21. Egypt: Ancient Egypt Administrators, Managers And Scribes In ancient egypt a scribe was instantly recognizable from the Thanks to egypt s hot, dry climate, papyrus documents ritual was part of a general cattle census http://www.touregypt.net/historicalessays/lifeinEgypt6.htm

The Life of Ancient Egyptians Administrators and Managers Wherever sphere of ancient Egyptian activity we examine - on the farms, in the workshops, in army units, temple offices or departments of state - we invariably bump into the ubiquitous scribe, the sesh. He belonged to a well-defined and rather exclusive caste, standing out from the surrounding illiteracy by his command of the secret skills of reading and writing. These qualifications were considered a privilege, and perhaps a mystery, shared only with the rulers and the gods. Writing things down was only one aspect of the scribe's profession. He was in effect a civil servant of the king, dignitary or temple institution, fully competent in his particular field, equipped for independent thought, decision-making and management. The records he kept enabled him to make judgements designed to bring order into every field, to ensure that things ran smoothly and would continue to do so. Along with the higher-ranking priests and some of the educated dignitaries, the scribes constituted the intelligentsia of ancient Egypt. They occupied the upper rungs of the social ladder to the very top, and enjoyed due recognition accordingly. We are indebted to their industry in leaving behind a wealth of documentation, from everyday reports to literary texts of

22. Egypt - Ancient Egypt The last pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, Horemheb, was a general under his of the 20th Dynasty were less able to maintain egypt s place in the ancient world. http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/egypt/anceg.htm

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Index Shades Egypt Index Sources Guestbook Ancient Egypt I. Introduction Ancient Egypt, civilization that thrived along the Nile River in northeastern Africa for more than 3,000 years, from about 3300 BC to 30 BC. It was the longest-lived civilization of the ancient world. Geographically, the term ancient Egypt indicates the territory where the ancient Egyptians lived in the valley and delta of the Nile. Culturally, it refers to the ways ancient Egyptians spoke, worshiped, understood the nature of the physical world, organized their government, made their livings, entertained themselves, and related to others who were not Egyptian. The Nile River, which formed the focus of ancient Egyptian civilization, originates in the highlands of East Africa and flows northward throughout the length of what are now Sudan and Egypt. Northwest of modern-day Cairo, it branches out to form a broad delta, through which it empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Because of seasonal rains farther south in Africa, the Nile overflowed its banks in Egypt every year. When the floodwaters receded, a rich black soil covered the floodplain. This natural phenomenon and its effects on the environment enabled the ancient Egyptians to develop a successful economy based on agriculture.

23. ResearchH205 one for each of the cultures represented the Near East, India, egypt, China, Greece ac.be A guide for scholars and students of the ancient (Greek and general. http://www.historyrome.com/ResearchH205.html

historyrome.com Archives H 205 ROME: HISTORY RESOURCE CENTER historyrome.com RESEARCH RESOURCES:ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Professor Callie Williamson (email: chwillia@historyrome.com HOMEPAGE INTRODUCTION ROMAN HISTORY C388 ... STUDENT SURVIVAL ARCHIVES: RESEARCH ANCIENT CIV H205 RESEARCH ANCIENT HIST SEM (J200) RESEARCH: LAW (J400) This is a file of a course offered in the past. It is presented here for student interest. The links will be updated when the course is offered again. This is a large file please wait about 90 seconds for it to download before making a selection. Introduction General Sites Greece Search/Guides ... Roman Sites INTRODUCTION You are required to plan and complete a research project for this course. The final product should be a paper, 5 pages in length, that includes citations of your sources of information and a bibliography. Consult the site on Writer's Guide for details about thesis, argument, style, and assistance in writing your paper.

24. Ancient Egypt Ring The main topics are a general introduction to ancient egypt, easyto-grasp chapters, Visual Stories about certain buildings and architectural features, an http://www.osirisnet.net/docu/e_linkb6.htm

Central Map Tombs Pharaohs Noblemen Craftsmen Greek Rom ... Egypt Ring Nebty is a Spanish website for people who are interested in the pharaonic world. It is structured by subjects and features, covering topics such as Chronology, Temples, Obelisks and Mummies. In addition, it includes general topics on Egyptian culture in its General Themes, plus the the list of monthly TV documentaries. The focus of this site is on the cultural history of Ancient Egypt. The main topics are: a general introduction to Ancient Egypt, easy-to-grasp chapters, Visual Stories about certain buildings and architectural features, an extensive section on how to select sources for the study of AE, and some exploratory articles on specific items. The association "Les Amis de l'Égypte Ancienne" is a cultural association whose focus is to help interested people to discover this civilization. More then 14000 photographs are on line.

