the rule of the Aksumite Empire beginning in the fourth century A.D. Christianity was introduced in the highland region of the country at around that time, and the Muslim faith was popularized in the lowlands about 300 years later, sparking conflicts between the two groups over religious differences. Eritrea was the target of a number of invasions by foreign powers as a result of its strategic coastal location along the Red Sea. Over the centuries, Eritrea fell to the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Italy, Ethiopia, and eventually came under British control before gaining independence in 1993. The inhabitants of Eritrea comprise nine major language groups, including the Tigrinya, who reside in the south central region, the Tigre, who live in the north, and the Afar, who reside in the southeastern part of Eritrea. The remaining ethnic groups are the Saho, in the south central and southeastern region; the Hedareb in the northwest; the Bilien in the central section; the Rashaida, who inhabit the northwest; and the Kunama and Nara, who make their homes in the southwest part of the country. Eritrea has no official language, but Tigrinya and Arabic are used in official government settings. Tigre is also spoken by a large number of inhabitants in the western part of the country. Most Eritreans are adherents of the Christian and Muslim religions, with smaller minorities embracing animism. The capital city, Asmara, derives its name from "Arbate Asmara," meaning "they (feminine) united the four." According to legend, the people of four neighboring villages were feuding with one another until the women from each of the villages collaborated on a plan to resolve the long-standing conflicts, eventually uniting the four villages as one. The architectural style of Asmara is mostly Italian, reflecting the nation's status as an Italian colony from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Other cities, including Agordet, feature examples of Turkish and Egyptian architectural styles, indicative of Eritrea's dominance by the Ottoman Empire and Egypt in the 16th and 19th centuries, respectively. Traditional handicrafts and art forms practiced by the Eritrean people include woodcarving, pottery-making, weaving baskets and textiles, fashioning leather goods, and making silver and gold jewelry.

8. AllAfrica.com Arts, Culture And Entertainment allafrica african news and information for a global audience Egypt. Equatorial Guinea. eritrea. Ethiopia. Gabon. Gambia. Ghana Sierra Leone. Somalia. South africa. Sudan. Swaziland. São Tomé http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.allafrica.com/arts/&y=022A282C40

9. Eritrea - African Culture Jeanne Daigle is BellaOnline s african culture Host. eritrea. Facts on eritrea Oneof africa´s eastern countries, eritrea, gained independence from Ethiopia in http://www.bellaonline.com/subjects/5726.asp

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10. Omniseek /Open Directory /Regional /Africa /Eritrea / http//www.sjsu.edu/depts/EnvStudies/ general%20info/karinacv.html) eritrea - culture and Nature http//www.southern-africa.com/eritrea/ culture.htm) Official Athletic Site, University http://www.omniseek.com/srch/{6016}

11. Eritrea Culture | Lonely Planet World Guide eritrea culture. The nearly 4.5 million people of eritrea, a thirdof which are nomadic or seminomadic, are ethnically divided into http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/eritrea/culture.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Eritrea Culture The nearly 4.5 million people of Eritrea, a third of which are nomadic or semi-nomadic, are ethnically divided into nine groups: Tigrinya (the largest group), Afar, Bilen, Hedareb, Kunama, Nara, Rashaida, Saho and Tigr©. Only 20% of the population reside in urban areas and, most depressingly in terms of statistics, a paltry 13% have access to sanitation and waste disposal. Though much has been done domestically to recognise women's rights, the country still has a rigid conservative core which has yet to fully acknowledge the full equality of both genders. Tigrinya is spoken mainly in the highlands, while Arabic has entrenched itself along the coast and the Sudanese border, and English is primarily the language of the urbane. In other areas, the dominant language depends on the dominant ethnic group, each of which have their own native tongue. Amharic, which Ethiopia tried to institute as the language of non-choice in the 1950s, is still widely spoken around the country. Both Christianity and Islam vie for religious supremacy in Eritrea, with neither one a clear winner. The Christians are primarily Orthodox, with small numbers of Roman Catholics and Protestants; the Muslims are primarily Sunnis, with a small Sufi minority. Eritreans like to dance, particularly when confronted with a new birth or marriage and during cultural and religious festivals. They also like to play traditional instruments such as the stringed

12. Africa Directory: Eritrea africa Directory eritrea, including news and media, society and culture, health, travel and tourism, education, localities, recreation and sports, maps and views, guides and directories, CIA Factbook eritrea - http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/ factbook .com/world/africa/eritrea/eritrea.php. Including map and overview of history, culture, economy and currency http://africa.us/directory/Top/Regional/Africa/Eritrea/25798

