21. Dictionary Of Philosophy Of Mind - Materialism Cambridge, Mass. The MIT Press. Quine, WV 1951. Two Dogmas of empiricism. Philosophical Review 60, 2043. In From a Logical Point of View, pp.20-46. http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/materialism.html

materialism The view that everything that actually exists is material, or physical. Many philosophers and scientists now use the terms `material' and `physical' interchangeably (for a version of physicalism distinct from materialism, see physicalism ). Characterized in this way, as a doctrine about what exists, materialism is an ontological, or a metaphysical, view; it is not just an epistemological view about how we know or just a semantic view about the meaning of terms. Introduction Materialism versus Dualism Nonreductive Materialism Materialism, Naturalism, and Explanation ... References Introduction Materialism is a general view about what actually exists. Put bluntly, the view is just this: Everything that actually exists is material, or physical. Many philosophers and scientists now use the terms `material' and `physical' interchangeably (for a version of physicalism distinct from materialism, see physicalism). Characterized in this way, as a doctrine about what exists, materialism is an ontological , or a metaphysical , view; it is not just an epistemological view about how we know or just a semantic view about the meaning of terms.

22. MODERN PHILOSOPHY: The Philosophy Of Empiricism The philosophy of empiricism. We shall examine this problem in the philosophicalteachings of those philosophers called the Empiricists. http://radicalacademy.com/adiphilempiricism.htm

Adventures in Philosophy MODERN PHILOSOPHY Select a Category... Ancient Philosophy Medieval Philosophy Modern Philosophy Recent Philosophy American Philosophy Islamic Philosophy Jewish Philosophy Political Philosophy Academy Resources Glossary of Philosophical Terms Philosophy Search Engine Timeline of Philosophy A Timeline of American Philosophy ... Books about Religion in The Radical Academy Bookstore Shop Amazon Stores in the Radical Academy Bookstore Magazine Outlet Music Store Video Store ... Baby Superstore Select: Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes John Locke George Berkeley ... David Hume The Philosophy of Empiricism Empiricism holds that only sense knowledge is valid, for it alone securely rests on the impressions of the thinking subject. Hence the question arises: Can an objective metaphysics be established through the analysis of sense modifications? We shall examine this problem in the philosophical teachings of those philosophers called the Empiricists. Elsewhere On the Internet More about Empiricism I. Francis Bacon

23. The Philosophy Of David Hume - Page 1 The philosophy of David Hume TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. General Notions. John Locke haddetermined the fundamental principle of empiricism the immediate object of http://radicalacademy.com/phildavidhume1.htm

Classic Philosophers The Great Thinkers of Western Philosophy Academy Resources Glossary of Philosophical Terms Philosophy Search Engine Timeline of Philosophy A Timeline of American Philosophy ... Books about Religion in The Radical Academy Bookstore Shop Amazon Stores in the Radical Academy Bookstore Magazine Outlet Music Store Video Store ... Baby Superstore The Philosophy of David Hume TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. ... In Summary I. General Notions John Locke had determined the fundamental principle of Empiricism: the immediate object of knowledge is sensations which the subject experiences within himself. From this doctrine arose the problem of determining whether outside these subjective representations there was a reality corresponding to them, and whether this reality was knowable. Locke, with some hesitation making use of the principle of causality, had concluded affirmatively, by admitting the existence of substance as a support of such sensations, and the existence of God.

24. The Philosophes Voltaire spat all over the French rationalist tradition and workedtirelessly to develop a French philosophy based on empiricism. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PHIL.HTM

The European Enlightenment developed in part due to an energetic group of French thinkers who thrived in the middle of the eighteenth century: the philosophes . This group was a heterogenous mix of people who pursued a variety of intellectual interests: scientific, mechanical, literary, philosophical, and sociological. They were united by a few common themes: an unwavering doubt in the perfectibility of human beings, a fierce desire to dispel erroneous systems of thought (such as religion) and a dedication to systematizing the various intellectual disciplines. Enlightenment Glossary Progress The rallying cry for the philosophes was the concept of progress . By mastering both natural sciences and human sciences, humanity could harness the natural world for its own benefit and learn to live peacefully with one another. This was the ultimate goal, for the philosophes , of rational and intentional progress.