25. USN Lower School Webliographer/Search has some quizes, maps and general information. with Hieroglyphics and read the Egyptian version of http://usn.webliographer.com/USN/lower/search.php3?topic= Lower School: Ancient

26. ASOR Outreach Links--Archaeology--general (See also Aegean Classical Civilizations and Archaeology, egyptian Archaeology). general. egyptQuiz egypt and the ancient Near East for Young People and http://www.asor.org/outreach/links/genarchy.html

Links for Archaeology and Ancient Civilizations General Archaeology and Anthropology Links Site of Qasr al-Qarqur, Jordan (Photo courtesy of Tafila-Buseyra Archaeological Survey) Menu General Archaeology Nautical Archaeology Unconventional Archaeology Archaeology in Fiction Anthropology ... Outreach Main Page General Archaeology Photo Archives Archaeology Education Resources General Education Resources Teachers K-12 ... Kids Other Archaeology Resources Museums with Archaeology Collections Archaeology Magazines and Publications Archaeological Societies General Search Engines, Indexes and Links ABZU ***The major scholarly search engine for just about anything on the Ancient Near East maintained by Chuck Jones, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. ABZU MAILING LIST / DISCUSSION GROUP INDEX Archaeology - Home Page (archaeology.about.com) ***Outstanding website maintained by Kris Hirst.(Formerly mining.co) Articles, discussion forums and chat groups, web links, archaeological sites worldwide, specialties, even clip art. Searchable. Highly recommended. See especially Netlinks, an excellent list organized by topic, region, and special subjects. Search Argos Archeology Super-site from Dallas.

27. ASOR Outreach Links--Ancient Near Eastern Civs general ancient Near East. Exploring ancient World Cultures Near East egyptology Resourcesresources for ancient egypt ***Excellent and very comprehensive http://www.asor.org/outreach/links/aneciv.html

Links for Archaeology and Ancient Civilizations Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations Roman pottery, Caesarea Maritima photo by Scott Ewald (courtesy of Combined Caesarea Expeditions) Table of Contents General Ancient Near East Mesopotamian Civilizations General Ancient Near East Exploring Ancient World Cultures: Near East **Highly recommended Near East page of the excellent site EAWC: The Index of Internet Resources. Go to its home page for the full site. Ancient Near East: Internet Resources for elementary school students Abzu: Guide to Resources for the Study of the Ancient Near East Available on the Internet ***The major index of all things Ancient Near Eastern, from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Searchable database. Canaanites, Israelites and Other Biblical Peoples Canaanite calf figurine, Ashkelon (photo courtesy of Ashkelon Excavations) Hittite Home Page History on the Internet: Ancient Israel The New Jerusalem Mosaic Virtual guides take you on tours of the various periods of the history and culture of Jerusalem. Start with old Jerusalem Mosaic as they are somewhat different.

28. Ancient Egypt Quiz rulers were buried in. 3) What are the three general eras that ancient Egyptian history is divided into? 4) Take the current year http://home.echo-on.net/~smithda/aequiz.html

Ancient Egypt Knowledge Quiz Do you know a lot about ancient Egypt? Take our Ancient Egypt Knowledge Quiz! Name: E-mail: Introduction 1) In ancient Egypt, government had evolved into a theocracy. What is the name for their rulers that were considered both absolute monarchs, and gods on earth? 2) Name the stone-lined, mud-brick structures that early Egyptian rulers were buried in. 3) What are the three general eras that ancient Egyptian history is divided into? 4) Take the current year (1998) and multiply it by 2, add 4, divide by 100, subtract 10 and multiply by 90 and the answer is the approximate beginning of what era in ancient Egyptian history? Ancient Egyptian Writing 5) What is the name for the ancient Egyptian form of writing? 6) Name the ancient Egyptian form of handwriting that was used most commonly, and allowed scribes to write faster by rounding off, or simplifying hieroglyphs. 7) Ideograms and phonograms were used together in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Ideogram is to word as phonogram is to this. 8) WHAT AM I? QUESTION