Africa Directory Africa.us Eritrea Homes Top Regional Africa Eritrea CATEGORIES Arts and Entertainment Business and Economy Education Government ... Travel and Tourism LINKS CIA Factbook - Eritrea http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/er.html Features map and brief descriptions of geography, economy, government, and people. FreeGK.com : Eritrea http://atlas.freegk.com/world/africa/eritrea/eritrea.php Including map and overview of history, culture, economy and currency. Our Story Of Eritrea http://home.wxs.nl/~hans.mebrat/ Provides history plus information on politics, languages, cuisine, people, climate, religions and economy. FOC Country Profile - Eritrea Notes on geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. BBC Country Profile: Eritrea http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm Includes an overview of the country and sections on its politics and media. World: Espa±ol > Pa­ses > frica > Eritrea Italiano > Regionale > Africa > Eritrea Deutsch > Regional > Afrika > Eritrea More... ... Open Directory Modified by Gogog Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor Privacy Notice ... Contact Us

13. Bicycle Africa: East Africa Tours: Ethiopia, Eritrea Cultural, Educational, Adve countryside by bike, Bicycle africa offers the Ethiopia and eritrea are mélangesof industrious cities populations that reflect traditional culture and values http://www.ibike.org/bikeafrica/horn.htm

Bicycle Africa Horn of Africa Programs Ethiopia, Eritrea ETHIOPIA / ERITREA BY BICYCLE For those looking for the challenge and adventure of a lifetime and want to explore some of Africa's most rugged and spectacular countryside by bike, Bicycle Africa offers the world's only scheduled bicycle tour of Ethiopia and Eritrea . Participants will be exhilarated by the rich cultural; 4000 years of history; thriving agricultural; and geographical and environmental diversity of the country. Ethiopia and Eritrea are mélanges of industrious cities and vast rural populations that reflect traditional culture and values. Program participants will have opportunities to meet rural villagers, craftsmen, educators and officials; to learn about the day-to-day life and the changing role of women; to shop in local markets; to wander in archeological sites of empires and kingdoms dating back many centuries and to enjoy the extraordinary friendliness of the people and inspirational beauty of the Abysinnian highlands. This awe-inspiring corner of Africa is virtually undiscovered by Westerners. HORN OF AFRICA: IMPERIAL HIGHLANDS There is a relationship between Ethiopia/Eritrea’s dramatic topography and its historic ability to thwart outside conquest. The one element that succeeded in crossing the mountains and canyon was religion. Ethiopia/Eritrea’s story includes chapters on Judaism, Christianity and Islam, as well as numerous indigenous religions. Many Ethiopians/Eritreans pride themselves on not being “African” or “Arab”. They are uniquely Ethiopian and Eritrean. Attesting to its uniqueness is distinctive and delicious cuisine, elegant clothing styles and ceremonies and pageantry all its own.

14. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti Travel Guide And Bicycle Touring Guide want to explore some of africa s most rugged Ethiopia and eritrea are mélanges ofgrand modern rural populations that reflect traditional culture and values. http://www.ibike.org/africaguide/horn.htm

Eritrea / Ethiopia / Djibouti / Somalia: Bicycle Tour Travel Guide by David Mozer [An introduction and overview to travel in Africa is available by clicking here. If you are look for a bicycle tour to this country, this link might help you.] The information below may have been extracted from a more comprehensive " Country Supplement " to the book " Bicycling In Africa ". For information on these publications click on the links. For those looking for the challenge and adventure of a lifetime and want to explore some of Africa's most rugged and spectacular countryside by bike, Ethiopia and Eritrea should be a top consideration. Visitors are exhilarated by the rich cultural; 3000 years of history; thriving agricultural; and geographical and environmental diversity of the country. Ethiopia and Eritrea are mélanges of grand modern cities and vast rural populations that reflect traditional culture and values. Bicycle travelers have the opportunities to meet rural villagers, craftsmen, educators and officials; to learn about the day-to-day life and the changing role of women; to shop in local markets; to wander in archeological sites of empires and kingdoms dating back many centuries and to enjoy the extraordinary friendliness of the people and inspirational beauty of the Abyssinian highlands. This awe-inspiring corner of Africa is virtually undiscovered by Westerners. Mostly the Horn of Africa is a region with truly wonderful people who generously offer warm a welcome, gracious hospitality, and unconditional aid and assistance. (Sometimes it is difficult to buy you own meal, even if your resources are many times those of your host.)

