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         Electronic Evidence Criminal Investigation:     more detail
  1. Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations by Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section - Criminal Division, 2002
  2. Searching and seizing computers and obtaining electronic evidence in criminal investigations (SuDoc J 1.8/2:2001011797) by Orin S. Kerr, 2001
  3. Electronic crime scene investigation : a guide for first responders (SuDoc J 28.8/3:EL 1) by U.S. Dept of Justice, 2001
  4. Advances in Digital Forensics III (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing) (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing)
  5. Advances in Digital Forensics: IFIP International Conference on Digital Forensics, National Center for Forensic Science, Orlando, Florida, February 13-16, ... Federation for Information Processing)
  6. Wiretaps by Anthony Alberti, 2002-01-30
  7. Voiceprint identification: Its forensic application by Fausto Poza, 1974
  8. The family lawyer by Will Bernard, 1966
  9. Seventh Circuit holds that Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act permits use of wiretap evidence obtained in international investigation for domestic criminal ... An article from: International Law Update by Gale Reference Team, 2006-12-01
  10. Cyber Crime Investigations: Bridging the Gaps Between Security Professionals, Law Enforcement, and Prosecutors by Anthony Reyes, Richard Brittson, et all 2007-02-26
  11. Digital forensics in the twenty-first century.: An article from: The Forensic Examiner by Gavin W. Manes, 2007-12-22
  12. Search and Surveillance by Sybil Sharpe, De Montfort University, UK Sybil Sharpe, 2000-09

61. Division Of Scientific Services
the Computer Crimes and electronic evidence Unit. Examines physical evidence submittedby criminal enforcement agencies with criminal investigations and crime
http://www.state.ct.us/dps/DSS/Division of Scientific Services.htm
Department of Public Safety Division of Scientific Services -Please make a selection- Connecticut State Police Fire, Emergency and Building Services Scientific Services Homeland Security Public Safety Home Major Timothy Palmbach
Commanding Officer
Dr. Henry Lee
Chief Emeritus
Sergeant David Rice
Executive Officer
278 Colony Street
Meriden, Connecticut 06451
(203) 639-6460 Information
(203) 639-6485 Fax

Public Act 99-218
As a result local, state and federal criminal justice agencies can obtain all forensic testing through the services offered by a world-renowned scientific facility. The Division is made up of the Forensic Science Laboratory Controlled Substances and Toxicology Laboratory and the Computer Crimes and Electronic Evidence Unit The Division of Scientific Services provides services in the following areas:
  • Examines physical evidence submitted by criminal case investigators Assists state and local law enforcement agencies with criminal investigations and crime scene processing Provides forensic and technical training and education for law enforcement agencies and the community Conducts scientific and technical research
REGULATIONS Firearms Evidence Databank Proposed Regulations also available in Adobe pdf : Firearms Evidence Databank Proposed Regulations Home Connecticut State Police Scientific Services ... Homeland Security State of Connecticut and

62. IOM: Chapter 9 Investigations Subchapter 980 - 981
request approval before any electronic surveillance; this Obtaining evidence of thecommission or attempted be used in noncriminal investigations, except in
http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/iom/ChapterText/980.html
FDA Home Page Compliance Ref Federal-State Inspection Ref ... ORA Search

63. OnlineSecurity
Guidelines for Federal Agents and Attorneys in the searching and seizing ofcomputers and obtaining electronic evidence in criminal investigations.
http://www.onlinesecurity.com/News/default.php
Online Security, a global provider of computer forensics and information technology risk mitigation since 1997
News Room / Public Relations
The following represents a summary of news releases and special announcements from OnlineSecurity. Quick Check Plus The OnlineSecurity 'QuickCheck Plus' team will spend two days reviewing and observing your systems, network and work habits from which a two hour 'in house' seminar will be created. This tailored presentation will speak directly to the real world daily issues of your organization from the perspective of protecting your most valuable assets - digital data.
2001 Global Crime Report
OnlineSecurity is pleased to present the Unted States interagency International Crime Threat Assessment. This report provides a critical overview, country by country of the risks facing the business community today. From intellectual property theft to cyber smuggling; new frontiers have opened up over the last several years which have allowed criminal activity to flourish.
This Global assessment was prepared by a US Government interagency working group in support of and pursuant to the President's International Crime Control Strategy. Representatives from the Central Intelligence Agency; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Drug Enforcement Administration; US Customs Service; US Secret Service; Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; National Drug Intelligence Center; the Departments of State, the Treasury, Justice, and Transportation; the Office of National Drug Control Policy; and the National Security Council participated in the drafting of this assessment.