25. Logical Empiricism A number of young Japanese philosophers were stimulated by this and began to studyAmerican philosophy and logical empiricism; as you may know, most of the http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~suchii/philsci_j2.html

2. Introduction of LOGICAL EMPIRICISM into Japan What is logical empiricism This is a philosophical movement initiated by a number of philosophically minded scientists and scientifically minded philosophers in 1920's in Vienna and Berlin. For instance, Moritz Schlick, Otto Neurath, and Rudolf Carnap are among the most important members. This movement is best known as "the Logical Positivism" or "the Vienna Circle". Although there were a wide variety of opinions among the members, the most salient features of logical empiricism are often summarized as follows. (1) As regards the general theory of knowedge , they supported empiricism, i.e. the position that holds that our knowledge comes essentially from experience. (2) As regards logic and mathematics which were the stumbling block for traditional empiricism (since logical or mathematical knowledge do not seem to depend on experience), they adopt the new view of logic developed by Frege, Russell and Whitehead. Logical truth is analytically true, that is "true by virtue of the meanings of the words contained in the proposition", and gives no information about the empirical world; for instance, "this is a chalk or is not a chalk" is trivially true because the predicate "is a chalk" can only be affirmed or denied about anything. Frege-Russsell's logicism about mathematics tried to extend this view to mathematics, insisting that mathematics can be reduced to logic, and hence is also analytically true.

26. Logical Empiricism, Continued who was a mathematician and turned to philosophy, was unique in that he tried tounify the Marxist philosophy and the logical empiricism (unsuccessfully, in my http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~suchii/philsci_j3.html

The relationship between philosophers and scientists in Japan. We have to mention something about the relationship between philosophers of science and scientists in Japan. As I have briefly indicated, the movement of logical empiricism was developed by cooperation of scientists and philosophers. To make sure, let me mention the names of scientists in the Vienna Circle: Hans Hahn (mathematician), Philipp Frank (physicist), Otto Neurath (economist), Kurt Goedel (mathematician), and sometimes Karl Menger (economist) was associated with the Circle. And Moritz Schlick, the founder, was trained as a physicist under Max Planck (one of the founders of quantum theory), and Schlick occupied the chair of the Philosophy of Inductive Sciences in the University of Vienna-the same chair Mach and Boltzmann occupied before him. Now, how was the situation in Japan in this respect? It seems that similar things happened in Japan too. Nobushige Sawada (the former president of Philosophy of Science Society Japan) witnesses that a series of philosophical symposia were held in 50's, and mathematicians, physicists, and philosophers gathered in order to discuss common themes. However, a famous physicist disliked "old fashioned" philosophers who came from Kyoto and uttered unintelligible words*; and this physicist consulted younger philosophers (including Sawada) with better understanding of science, and proposed to make another group for discussion, which lasted, eventually, for well over ten years, until the physicist died. Such activities as this prepared the ground for establishing a professional association for philosophy of science in Japan.

27. Alfred J. Ayer's Language, Truth, And Logic In Ayer s logical empiricism, philosophy is no longer seen as a metaphysical concern,nor as an attempt to provide speculative truths about the nature of http://www.angelfire.com/md2/timewarp/ayer.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Alfred J. Ayer’s Language, Truth and Logic Alfred J. Ayer’s Language, Truth and Logic (1936) defines and explains the verification principle of logical positivism. The treatise explains how the principle of verifiability may be applied to the problems and aims of philosophy. The text has eight chapters, entitled: “Ch. I. The Elimination of Metaphysics,” “Ch. II. The Function of Philosophy,” “Ch. III. The Nature of Philosophical Analysis,” “Ch. IV. The A Priori ,” “Ch. V. Truth and Probability,” “Ch. VI. Critique of Ethics and Theology,” “Ch. VII. The Self and the Common World,” “Ch. VIII. Solutions of Outstanding Philosophical Disputes.” Ayer explains that the principle of verifiability may be used as a criterion to determine whether or not a statement is meaningful. To be meaningful, a statement must be either analytic or capable of being verified. According to Ayer, analytic statements are tautologies. A tautology is a statement which is necessarily true, true by definition, and true under any conditions. A tautology is a repetition of the meaning of a statement, using different words or symbols. According to Ayer, the statements of logic and mathematics are tautologies. Tautologies are true by definition, and thus their validity does not depend on empirical testing. Synthetic statements, or empirical propositions, assert or deny something about the real world. The validity of synthetic statements is not established merely by the definition of the words or symbols which they contain. According to Ayer, if a statement expresses an empirical proposition, then the validity of the proposition is established by its empirical verifiability.