15. MapZones.com Culture eritrea Maps. eritrea culture. eritrea History. eritrea Economy. eritrea Politics.eritrea Provinces. eritrea Time and Date. eritrea, culture, Back to Top. http://www.mapzones.com/world/africa/eritrea/cultureindex.php

Country Info Eritrea Introduction Eritrea General Data Eritrea Maps Eritrea Culture ... Eritrea Time and Date Eritrea Culture Back to Top Albania Maps Andorra Maps Armenia Maps ... Travel Forum Write your own experience on Europe Travel includes each countries and cities, map, car rental, airfare, attractions, and hotels. Europe Travel Guide Asia Travel Guide Africa Travel Guide Middle East Travel Guide ... mailto:info@mapzones.com?subject=Mail from HomePage

16. Eritrea | Society And Culture | - Warm Africa Directory Ethnologue eritrea A summary of the languages spoken in eritrean society, history,politics, economy, technology, culture, languages, and Inside Warm africa. http://www.warmafrica.com/directory/index.php/Regional/Africa/Eritrea/Society_an

AFRICA E-Village Search: search the entire directory search this category only var sc_project=220728; Top Regional Africa Eritrea ... Amharic - Discussion of this family of languages and of its history. British Council : Eritrea - Information on facilities and programs. Daniel's WWW page - Includes images of the country, links and AIFF files of Tigrigna songs. Eritrea, Ethiopia, war and famine - A history of the country's move to independence. Ethnologue: Eritrea - A summary of the languages spoken in each area of the country. Hafash - Eritrean politics: news and documents. Homepage of Mebrat Tzehaie - Includes images, a photograph taken from space and a lot of information about the country. Sha'bia - Personal homepage of a Belgian-Italian Eritrean. Personal information and a few links. Tedros Tecle - Homepage with Eritrean links and photographs of the country. Zemen - Discussing and exchanging information on Eritrean society, history, politics, economy, technology, culture, languages, and current affairs. Chat forum for members only. Inside Warm Africa Select Location All Africa North Africa Southern Africa West Africa South Africa Morocco Egypt kenya East Africa Libya Senegal Zimbabwe Tanzania Mali Topic general travel culture sports economy Action HOME Forum Guide Search Archives Locate forums, news, headlines and more...

17. Eritrea | - Warm Africa Directory eritrea Including map and overview of history, culture, economy and Our Story oferitrea - Provides history plus information on politics Inside Warm africa. http://www.warmafrica.com/directory/index.php/Regional/Africa/Eritrea/

AFRICA E-Village Search: search the entire directory search this category only var sc_project=220728; Top Regional Africa Eritrea ... Travel and Tourism This category in other languages: Czech Danish French German ... BBC Country Profile: Eritrea - Includes an overview of the country and sections on its politics and media. CIA Factbook - Eritrea - Features map and brief descriptions of geography, economy, government, and people. FOC Country Profile - Eritrea - Notes on geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. FreeGK.com : Eritrea - Including map and overview of history, culture, economy and currency. Our Story of Eritrea - Provides history plus information on politics, languages, cuisine, people, climate, religions and economy. Inside Warm Africa Select Location All Africa North Africa Southern Africa West Africa South Africa Morocco Egypt kenya East Africa Libya Senegal Zimbabwe Tanzania Mali Topic general travel culture sports economy Action HOME Forum Guide Search Archives Locate forums, news, headlines and more... Countries: South Africa Morocco Egypt kenya ... Mali Regions All Africa North Africa Southern Africa West Africa ... WEATHER Related Books Lonely Planet Ethiopia Eritrea and Djibouti (Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit) Pertti Hamalainen - Frances Linzee Gordon Eritrea and Ethiopia: The Federal Experience Tekeste Negash Trouble Jane Kurtz - Durga Bernhard More from Amazon Africa Web Directory Africa Map Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web.

18. Eritrea Africa Regional English atlas.freegk.com/world/africa/eritrea/eritrea.php Regional africa eritrea. Includingmap and overview of history ( FreeGK.com eritrea ) culture, economy and http://www.interactiva.org/Dir/I/English/Regional/Africa/Eritrea/

www.interactiva.org English Deutsch Espa±ol ... Eritrea Eritrea : Regional Africa Eritrea: Localities Arts and Entertainment Business and Economy Education ... news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm Regional Africa Eritrea. Includes an overview of the country and sections on its politics and media. FOC Country Profile - Eritrea Regional Africa Eritrea. Notes on geography ( FOC Country Profile - Eritrea ) history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. FreeGK.com : Eritrea atlas.freegk.com/world/africa/eritrea/eritrea.php Regional Africa Eritrea. Including map and overview of history ( FreeGK.com : Eritrea ) culture, economy and currency. CIA Factbook - Eritrea www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/er.html Regional Africa Eritrea. Features map and brief descriptions of geography ( CIA Factbook - Eritrea ) economy, government, and people. Our Story of Eritrea home.wxs.nl/~hans.mebrat/ Regional Africa Eritrea. Provides history plus information on politics ( Our Story of Eritrea ) languages, cuisine, people, climate, religions and economy. Africa Online www.africaonline.com/