64. Erowid Freedom Vault: Department Of Justice Legal Analysis Of Publishing Drug In
the Availability of Bombmaking Information and in Searching and Seizing Computersand Obtaining electronic evidence in criminal Investigations, both published
http://www.erowid.org/freedom/civil_rights/speech/speech_info2.shtml
Become an Erowid member and get a t-shirt or mug ! Path : freedom speech Department of Justice Analysis of Legality of Publishing Drug Info on the Internet Legal Issues: Challenges Facing Policymakers and Law Enforcement December 2001 (from http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs/682/legal.htm National Drug Intelligence Center
Drugs and the Internet - An Overview of the Threat to America's Youth
December 2001
UNCLASSIFIED
Legal Issues: Challenges Facing Policymakers and Law Enforcement
The nature of the threat posed by pro-drug Internet websites raises a number of legal issues of which policymakers and law enforcement should be aware. The increasing popularity of the Internet has challenged legislators and law enforcement officials trying to prevent its use to facilitate drug crimes. Besides having to develop new investigative methods to adapt to computer technology, law enforcement agents must ensure that any new methods are constitutional and comply with federal statutes. Legislators trying to make certain that federal statutes effectively address the misuse of the new medium must do so without overreaching and violating individual rights. The following summarizes some of the legal issues that law enforcement agents and legislators may encounter. More information can be found in the 1997 Report on the Availability of Bombmaking Information and in Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations

65. New Jersey State Police - High Technology Crimes And Investigations Support Unit
seized computers for evidence of criminal activity on topics such as computer crimeinvestigations and the seizure and preservation of electronic evidence.
http://www.njsp.org/tech/tech_unit.html
NJSP Quick Links NJSP Home About Us Recruiting Division Organization Public Information News Releases FAQ's Highlights Sitemap Services Contact NJSP Division Organization Superintendent's Office Administration Section Division Staff Section Emergency Management Section Field Operations Intelligence Services Investigations Related Links
The High Technology Crimes and Investigations Support Unit
divisional: njsp home about us recruiting division ... contact us departmental: lps home contact us news about us ... services a-z statewide: njhome my new jersey people business ... search
Division of New Jersey State Police
P.O. Box 7068
West Trenton, NJ 08628

66. O.P.P. Investigation Support Bureau
for assistance received by the electronic Crime Section services to support criminalinvestigations, fingerprint and persons and other evidence for fingerprints
http://www.gov.on.ca/opp/orginvcrime/english/isb.htm
Skip Navigation Home Contact Site Map ... Investigations / Organized Crime Location: O.P.P. Home Organization Investigations/Organized Crime
Investigation Support Bureau
Bureau Commander: D/C/Supt. Ken Smith
The Investigation Support Bureau is responsible for the delivery of a variety of highly technical operational policing functions in support of a multitude of criminal investigations that can be defined as major, serious, serial, multi-jurisdictional, etc. This support is provided to both the O.P.P. and other police agencies. This Bureau provides an effective and strategic support service to our partners and the communities we serve. This is accomplished through the following specialized sections:
Behavioural Sciences
Manager: D/Supt. Kate Lines
The Behavioural Sciences Section is mandated with providing criminal investigation support services and training of a behavioural nature to O.P.P. and other criminal justice agencies within the Province of Ontario when requested. It is composed of the Provincial ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System) Centre, Criminal Profiling Unit, Geographic Profiling Unit, Threat Assessment Unit, Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Polygraph Unit and the Ontario Sex Offender Registry.