28. Empiricism Definition Of Empiricism. What Is Empiricism? Meaning Of Empiricism. empiricism. Word Word. Em`pir´i`cism Noun, 1. empiricism (philosophy) the doctrinethat knowledge derives from experience http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Empiricism

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Empiricism Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Noun empiricism - (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience empiricist philosophy sensationalism British empiricism - the predominant philosophical tradition in Great Britain since the 17th century experimentalism - an empirical doctrine that advocates experimental principles logical positivism positivism - the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation) philosophy - the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics philosophical doctrine philosophical theory - a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy empiricism - the application of empirical methods in any art or science investigating investigation - the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically empiricism - medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings quackery medical practice - the practice of medicine Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Examples from classic literature: More He, by some wonder of vision, saw beyond the farthest outpost of

29. Empiricist Philosophy Definition Of Empiricist Philosophy. What Is Empiricist Ph British empiricism the predominant philosophical tradition in GreatBritain since the 17th century. experimentalism - an empirical http://www.thefreedictionary.com/empiricist philosophy

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia empiricist philosophy Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Noun empiricist philosophy - (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience empiricism sensationalism British empiricism - the predominant philosophical tradition in Great Britain since the 17th century experimentalism - an empirical doctrine that advocates experimental principles logical positivism positivism - the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation) philosophy - the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics philosophical doctrine philosophical theory - a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Some words with "empiricist philosophy" in the definition: Aristotelianism British empiricism empiricism empiricist ... sensationalism Previous General Dictionary Browser Next Empire State Empire State of the South Empire State of the West ... Emplection Full Dictionary Browser Empire, Wisconsin

30. Peter Suber, Links For "Rationalism & Empiricism" Rationalism empiricism Course Discourse on Method. From the Internet Encyclopediaof philosophy. Discourse on Method. In French, from the 1824 Paris edition. http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/courses/re/relinks.htm

Course-Related Links Peter Suber Philosophy Department Earlham College Since 1996 I've made link pages like this one for each of my courses. In the meantime, the size of the web and the power of search engines have both leaped forward. The growth of the web has made representative or comprehensive link pages more difficult to produce, and the improvement of search engines has made them less necessary. Link pages can still be very useful, but to make them more useful than the best search engines takes more work than they are usually worth. So I won't be updating this link page (from the previous iteration of the course) but I leave it online in case it has any remaining utility. When I know of specific web pages helpful for a class discussion, then I'll mail out the URLs to the class email list during the semester (and I encourage you to do the same). For general online research on the many topics of the course, I recommend Google Our Six Philosophers Descartes Descartes as a mathematician . From W.W. Rouse Ball's History of Mathematics. The Descartes Project Discourse on Method . Scanned by librarians, but they didn't think to tell us which English translation they used.

31. LookSmart - Directory - Guides To British Empiricism Directory Listings About. allRefer Reference empiricism, philosophy, Terms AndConcepts Defined as philosophical doctrine that all knowledge is derived from http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317911/us53880/us62764/us578

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Library Humanities Philosophy ... Empiricism Guides to British Empiricism - Read overviews of this epistemological movement that viewed sensory experience as the basis of all knowledge. Directory Listings About allRefer Reference - Empiricism, Philosophy, Terms And Concepts Defined as "philosophical doctrine that all knowledge is derived from experience." Read an overview, history, and leading advocates of empiricism. British Empiricism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy provides an overview of English Empiricism and its associated philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Catholic Encyclopedia - Empiricism Describes the central tenets of empiricism and outlines its place in the history of philosophy. Digital Text International - Two Dogmas of Empiricism W.V.O. Quine's essay, originally published in "The Philosophical Review" in 1951, examines the analytic and synthetic approaches to modern empiricism. Philosophy professor Peter Suber posts a plethora of links pertaining to modern philosophy. Discover Descartes, Spinoza, and Hume.