29. FOCUS On EGYPT - General Information general INFORMATION on egypt. HISTORY. The most important factor on the existence of egypt, as one of the famous capitals of ancient civilizations, is the http://www.focusmm.com/egypt/eg_giamn.htm

GENERAL INFORMATION on EGYPT HISTORY T he most important factor on the existence of Egypt, as one of the famous capitals of ancient civilizations, is the existence of River Nile. Along with Mesopotamia, one of the first agricultural societies emerged in Egypt 7000 years ago. The area between Aswan and the river delta next to Mediterranean coast became the center of settlements throughout the history. T he cultivated land of Egypt was created by the rich alluvium carried by the River Nile from the south. This black soil was left on the ground by the annual rising of the Nile and forms a sharp contrast to the red coloured desert sand which covers everyehere else in the country. The black alluvion covered part is called 'Keme' (the Black Land) and the remaining desert areas are called 'Deshret' (the Red Lands). These names have been used since the ancient times. The Egyptian civilization since the ancient times strongly relied on a successful agricultural system. Fertile Nile Valley and a well-structured irrigation system have maintained a steady food surples for Egyptians for the last 7000 years. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER (Dynasties and Rulers) : Prehistoric Era: Lower Paleolithic Age (250,000 - 90,000 BP*)

30. Bible History Links - World History - General Resources teaching of world history and history in general. Link 101 Resource page for egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia historylink101.com/ History of the ancient Middle East http://www.bible-history.com/links.cfm?cat=21&sub=114

31. WWW-VL History Index. History Of Ancient Egypt general The ancient egypt Bibliography, by Jacques Kinnaer; AEB. History of ancient egypt; Historia general de egypto, from; ancient egypt; ancient egypt Nile; http://vlib.iue.it/history/chronological/ancient_egypt.html

WWW-VL: HISTORY: ANCIENT EGYPT Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Geography Maps Relief Map [289 Kb], from the University of Texas Relief Map of the Sinai Peninsula , from the University of Texas The Nile from Alexandria to Aswan [clickable mp, but crowded with detail] The Theban Mapping Project Atlas of the Valley of the Kings , from the Theban Mapping Project [click on "Atlas" to start program] Satellite Iamge of Giza Sites in the Valley of the Kings , from the Theban Mapping Project [Clickable] Clickable Maps of the Major Regions, with Gazetteers Egypt-Nubia Archaeological Sites , from the Oriental Institute The Luxor-Farshut Road Project , from the Oriental Institute The Bir Umm Fawakhir Project , from the Oriental Institute The Giza Plateau Mapping Project , from the Oriental Institute Gazetters Modern Equivalents of Major Ancient Place-Names Language The Language of Ancient Egypt , from Amenhotep The Language of Ancient Egypt Beinlich's Egyptian Wordlist The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago , ed. Janet H. Johnson

32. 150 Ancient Egypt Links http//www.hist.unt.edu/09wegy1.htm ancient egypt general egyptology and Information Guides, Indices, Links to ancient egypt The Ministry of Tourism, egypt http://www.mysteries-megasite.com/main/bigsearch/egypt-1.html

Ancient Egypt Links Go to Frames! Break Out of Frames Read Some Testimonials From the Herbal Healer Academy! http://www.herbalhealer.com The Herbal Healer Academy is endorsed by Mysteries-Megasite.com as a leader in Health Care products, Herbs and natural remedies. Also they have an extremely comprehensive selection of herbs in their catalog. We have TESTED some of these products and find them to be first rate, gentle and very effective. Check out their newsletter, and products catalog. Seva Chakra Award - 20 Years Experience Credentials American Naturopathic Medical Board Certified and Accredited Hit CTRL+D to Bookmark this page! Search Mystery Links Home Page-Site Guide Complete A-Z Subject Guide 1000 Freeware Links ... http://www.atlantixis.com Discovery of Atlantis Ring Atlantis Ring -The original one was discovered in Egypt in the Valley of the Kings in 1860 by the Marquis d' Agrain a French archaeologist. Old of about 5 thousand years or more, this Atlantis Ring was made of Assouan Sandstone. This archaeology find was later entrusted to Howard Carter, a British archaeologist, who made an exact replica in sterling silver wearing it since as his secret talisman. Mysteries of radiasthesia and the magical power of the esoteric Atlantis Ring as well as the famous Howard Carter surviving the mummy's curse and other interesting remarks involving the Tutankhamon's tomb.... http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/6082/index.html