67. Fayette County Government:Sheriff's Office
is critical not only in general criminal investigations but drug forces use`s complexand sophisticated electronic devices to gather evidence against drug
http://www.admin.co.fayette.ga.us/sheriff/crim_sheriff.htm
General Information Administrative Services Criminal Investigation Field Operation Division ... Related Links
Criminal Investigation Division
The Criminal Investigation Division provides comprehensive investigation of all criminal related offences in Fayette County, Georgia. This group of more than 30 well-trained investigators employ their experience and expertise over a vast array of investigation responsibilities. The General Criminal Investigators are largely responsible for Fayette County consistently having one of the highest Part I Crime Index clearance rates in the country. Lt. Colonel Bruce Jordan directs and guides these investigators under Sheriff Johnson`s leadership. Lt. Colonel Jordan now stands as the longest serving Chief Investigator in Fayette County`s history having served 16 of his 25 years with Sheriff Johnson in that capacity. Top Lt. Colonel Bruce Jordan

68. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
the collection and processing of such evidence to solve nor stored in any type ofelectronic media without taken on our part including both criminal and civil
http://pimall.com/nais/bkp.crime.html
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION TOPICS
FOR THE PROFESSIONAL INVESTIGATOR
Click Here To Check Out New Section Of Computer Crime Investigation Books
JUST RELEASED! The Private Sector's Guide To Conducting Homicide, Suicide,
CONDUCTING CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS
INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR

By Jody Ball CLICK HERE FOR NEW HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION TRAINING
CONDUCTING CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS
INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR
The Private Sector's Guide To Conducting Homicide, Suicide,
By Jody Ball
Here's a groundbreaking work containing insight and perspective on private sector investigative techniques and procedures concerning the investigation of crimes against persons. Although there have been several manuals published on this topic, none of them are written from the prospective and problems faced by the private sector investigator in conducting these types of cases. This book is specifically written from the view point of private investigation, not police work. The manual provides you not only specific techniques and procedures for conducting these types of investigations, it also hands you in-depth insight, background and legal principles you need to know to conduct quality investigations in this area. The manual will be of extreme benefit on insurance death claims, criminal defendant as well as civil investigations that involve homicide, rape, murder, suicide and child abuse issues. Chapter training subject content include:
History Of Criminal Investigation And Present Day Procedures

69. JTF-CNO Law Enforcement And Counterintelligence Center
of contact are available for investigations involving electronic evidence that require ofthe Defense criminal Investigative Organizations (DCIO s).
http://www.cert.mil/lecic/lecic.html
To Facilitate, Coordinate, and De-conflict Investigations and Operations
Involving the Protection of the Defense Information Infrastructure
AFOSI
Army CID
INSCOM
NCIS
DCIS To provide information regarding an intrusion or attack directed against a Department of Defense computer network or system, please use the contact information provided below.
Contact Phone E-mail leci@jtfcno.ia.mil lecichief@jtfcno.ia.mil Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) ncis@jtfcno.ia.mil Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) dcis@jtfcno.ial.mil United States Army Criminal Investigative Command (Army CID) cid@jtfcno.ia.mil Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) afosi@jtfcno.ia.mil United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) inscom@jtfcno.ia.mil 24-Hour Points of Contacts for International High-Tech Crime The Law Enforcement and Counterintelligence Center (LECIC) maintains a 24-Hour contacts list for International High-Tech Investigation. These points of contact have been compiled by the G8 Subgroup on High-Tech Crime. The points of contact are available for investigations involving electronic evidence that require urgent assistance from foreign law enforcement.

70. WORLD WIDE PROFESSIONAL INVESTIGATORS
electronic surveillance, electronic debugging, {;}missing criminal record, criminalinvestigation, {;}covert video, divorce evidence, sexual harassment
http://ringsurf.com/netring?action=info&ring=PRIVATEINVESTIGATORS

71. CORRECTIONAL INVESTIGATOR
Operates electronic surveillance equipment;. attorney general office in the gatheringof evidence or information required for civil or criminal cases
http://hr.dop.wa.gov/lib/hrdr/specs/30000/39771.htm
WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL Class code: 39771 Specification for Class of CORRECTIONAL INVESTIGATOR Definition : Within the Department of Corrections, conducts comprehensive investigations, gathers evidence and reports unlawful activities involving DOC offenders, visitors, associates, and/or staff, which typically result in prosecutorial pursuit in Federal or Superior Courts. May participate, supervise, lead, direct or support tactical, covert and/or investigative/ intelligence operations involving a camp, community corrections or multiple law enforcement/criminal justice agencies. Gathers, develops and evaluates intelligence information which includes militia organizations, violent anarchists, hate groups, street group, security threat groups and any other individual or groups that pose a threat to public safety and the overall security of the Department. Operates and maintains the offender telephone monitoring system. These positions are located at major institutions and report to a higher-level investigator. Note : For the purposes of this specification, the term "investigations" refers to the gathering of facts and developing of evidence for the purpose of substantiating allegations such as, but not limited to fraud, misconduct, criminal activity or other claims under state jurisdiction, and includes:

72. Trustwave | Management Profiles
of computer data and the gathering of electronic evidence. Phil s criminal case experienceincludes access in complex investigations involving extraterritorial
http://www.trustwave.com/management.php

Intrusion Protection
Intrusion Detection Firewalls and VPN Anti-Virus ... Employment
Kevin Bradford, Chairman and CEO
Kevin Bradford is a recognized leader in the financial services processing industry and prior to joining the firm , was executive vice president of client relations and business development for Vital Processing Services, a leader in technology-based commerce-enabling services. While at Vital, Kevin spearheaded Vital's efforts to grow and retain revenue by developing world class account management and customer service. In addition, he was responsible for strategic planning, as well as identifying and evaluating partnerships, acquisitions, and strategic alliance opportunities. Throughout his 26 year career, Bradford has held senior level positions at major financial services companies such as Electronic Payment Services, Inc., BISYS Group, Inc., First Financial Management Corporation, Union Bank, Southwest Corporate Federal Credit Union and Salomon Smith Barney.
Joseph Patanella, President and Chief Operating Officer

73. EUROPA - Justice And Home Affairs - Glossary
Promoting and securing the use of electronic signatures is a priority (See JudicialcivilTaking of evidence, Judicial-criminal Procedural safeguards
http://europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/glossary/printer/glossary_e_en.htm
Standard version - Text only version de en fr
Glossary Justice and home affairs European Commission
E
early warning system on new synthetic drugs Established by a joint action in 1997, the early warning system provides for the constant monitoring of synthetic drugs and components found on the market, so that the EU can take action to control them. ecstasy A synthetic drug sometimes containing MDMA that acts as a stimulant and a hallucinogen, often promoting a sense of well-being. (See Drugs: Synthetic drugs and their chemical precursors EDDRA Exchange on drug demand reduction action: launched to exchange information and best practices in demand reduction. (See Drugs: Information collection Website EDU National Europol Drugs Units: Member States designate these units within their law enforcement services to send information to Europol. elections The process through which citizens elect representatives to democratic institutions. EU citizenship confers the right to participate and vote in elections for the European Parliament and local municipal elections, no matter which Member State the citizen resides in. (See EU citizenship: Political rights electronic signatures Means of identification used in commercial transactions on the Internet. Promoting and securing the use of electronic signatures is a priority in combating cybercrime. (See organised crime :

74. INTRODUCTION TO IRS CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
data recovery and analysis of electronic data to recover this data as substantialevidence to convict For more than 80 years, criminal investigation has focused
http://www.mckenzielaw.com/CID.htm
ROBERT E. MCKENZIE, ESQ. 120 SOUTH RIVERSIDE PLAZA, SUITE 1200
CHICAGO, IL 60606
312-876-0288 fax
VISIT OUR HOME PAGE IRS Criminal Investigation by ROBERT E. MCKENZIE, ESQ., ©2002
Criminal Investigation is the law enforcement arm of the IRS. It is CI alone that is charged with the enforcement of the tax laws. CI's top priority is the investigation of violations of the tax law. However, CI special agents lend their financial investigative expertise to money laundering and narcotics investigations conducted in conjunction with other law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. Recognizing Danger Even though not many people are prosecuted for tax crimes, the individual tax practitioner must be able to recognize when a client is in danger of prosecution. An EA or a CPA does not have a privilege with respect to criminal conduct of her client. Therefore, on any occasion when one suspects that a client may be subject to a criminal investigation, the matter should be immediately referred to an attorney. There are certain telltale signs of potential criminal investigation and we must be ever vigilant to spot those indicators. 2 ORGANIZATION OF THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DIVISION Headquarters Office The Chief, Criminal Investigation is in the IRS headquarters office located in Washington, DC. The Chief directs the policies and programs for IRS Criminal Investigation nationwide. Those responsibilities include the enforcement of the criminal statutes relative to tax administration and related financial crimes; violations of the Bank Secrecy Act, and the Money Laundering Control Act.

