81. Oliver Cromwell oliver cromwell (15991658). Soldier and statesman, hero of the english civil Wars(1642-48) and head of government during the Commonwealth and Protectorate http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/oliver_cromwell.htm

Home Parent Page Oliver Cromwell Suggested Further Reading: The Century of Revolution - 1603 -1714 A Plain Man's Guide to the Glorious Revolution 1688 Hill Howarth Civil War Cromwell Young Cromwell - Our Chief of Men Antonia Fraser Cromwell's Master Spy - A Study of John Thurloe Hobman The English Revolution - an Introduction to English History 1603 -1714 I. Deane Jones M.A. England During the Interregnum (1642 - 1660) Margaret James and Maureen Weinstock Home Parent Page How to Use This Site News ... Ferdinand(o) Forums

82. Cromwell Association was founded in 1935 to commemorate oliver cromwell and to to encourage the study ofcromwell and the the period, which includes the civil war, the Commonwealth http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibitions/Cromwell/assoc.htm

WHAT IS THE CROMWELL ASSOCIATION The Association was founded in 1935 to commemorate Oliver Cromwell and to stimulate interest in Cromwell and the general history of the British Isles and dependent territories from his birth to the time of the Restoration. In addition we aim to encourage the study of Cromwell and the wider history of the period, which includes the Civil War, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. We achieve these aims by a variety of activities, including: commissioning plaques, panels and monuments at sites throughout the country which are important to the period holding meetings, including a memorial service on Cromwell day publishing news and information about the period maintaining a reference library for members' use providing advice to television, radio and the press on all matters relating to the period awarding prizes to schoolchildren and students for essays and artwork associated with this period WHAT DOES THE ASSOCIATION DO? We hold two regular meetings each year - firstly, an Annual General Meeting in April at which there is a guest speaker, plus a visit to local sites associated with Cromwell or the Civil War

83. BBC - History - Oliver Cromwell in bringing Charles I to trial and execution, and was a key figure during the civilwar. oliver cromwell rose from the middle ranks of english society to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/monarchs_leaders/cromwell_01.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index WEDNESDAY 9th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Oliver Cromwell By Professor John Morrill Oliver Cromwell played a leading role in bringing Charles I to trial and execution, and was a key figure during the civil war. Why does he remain one of the country's most controversial public figures? Page 1 of 6 1. A unique leader 2. Member of Parliament (1640 - 1649) 3. Soldier (1642 - 1651) 4. Statesman (1651 - 1658) ... Print entire article A unique leader Oliver Cromwell rose from the middle ranks of English society to be Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, the only non-royal ever to hold that position. He played a leading role in bringing Charles I to trial and to execution; he undertook the most complete and the most brutal military conquest ever undertaken by the English over their neighbours; he championed a degree of religious freedom otherwise unknown in England before the last one hundred years; but the experiment he led collapsed within two years of his death, and his corpse dangled from a gibbet at Tyburn. He was - and remains - one of the most contentious figures in world history 'Cromwell had been converted to a strong puritan faith' Oliver Cromwell was born on 25 April 1599 in Huntingdon. His ancestors had benefited from the power of a distant relative, Thomas Cromwell, who secured them former monastic lands in 1538-9. Cromwell's grandfather built an elegant house on the outskirts of Huntingdon and regularly entertained King James (the hunting was good in Huntingdon) and other prominent courtiers. But Cromwell's father was a younger son who only inherited a small part of the family fortune and he was brought up in a modest town house. Burdened by debt and a decline in his fortunes, he sold up in 1630, and took a lease on a farm a few miles away, in St Ives. It would appear that in 1634 Cromwell attempted to emigrate to Connecticut in America, but was prevented by the government from leaving.

84. HWC, English Civil War english civil war Table of Contents. The Long Parliament; civil war;war with the King; Marston Moor; The New Model Army; Final Victory; http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/english/

English Civil War - Table of Contents Page Introduction Background to the Conflict Charles I Religion and the Scottish Question ... Supplemental Readings and Resources History of Western Civilization by Dr. E.L. Skip Knox Boise State University Last revised 3 November 1995

85. Oliver Cromwell - Cromwelliana - The Journal Of The Cromwell Association cromwellian Britain Widecombein-the-Moor, Devon. 1999, Cavalry of the EnglishCivil war oliver cromwell - Kingship and the Humble Petition and Advice. http://www.olivercromwell.org/cromwelliana.htm

Home Past editions of Cromwelliana are may be purchased from the association. Click here for an order form (pdf format) Cromwelliana - The journal of the Cromwell Association ‘Cromwelliana’ is an annual journal of civil war and Cromwellian studies published by the Cromwell Association. It contains articles, papers, book reviews, and a bibliography of publications produced during the preceding year. An ongoing contribution is that of ‘Cromwellian Britain’ which focuses each year on a town in the UK. Cromwelliana is published in July each year. Current and back issues are available at £7-50 per copy (£4 for members) and can be obtained by sending for an order form at : mail@olivercromwell.org Selected contents of the past 10 issues Did the Civil War and its aftermath offer any lasting new opportunities for women? What were the social and economic impacts of the English Civil War on Catholics between 1642-48?Religious conflict and the Bermuda Islands in the mid-seventeenth century Cromwellian Britain: Bridgwater, Somerset

86. The English Civil Wars - The New Model Army Title page of the Soldier s Catechism. In the closing stages of 1644, oliver Cromwellrealised that the existing parliamentary armies were less than ideal. http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/history/nma.html