33. Ancient Egypt WebQuest general LINKS. ancient egypt Hotlist ancient egypt Hotlist http//www.iwebquest.com/egypt/ancientegyptcontents.html Museum of Fine Arts Boston - egypt http://www.framingham.k12.ma.us/webquest/egypt.htm

You are visitor Introduction Task Process Resources ... Conclusion Introduction As advisors to the ruler of an ancient civilization, you have been ordered to design a magnificent tomb to honor your ruler after death. Your ruler has closely followed the neighboring Egyptian civilization. Since this is the first time your culture has undertaken such a large and important project, your ruler has recommended that you study Egyptian methods of construction, interior design, and mummification. Back to Top The Task: Divide your group of advisors into three teams to become experts in the following areas: Architecture and Engineering Preparation of Bodies (Mummification) Tomb Preparation (Including Religion, Hieroglyphics, Interior design, etc.) Investigate your assigned area. Prepare and present your team's plan to your ruler in the form of a PowerPoint presentation. Back to Top The Process As a team of advisors, investigate your assigned area using the Internet resources provided below and other outside resources to gather facts regarding Egyptian methods related to your specialty. Share your findings with other members of your group.

34. Portland State's Greek Civ For Kids Most consider it the cradle of civilization. ancient Egyptians discovered and invented things that we use today in the modern world. http://www.historyforkids.org/greekciv/others/egypt/millner.htm

gypt is a country located on the northeastern tip of the African Continent, south of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a very old and ancient civilization. Most consider it the cradle of civilization. Ancient Egyptians discovered and invented things that we use today in the modern world. For example, Egyptians created the calendar, and redesigned the hoe into a plow (that was first pulled by men, not animals ). They developed irrigation techniques and dams to protect their farms from the flooding of the Nile River. Ancient Egyptians also developed the first ideas of modern geometry that the Greeks later expanded on. he location of Egypt made it easy for the country to become one of the most powerful in the world at one time. Egypt conquered many countries and was conquered by many countries during its time of dominance. It was first conquered by the Persians around 525 BC , then by the Macedonians, led by Alexander the Great , around 333 BC . And also by the Romans, led by Julius Caesar, in 50 BC. Despite all of its conquerors, Egypt remained the ideal place for Mediterranean people to study scientific , religious and social knowledge. It was such an ideal learning place that many Greek scholars traveled to study there. One of the most famous of all the Greek scholars, Herodotus, recognized Egypt as the cradle of civilization. He believed (though not all modern scholars agree) that Greece borrowed most of the elements of its civilization from Egypt, even elements as sacred as the names of the Greek Gods. In his

35. Portland State's Greek Civ For Kids will take you to various aspects of ancient egypt, each with Also be sure to check out the egyptian dynasties at the rest of the great Classic Greek civ web site http://www.historyforkids.org/greekciv/others/egypt/mace.htm

Welcome to Classical Greek Civilization's Egypt division. The pictures to the left will take you to various aspects of ancient Egypt, each with their own interesting section. Below you will find some other interesting Egypt related links. Enjoy! Be sure to read the comprehensive essay on the history of Egypt and Greece and their influences Also be sure to check out the Egyptian dynasties. Take a look at the rest of the great Classic Greek Civ web site. Take a look at the Pyramids of Gizeh , from a whole new perspective: the top! Alexander Mace Last updated 11/12/97 Expanded upon by Katie Mongue Last update 6/3/99

36. Books About Ancient Egypt There are many good general books about ancient egypt on the shelves of libraries and bookstores. Silverman, David P., general editor. ancient egypt. http://www.rom.on.ca/egypt/biblio/about_egypt.html

Resources Books About Ancient Egypt There are many good general books about Ancient Egypt on the shelves of libraries and bookstores. This bibliography hopes to guide readers through some of the readily available works. Books which are especially good for teachers or students will be noted, as well as good books for the general reader who wants more detailed information. Where to Start: Fortunately, the best books to begin with are in print, and easy to find in libraries and bookstores. Mertz, Barbara. Temples, Tombs and Hieroglyphs: The Story of Egyptology . Dr. Barbara Mertz writes mystery novels under the name of Elizabeth Peters. Her success and popularity as a writer of fiction is based on her clear, lively style; the same style has made this book and its successor, Red Land, Black Land, two of the best general interest books ever written about Ancient Egypt. Both have been revised several times, and reprinted constantly since their publication in the 1960s. Dr. Mertz introduces the reader to Egyptian history and society with impeccable scholarship, great good humour and common sense. These are fine books to keep by the bedside for a good read, or to begin your serious study of Ancient Egypt. The clear line drawings sometimes show details of objects, hairdos, and clothing in a way that colour photos cannot. Both books are readily available in paperback and hardcover. They made wonderful additions to any personal or school library. Teachers and students alike will enjoy these excellent introductions to Ancient Egypt.