75. Serving The Police
new silent witness material, eg electronic evidence, body impressions footwearimpressions, biological evidence and DNA other areas of criminal activity (eg
http://www.kripos.no/engelsk/Historie/historie.html
The National Criminal Investigation Service, Serving the Police 1959-2003
The Laboratory Division and the laboratory functions of the Fingerprint Division together comprise the national forensics laboratory in Norway. The main function has from the outset been to give the "silent witness" a voice through the examination and analysis of every imaginable piece of evidence from crime scenes and materials seized. The analysis of seized drugs and fingerprint examinations currently account for the major part of the activity of the forensics laboratory. A host of other chemical analyses and forensic examinations of other pieces of evidence which may be of significance in criminal cases are also carried out, including surface impressions (footwear impressions, tool marks and impressions related to the use of firearms).
While the main function remains the same, developments in forensic science have been rapid. This has presented opportunities to get more out of traditional evidential material while at the same time providing new "silent witness" material, e.g. electronic evidence, body impressions, footwear impressions, biological evidence and DNA profiles.
In 1967, the Investigation Group was established as the forerunner to today's Tactical Investigation Division, which is responsible for rendering investigative assistance to the police in relation to offences of a special and complex nature. Initially, such investigative assistance mainly involved homicide cases and other cases involving serious violence. Today, however, it includes numerous other areas of criminal activity (e.g. sexual violence, sexual abuse of children, organised crime, cases involving health workers, infant deaths, etc.) Additionally, investigative assistance is rendered by the Immigration and International Relations divisions within their respective areas of expertise.

76. VCU Police Department: Resources For VCU Officers Page
Federal Guidelines for Searching and Seizing Computers Searching/Seizing Computers,Obtaining electronic evidence in criminal Investigations Access the FBI
http://www.vcu.edu/police/oresources.html
Visit the VCU Homepage Links to other Police Departments Upcoming Schools and Training Resources for Law Enforcement Officers Report a Crime Online to a Detective Police Detective Email Addresses Police Detective Phone Numbers VCU Police Investigations Division Security Escort Services Police Email Addresses Police Phone Numbers Police Emergency Communications Police Ride Along Program Victim Witness Coordinator Academic Security Division Rape Aggression Defense Classes Richmond Police Daily Crime Report Police Photos Mobile Data Terminals (MDT) Speed Enforcement by RADAR Motorcycle Patrol Officers Bike Patrol Officers Police Jurisdiction Map - MCV Campus Police Jurisdiction Map - Academic Campus Patrol Division General Information VASAP Safe Party Tips Loss of License by DUI About the DUI Law Effects of Alcohol on the Body Marijuana Law - It Effects You Alcohol and Drugs - Zero Tolerance Sexual Harassment Policy About Hazing Violations VCU Rules and Procedures Law Search Engine Virginia Laws and Students Register Your Bicycle with VCU Police Register Your Computer with VCU Police Operation Identification Urban Campus Safety Information Robbery Prevention Information Campus Watch Publication Community Policing Progrms Crime Prevention Information VCU Police Mission Statement How To Parallel Park Towed Car Information Recruitment/Employment Report-a-Crime Online to VCU Police Police News Briefs Campus Safety Advisories Campus Traffic Update Maps and Locations VCU Building Access Control Police Email Addresses Police Phone Numbers Security Escort Services