32. Empiricism, Rationalism And Atheism Modern philosophy Rationalist The prejudice shared by Rationalism and Empiricismis that man does not know things directly but grasps only their impressions http://atheism.about.com/cs/empiricismration/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Home Essentials ... Evolution vs. Creationism zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Does God Exist? Ethics and Morality Islam and Muslims Religious Right ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter. Search Agnosticism / Atheism Empiricism, Rationalism and Atheism Guide picks Rationalism and Empiricism are philosophical attitudes taken by many atheists when examining the world. Included are many links to and about texts by Kant, Hume and Descartes. British Empiricism "British Empiricism" refers to the 18th century philosophical movement in Great Britain which maintained that all knowledge comes from experience. False Hopes of Traditional Epistemology? General characteristics of an alternative epistemology suitable for empiricism. By Bas van Fraassen. Continental Rationalism The term "Continental Rationalism" traditionally refers to a 17th century philosophical movement begun by Descartes. After Descartes, several dozen scientists and philosophers continued his t eachings throughout continental Europe and, accordingly were titled "Cartesians." Critique of Practical Reason Kant's critique took away much of the philisophical underpinnings of Christian morality.

33. Willard Quine's Verification Theory And Reductionism in its radical form has long since ceased to figure in Carnap s philosophy. was,as remarked, an advance over the impossible termby-term empiricism of Locke http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/quine.htm

Willard Quine (1951) The Verification Theory and Reductionism Source The Emergence of Logical Empiricism (1996) publ. Garland Publishing Inc. The second half of Quine's contribution to series is reproduced here. ... What, it may be asked, of the verification theory of meaning? This phrase has established itself so firmly as a catchword of empiricism that we should be very unscientific indeed not to look beneath it for a possible key to the problem of meaning and the associated problems. The verification theory of meaning, which has been conspicuous in the literature from Peirce onward, is that the meaning of a statement it the method of empirically confirming or infirming it. An analytic statement is that limiting case which is confirmed no matter what. ... we can as well pass over the question of meanings as entities and move straight to sameness of meaning, or synonymy. Then what the verification theory says is that statements arc synonymous if and only if they are alike in point of method of empirical confirmation or infirmation. So, if the verification theory can be accepted as an adequate account of statement synonymy, the notion of analyticity is saved after all. However, let us reflect. Statement synonymy is said to be likeness of method of empirical confirmation or infirmation. just what are these methods which are to be compared for likeness? What, in other words, is the nature of the relationship between a statement and the experiences which contribute to or detract from its confirmation?

34. Academic Directories to philosophy This overview of empiricism, including links to definitions of relatedtopics, is helpful in locating empiricism within philosophy as a whole. http://www.alllearn.org/er/tree.jsp?c=40133

35. Empiricism --  Encyclopædia Britannica , empiricism in philosophy, the attitude that beliefs are to be accepted andacted upon only if they first have been confirmed by actual experience. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=115431&query=empiricism

36. Giere: Origins Of Logical Empiricism Logical empiricism remains a strong influence in the philosophy of science, despitethe discipline s shift toward more historical and naturalistic approaches. http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/G/giere_origins.html

Origins of Logical Empiricism Ronald N. Giere and Alan W. Richardson, editors Establishes a historical framework for the study of logical empiricism. Logical empiricism remains a strong influence in the philosophy of science, despite the discipline's shift toward more historical and naturalistic approaches. This latest volume in the eminent Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science series examines the main features of the intellectual milieu from which logical empiricism sprang, providing the first critical exploration of this context by authors within the Anglo-American analytic tradition of philosophy. These articles challenge the idea that logical empiricism has its origins in traditional British empiricism, pointing instead to a movement of scientific philosophy that flourished in the German-speaking areas of Europe in the first four decades of the twentieth century. The intellectual refugees from the Third Reich who brought logical empiricism to North America did so in an environment influenced by Einstein's new physics, the ascension of modern logic, the birth of the social sciences as rivals to traditional humanistic philosophy, and other large-scale social, political, and cultural themes. The contributors, including some of our most distinguished philosophers and historians of science, emphasize the connections among members of the logical empiricist movement as well as their connections with members of other major intellectual movements of the time. Focusing on the continuing influence of logical empiricism and the vitality of the issues with which its proponents struggled, this important volume provides valuable context to contemporary philosophers of science.