19. Travel In Asmara - Eritrea - Africa - Culture - WorldTravelGate.net®- Asmara culture. eritrea with Asmara as capital city is one of the newest andmost promising nations in africa - and contains remnants of some of its http://www.africatravelling.net/eritrea/asmara/asmara_culture.htm

Asmara - Culture Asmara, also Asmera, capital and largest city of Eritrea, located near the Red Sea port of Massawa. Industries include tanning, lumber and flour milling, vegetable processing, and the manufacture of perfumes, glass, cement, bricks, and buttons. A hydroelectric plant and gold and copper mines are nearby. A technical and professional school is located in the city. Asmara succeeded Massawa as the capital of Eritrea in 1900, when Eritrea was an Italian colony. Asmara is in Hamasien province, about 7,000 feet above sea level. It has a pleasant climate throughout the year. Eritrea with Asmara as capital city is one of the newest and most promising nations in Africa - and contains remnants of some of its oldest civilizations. One of the earliest known references to Eritrea is from Aeschylus (Fragment 67) in which he refers to the "Mare Erythreum" (Red Sea) as "the lake that is the jewel of Ethiopia." Eritrea recently fought and won one of the longest wars in the world. After thirty years of bitter strugle, Eritrea achieve total independence and the right to self-determination. The Eritrean people acheived their goals in 1991 in a stunning defeat of the occupying Ethiopian forces which also helped liberate Ethiopia from the Soviet-backed Dergue (Menguistu Hailemariam) regime. That sunset, along Pantai Asmara (Lovers' Beach) a group of people was chatting under the shelter of the tree. The afternoon sun scattered its red glow over the quiet beach scenery. The light that sneaked in between the leaves added to the beauty of this natural beach scenery. Asmara Beach is located about 3 kilometers east of Kupang City. Its location is quite strategic and easily accessible by anyone, without transportation difficulties. To visit the beach, we can use city transportation those heading to Perumnas (housing estate), Walikota (City Hall), Tarus, or Penfui. These four routes will all pass Asmara Beach. Hence, it will be easy for those having no private transportation.

20. Travel In Massawa - Eritrea - Africa - Culture - WorldTravelGate.net®- role, as an important historical and cultural site, as potential centre for the developmentof eritrea s tourist trade Red Sea and the inland African highlands. http://www.africatravelling.net/eritrea/massawa/massawa_culture.htm

Massawa - Culture T he road from Asmara to Massawa in Semhar province offers many scenic panoramas along its twists and turns. You can see Debre Bizen, the famous Orthodox monastery, from the road. You will pass through the town of Ghinda and a major citrus fruit production area. Massawa became an urban center in ancient times. It is the largest natural deep water port on the Red Sea. If Asmara is an "Italian" city, Massawa is a Turk-Egyptian one. The city is divided into three parts: Batsa, Twalet, and the mainland or Idaga. The old town and port are on the island of Batsa. This is joined to Twalet by a causeway. Another causeway connects Twalet to the mainland. Twalet Island is to a greater extent a mixture of Turk-Egyptian and Italian architecture. The Ghibi or palace is near the causeway to Batsa. The foundations are from the 1500's but the building has been restored numerous times since then. It was badly damaged during the independence struggle and is in need of restoration again. The Port Club is open to the general public. The complex includes a restaurant with both indoor and outdoor seating, a small library and museum, and some sports facilities. The airport and the main market are on the mainland directly across the Twalet causeway. Beyond the airport at Hitumlo is the tomb of Hashim el Mirgani. North of the causeway is an industrial area. The salt flats and the cement factory are located here. Gergussum beach to the north of Massawa on the mainland offers lots of white sand and warm water for sunbathing and swimming. At nearby Emberemi are the tombs of Sheikh el Amin and Muhammad ibn Ali, both major pilgrimage sites. At Emkulu there is a monument under construction for the EPLF fighters who died on the Salina salt flats in the 1977-78 battle for Massawa.

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