The New Model Army I n the closing stages of 1644, Oliver Cromwell realised that the existing parliamentary armies were less than ideal. Using his influence in parliament, he proposed the Self-Denying Ordinance. This stated that any member of the House of Commons or the House of Lords holding a military commission should resign it. This was intended to remove the aristocratic leaders, such as the Earl of Essex , and the Earl of Manchester , from the armies, allowing true military leaders to take their place. In addition to this, the armies were to be combined and reorganised into the "New Model". The personal regiments would be split up and pay standardised. Food and provisions of clothing would be guaranteed to all in order to encourage soldiers to agree to the changes. The "Soldier's Catechism" was drawn up, which laid down rules and regulations, as well as correct drill procedures, in order that the soldiers would know what was expected of them. This army was proposed in February 1645, and began to come into being in April 1645. Conscription was necessary to make up the numbers envisaged, although this was for a small percentage of the army. Significantly, the phrase "the protection of his Majesty's person" was not included in the description of the task of this army, although "the defence of the King and Parliament" remained.

87. Cromwell, Oliver. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 holding together the gains of the civil wars and the and representing a break in Englishinstitutions and the writings and speeches of oliver cromwell (ed. by http://www.bartleby.com/65/cr/CromwellO.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Cromwell, Oliver

88. English Civil War Resources At Questia - The Online Library Of english civil war. Questia. The World s Largest Online Library. QuestiaSubscribers Say Primary Content. english civil war. Welcome http://www.questia.com/popularSearches/english_civil_war.jsp

89. Jackson Gamers English Civil War Game Increasing friction between the english crown and Parliament flared In the civil war,sometimes called the Great Rebellion The war entered a new phase when the http://www.angelfire.com/games3/jacksongamer/ecwgame01.htm

Jackson Gamers' English Civil War game Fairfax at Bay The parliamentary right wing This is the extreme right wing, anchored by a windmill surrounded by a stone wall that could have been occupied as a bastion. It was not so occupied, the right wing commander (Ed Sansing) putting his trust in his regiments of foot in the open. This game was fought with our ECW rules set and our "club" 15 armies. The Parlimentary Left wing This wing was anchored on a stream, unfortunately, a fordable stream. Jay Stribling commanded the Roundhead left, as well as being the game-master. A lesser man might have found this to be a conflict of interest, but Stribling carried it off nobly! (Stribling is also writing this prose.) Robert Whitfield A notorious Royalist commander. Ed Sansing Commander of the Parliamentary Left, adjusting troops. Parlimentary Players' victory conditions: Hold the enemy, don't let them get around you. Prevent the enemy from Exiting any cavalry force in your rear. Hold the high ground to your rear A few historical notes on the English Civil War English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 165I. Increasing friction between the English crown and Parliament flared into open warfare in1642. In the civil war, sometimes called the "Great Rebellion" King Charles I was supported by the episcopacy, while the Presbyterians and reformers took the side of Parliament.

90. The Royston Crow the almost incredible beheading of an english monarch. most of the period of the CivilWar and Protectorate oliver cromwell s history was not that of a peasant http://www.royston-crow.co.uk/man/features/Cromwell/asp/cromwell.asp

Home News Sport Business ... Search Advertise: Newspaper Internet Leaflets Subscribe ... Wisbech Standard FEATURES Few Englishmen have made more impact on the nation. Oliver Cromwell was a man of Huntingdon - born April 25, 1599. Cavaliers and roundheads - the part of English history we all remember something about. The romance, the battles, and the almost incredible beheading of an English monarch. Cromwell home page Key dates Cromwell quotes Who said what ... Cromwell links But how much do we know about the man who for most of the period of the Civil War and Protectorate stood at the pinnacle of power in England? Oliver Cromwell's history was not that of a peasant born to rebel against the upper classes. He was the son of a knight, well-educated at his local grammar school in Huntingdon and at university in Cambridge, a lawyer, businessman-farmer and MP.

91. ORB: The Online Reference Book For Medieval Studies The english civil war. compromise with the king in order to bring the civil war toan seizing the estates of their enemies to finance the war effort, creating http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/englishwar.html

Encyclopedia Library Reference Teaching ... HOME The English Civil War Background to the Conflict James VI of Scotland became James I of England. James was an autocratic king, a believer in divine right, and was innately suspicious of Parliament. He came from Scotland where he'd been overshadowed and, he felt, bullied. He came to England determined to be a true king. He was well-educated and was at first well-recieved. Soon enough, however, He offended Parliament with his autocratic behavior. Parliament protested, but James usually mollifed and temporized, and managed to avoid serious crises. James' maneuvering merely delayed a confrontation. After he died in 1625, the members of Parliament were determined to assert their claims. But they met with a new king who was every bit as autocratic as the old one. Charles I (1625-1649) Charles managed to do just about everything wrong, even when it wasn't his fault. For example, his father arranged a marriage with a French princess. Because she was both French and Catholic, she was instantly despised by the Parliamentary party. Moreover, Charles began to rely increasingly on French advisors at court, worsening the situation. Charles was a failure in war with Spain, his ministers were widely hated, and He was even more arrogant with Parliament than his father had been, scolding them in letters and ignoring their pleas. The Parliament he called in 1628 turned out to make so many claims that he ordered it adjourned. When the speaker of the House rose to announce the king's command, two members of Parliament forcibly held him down while others gave impassioned speeches and passed resolutions. When they were quite done, they adjourned themselves. Charles was so outraged by this behavior, he went eleven years before calling another Parliament.

92. Seventeenth Century History - 81 Of The Best Sites Selected By Humans 0 The english civil war Pages 0 2 -The Glorious Revolution of 1688 1 -CatholicEncyclopedia english Revolution of 2 -Geometry of war 0 -Marshal http://www.cbel.com/seventeenth_century_history/?order=pop

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