37. Logical Empiricism In North America Hardcastle. 1. Logical empiricism, American Pragmatism, and the Fateof Scientific philosophy in North America Alan W. Richardson. http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/H/hardcastle_logical.html

Logical Empiricism in North America Gary L. Hardcastle and Alan W. Richardson, editors Table of Contents An essential overview of this important intellectual movement. Contributors: Richard Creath, Michael Friedman, Rudolf Haller, Don Howard, Diederick Raven, George Reisch; Thomas Ricketts, Friedrich K. Stadler, Thomas E. Uebel, U of Manchester. Gary L. Hardcastle is assistant professor of philosophy at Bloomsburg University. Alan W. Richardson is associate professor of philosophy at the University of British Columbia. $49.95 Cloth ISBN 0-8166-4221-4 November 2003 Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science Series , volume XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Logical Empiricism in North America Alan W. Richardson and Gary L. Hardcastle 1. Logical Empiricism, American Pragmatism, and the Fate of Scientific Philosophy in North America Alan W. Richardson 2. Two Left Turns Make a Right: On the Curious Political Career of North American Philosophy of Science at Midcentury Don Howard 3. Hempel and the Vienna Circle

38. Empiricism Is The Belief In Philosophy Or Psychology That All Knowledge Is The R Apart from Locke, the other main philosophers who are generally termed Empiricistsare empiricism, philosophy, Terms And Concepts. empiricism introduction 2. http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ism/msc3/assignment1/empiricism & Hume/Empiricism.htm

An introduction about empiricism What is Empiricism? The philosophy of Empiricism refers to the 18th century movement centered in Great Britain and taught that all knowledge comes from experience. Empiricism is a unique philosophy that commands the dependence of a person on his own experiences, observations, and morals to make appropriate choices. Most of these choices are made in disregard of theory or deductive reasoning, thus allowing the individual to make a unique decision There is only one central tenet in Empiricism: one must experience to understand. Empiricists believe that once someone experiences something such as an emotion, a sensory tangibility, or an intellectual revelation, that experience translates into knowledge. This knowledge is then utilized for the rest of one’s natural life. Empiricism is generally regarded as being at the heart of the modern scientific method, that our theories should be based on our intuition or faith; that is, empirical research, inductive reasoning and deductive logic. The basic idea behind empiricism is that knowledge can be derived through careful observation and cataloging of phenomena and extrapolating laws or principles from these observations.

39. Philosophical Dictionary: Empedocles-Equivocation epistemology has dominated Western philosophy only since the era of Descartes andLocke, as an extended dispute between rationalism and empiricism over the http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/e5.htm

Philosophy Pages F A Q Dictionary ... Locke Empedocles d. 433 BCE Greek presocratic philosopher who supposed that the four elements are irreducible components of the world, joined to and separated from each other by competing principles filia [philia] neikoV ... [neikos] Recommended Reading: Empedocles: The Extant Fragments at Amazon.com Empedocles at Amazon.com Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition at Amazon.com Also see John Burnet IEP S. Marc Cohen Charles Ess ... WSB , and BIO empirical Erfahrung Based on use of the senses , observation, or experience generally. Hence, the empirical coincides with what is a posteriori empiricism Reliance on experience as the source of ideas and knowledge. More specifically, empiricism is the epistemological theory that genuine information about the world must be acquired by a posteriori means, so that nothing can be thought without first being sensed . Prominent modern empiricists include Bacon Locke Berkeley Hume , and Mill . In the twentieth century, empiricism principles were extended and applied by the pragmatists and the logical positivists Recommended Reading: The Empiricists at Amazon.com

40. MSN Encarta - Search Results - Empiricism empiricism, in philosophy, a doctrine that affirms that all knowledge is basedon experience, and denies the possibility of spontaneous ideas or a http://encarta.msn.com/Empiricism.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Encarta Search results for "Empiricism" Page of 1 Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers Empiricism Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Empiricism , in philosophy, a doctrine that affirms that all knowledge is based on experience, and denies the possibility of spontaneous ideas or a... related items John Locke, founder theories of empiricism contrasting systems criticism by Hume ... Pragmatism, continuation of empiricist tradition Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Pragmatism , philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present. Pragmatism calls for... Scientific Method, empirical approach to research Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Scientific Method , term denoting the principles that guide scientific research and experimentation, and also the philosophic bases of those... Empirical (quotations) Encarta Encyclopedia List of items from Encarta Encyclopedia From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Sidebar—Encarta Encyclopedia English philosopher John Locke explained his theory of empiricism , a philosophical doctrine holding that all knowledge is based on experience, in ...

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