37. Religion In Ancient Egypt Local Deities ancient egypt was composed were other gods who did not have local basis however they participated and fulfilled their roles in general myths of http://www.geocities.com/thetropics/shores/7037/religion/religion.htm

Religion in Ancient Egypt Religion was in every Egyptian's life. They believed in polytheism, which is believing in more than one god or goddess. For Egyptians they had to obey their gods to have a good life. After their death, the gods would judge them at how well their commands were obeyed. Table of content Early period Mummies Sources of information Gods and deities ... Akhenaten Early period In the earliest period, the Egyptians worshipped nature, like wind and water. As the towns grew up, each one adopted its own god. Near one point in the delta, they worshipped Horus, god with a human body and a falcon face. In other parts, they worshipped Osiris, god of death and rebirth. The Egyptians believed in life after death, also called the Afterlife. Pharoahs would prepare tombs in a place called the Valley of the Kings and get ready for their journey to the "celestial fields" or heaven. People thought that the afterlife was similar to life on earth, but better. They thought that the people's spirits could eat, drink and move around after death and the spirit just needed a body to live in. That is why mummies were part of the religious custom in Egypt. Mummies during which new ideas were introduced without ever discarding any old ones (except during the reign of Akhenaten). Therefore, to the ancient Egyptian this diversity of beliefs and gods was acceptable, consequently each divine power was approached by a variety of images related to nature, animal and human life.

38. General Works from Francesca This book is a perfect introduction to ancient egypt, for it The author clearly explains for the general reader, the beginnings of egyptology http://www.ptahhotep.com/categories/general1.html

A classic is a book which people praise and don't read. Mark Twain General Works (D-G) browse A-C browse H-L browse M-P browse Q-T ... browse U-Z Updated May 1, 2002 Dans les yeux de quelqu'un on ne peut pas lire vraiment mais on imagine des choses. Jacques Poulin Ancient Egypt (Rosalie David) ISBN 0714824720 © 1988, HarperCollins The Experience of Ancient Egypt (Rosalie David) ISBN 0415032636 © 2000, Routledge Note from Francesca : "This book is a perfect introduction to Ancient Egypt, for it discusses the current knowledge of its religion, language, death, life and literature, in many informative details. The author clearly explains for the general reader, the beginnings of Egyptology, from the decipherment of hieroglyphs to the latest archaeological methods used. She also demonstrates the importance to study classical texts in this field. Highly recommended for both beginners and scholars." Egypt ISBN 0714119342 © 1999, British Museum Press

39. General Titles In Society Irv Kupcinet, general Titles in Society (AL). The Official Gift in ancient egypt (Edward Bleiberg) ISBN 0806128712 © 1996, University of Oklahoma Press. http://www.ptahhotep.com/categories/society_general.html

What can you say about a society that says God is dead and Elvis is alive? Irv Kupcinet General Titles in Society (A-L) browse M-Z Updated May 1, 2002 Our society is not a community, but merely a collection of isolated family units. Valerie Solanis Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt. A social history (Richard Alston) ISBN 0415186064 © 1998, Routledge Note from Francesca : "This remarkable historical book tells of the Roman army in Egypt from the times of Augustus to Diocletian. The author discusses the economic, cultural, social and legal aspects of the military. He writes about legions, patterns of recruitment, veterans, before continuing with a description of the village of Karanis, located in the Fayium. Containing two helpful appendices, it is recommended for the serious interested student or scholar." Crafts of Egypt (Denise Ammoun) © 1991, American University in Cairo Press L'Égypte au Temps des Pyramides (English title : Egypt in the Age of the Pyramids) (Guillemette Andreu) en français : ISBN 2010143566 © 1994, Hachette

40. SCOE: Library & Media : Ancient Egypt (Grades 6-12) In addition to curriculum resources, general resources for ancient egypt are identified as well as specific resources for the Nile, Mummies, King Tut, the http://www.scoe.org/content.php?PageId=225

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