77. Criminal Investigations: Process And Procedure
to Charter requirements, to be followed when gathering oral evidence or when interviewingindividuals with respect to criminal offences electronic searches.
http://competition.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/incb-bc.nsf/en/ct01431e.html
This site uses Javascript to help ensure that the page looks its best when viewed with the most common graphical browsers. If your browser does not support Javascript or if you have turned off the Javascript all of the content and features of the page will still be available but the page may not look exactly as the designers intended.
Contact Us
Help Search Canada Site ... Speeches
Criminal Investigations: Process and Procedure
Remarks of Harry Chandler
Deputy Director of Investigation and Research
(Criminal Matters), Competition Bureau The Canadian Bar Association
Competition Law Annual Fall Conference
Ottawa, Ontario
September 24, 1998
Introduction
This paper describes how the Competition Bureau enforces the criminal provisions of the Competition Act . A brief outline of how criminal investigations are initiated and how they are subsequently carried out is presented. The Bureau's priorities related to criminal investigations, fines and penalties and cross-border investigations are subsequently discussed. Initiating an investigation As you know, the Competition Bureau administers and enforces the

78. Electronic Surveillance: 2001-02 Legislation
information concerning oral, wire, or electronic communications intercepted in inconnection with a criminal prosecution be order for use as evidence in civil
http://www.ncsl.org/programs/lis/CIP/electsurv-legis02.htm

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  • Services Overview ... Issue Areas var doctitle=document.title document.write(doctitle) Add to My NCSL Electronic Surveillance
    Electronic Surveillance
    Enacted Legislation
    External links to bills if available.
    2002 Enacted Legislation
    Arizona S.B. 1427
    5/15/02 Signed by Governor - Chapter 219
    Conforms Arizona law to the USA PATRIOT Act, creates new crimes related to terrorism and modifies existing crimes. Also updates the interception of wire, electronic or oral communications statute. California A.B. 74
    9/17/02 Chaptered by Secretary of State - Chapter 605, Statutes of 2002
    Adds weapons of mass destruction and destructive devices, as well as large quantity drug precursor cases, to offenses that permit a court to order the interception of wire or electronic communications. Expands the definitions of the type of communications that can be intercepted pursuant to court order to include wire and pager communications. S.B. 1980

79. The Nature And Scope Of Governmental Electronic Surveillance Activity
agencies routinely request them in criminal cases, usually background of growing useof electronic surveillance, it Illegally seized evidence cannot be used in
http://www.cdt.org/digi_tele/wiretap_overview.html
The Nature and Scope of Governmental Electronic Surveillance Activity
Wiretap Overview
May 8, 2001 The Nature and Scope of Governmental Electronic Surveillance Activity The rapid changes in telecommunications technology have been accompanied by a growth in the potential intrusiveness of electronic surveillance and a steady increase in government surveillance activity. While the wiretap laws establish important protections most notably requiring for interception of call content a judicial order based on a finding of probable cause in practice state and federal judges rarely deny applications for authority to conduct electronic surveillance. Every spring, the Administrative Office of the United States Courts publishes statistics on wiretap activity of federal, state and local police in the prior year. The report covering 2000 is available online: http://www.uscourts.gov/wiretap00/contents.html . A useful summary, covering the years 1999 - 2000 and showing the increase in the use of wiretaps, is provided by Table 7, which is at http://www.uscourts.gov/wiretap00/table700.pdf

80. FBI Programs And Initiatives - Carnivore Diagnostic Tool
cases there is no substitute for electronic surveillance, as the evidence cannotbe has encountered an increasing number of criminal investigations in which
http://www.cdt.org/security/carnivore/000724fbi.shtml
Internet and Data Interception Capabilities Developed by the FBI , Statement for the Record, U.S. House of Representatives, the Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, 07/24/2000, Laboratory Division Assistant Director Dr. donald M. Kerr The Nation's communications networks are routinely used in the commission of serious criminal activities, including espionage. Organized crime groups and drug trafficking organizations rely heavily upon telecommunications to plan and execute their criminal activities. The ability of law enforcement agencies to conduct lawful electronic surveillance of the communications of its criminal subjects represents one of the most important capabilities for acquiring evidence to prevent serious criminal behavior. Unlike evidence that can be subject to being discredited or impeached through allegations of misunderstanding or bias, electronic surveillance evidence provides jurors an opportunity to determine factual issues based upon a defendant's own words. Under Title III, applications for interception require the authorization of a high-level Department of Justice (DOJ) official before the local United States Attorneys offices can apply for such orders. Interception orders must be filed with federal district court judges or before other courts of competent jurisdiction. Hence, unlike typical search warrants, federal magistrates are not authorized to approve such applications and orders. Further, interception of communications is limited to certain specified federal felony offenses.

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