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         Ecuador Indigenous Peoples:     more books (35)
  1. Costume and Identity in Highland Equador
  2. Waorani:The Contexts of Violence and War by Clayton Allen Robarchek, Carole Robarchek, 1997-11-07
  3. Alejandro Tsakimp: A Shuar Healer in the Margins of History (Fourth World Rising) by Steven L. Rubenstein, 2002-10-01
  4. The Savage My Kinsman by Elisabeth Elliot, 1996-09
  5. Savages by Joe Kane, 1995-09-19
  6. Trekking Through History by Laura M. Rival, 2002-08-15
  7. Food, Gender, and Poverty in the Ecuadorian Andes by Mary J. Weismantel, 1989-01

41. Ecuador: Indigenous Women Against Oil Exploration
from the province of Pastaza who had walked to ecuador’s capital of repressionthat are being borne upon local communities and indigenous peoples who resist
http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/6/Ecuador.html
Ecuador: indigenous women against oil exploration The Steering Committe of Oilwatch was meeting in Quito on October 21 st A month before, almost a hundred indigenous people –mostly women and children- had begun a march from Pastaza to Quito to denounce the acts of repression that are being borne upon local communities and indigenous peoples who resist the advance of the oil industry. In this case, Tripetrol began arbitrarily oil exploration activities and carried out legal actions and threats against local community leaders. The women expressed their demand of "respect for their right to decide about their future" and that "no oil explorations is carried out in their territories". The answer was the usual one: repression. The police even called in immigration officers to check the foreigners’ papers and detained two of Oilwatch’s steering committee members who didn’t carry their passports with them. They were released soon after. Source: WRM's bulletin Nº 6, November 1997

42. PROBLEMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES LIVING IN CITIES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED, PERMANENT F
had taken up in earnest. A spirit of dialogue had been the guidingprinciple in ecuador’s relations with its indigenous peoples.
http://www.un.org/rights/indigenous/hr4600.doc.htm
HR/4600 21 May 2002 PROBLEMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES LIVING IN CITIES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED, PERMANENT FORUM TOLD (Reissued as received from a UN Information Officer.) NEW YORK, 17 May The Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues should discuss the situation of indigenous peoples living in urban areas, an indigenous representative told the Forum today, as it continued its review of United Nations activities relating to indigenous peoples. According to the representative from the Ainu Association of Sapporo (Japan), many Ainu had settled for economic reasons in industrial centres away from their native communities, where traditions were not handed down from the elders. A 1997 law to protect the Ainu culture mostly benefited Japanese scholars, while the Ainu culture was being ‘Japanized’, a cultural invasion that could be seen as a new form of colonization. Stuart W. Leslie (Belize), speaking on behalf of the 14 Member States of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), said the Permanent Forum should provide “critical advice” to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). CARICOM members were aware of the contribution to sustainable development made by indigenous peoples, and realized the need to strengthen their human and institutional capacities to allow them to better participate in decision-making.

43. IISD Youth Source Book On Sustainable Development
indigenous confederations from Peru, ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia. Theorganization works to defend the rights of indigenous peoples, their self
http://www.iisd.org/youth/ysbk146.htm

[previous]
[next] [Table of Contents] DIRECTORY
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ORGANIZATIONS Assembly of First Nations
55 Murray Street, Suite 500
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1N 5M3
Tel: +1-613-236-0673
Fax: +1-613-238-5780
Composed of representatives of first nations, their objectives are to share information, develop strategies to address national and regional government policy initiatives as they affect First Nation peoples. CISA
Consejo Indio de Sud America
Indian Council of South America
Apartado Postal 2054 Lima 100 Peru Tel/Fax: +51-14-236-955 CISA was founded in 1980 as an organization for indigenous peoples organizations from South America. CISA's objectives are oriented to reach the recognition and respect for the right to live, justice, development and peace of the indigenous people at the United Nations and National Governments. CISA promotes knowledge and traditional practices on the use, conservation, preservation and sustainable development of natural resources. Confederacion De Nacionalidades Amazonicas Del Peru (CONAP) Brigadier Pumucahua No. 974 Jesus Maria, Lima, Peru

44. Narco News: Indigenous Peoples: Distinct Paths, Common Quest
He did not clearly commit himself to the goals of his recent allies, the diverseecuadorian indigenous peoples organized in the ecuador Council of indigenous
http://www.narconews.com/Issue31/article855.html
English Espa±ol Portuguªs June 8, 2004 Set Color: Print This Page Your Team of Authentic Journalists: Publisher:
Al Giordano
South American Bureau Chief:
Alex Contreras
Managing Editor:
Dan Feder
Opening Statement, April 18, 2000
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English
Lista de alertas gratis:
Narco News is supported by:
The Fund for Authentic Journalism
THE ARCHIVES:

enough facts to end a drug war Narco News Issue #30
Complete archives

Search Narco News: Editorial Policy and Disclosures The trademarks "Narco News," "The Narco News Bulletin," and "School of Authentic Journalism" © 2000-2003 Al Giordano
Indigenous Peoples: Distinct Paths, Common Quest
“Maybe the Zapatista Caracoles Could Illuminate Ecuador Movement’s Path”
By Raquel Guti©rrez Aguilar La Jornada, translated by Narco News
August 22, 2003 The indigenous peoples of Latin America have spent more than a decade promoting social transformations that overcome racism and exclusion, and that permit them to imagine and construct different manners of coexistence and public regulation. They bring more than a decade, really, centuries, developing paths to achieve their goals. This month there have been two important steps in this never-ending quest.

45. Narco News: “Ecuador’s President Is A Puppet Of The World Bank”
Prior to the rupture, on June 16th, ecuador’s indigenous organizations presenteda Mandate from the First Summit of Nationalities, peoples, and Alternative
http://www.narconews.com/Issue31/article864.html
English Espa±ol Portuguªs June 8, 2004 Set Color: Print This Page Your Team of Authentic Journalists: Publisher:
Al Giordano
South American Bureau Chief:
Alex Contreras
Managing Editor:
Dan Feder
Opening Statement, April 18, 2000
Sign up for free alerts list:
English
Lista de alertas gratis:
Narco News is supported by:
The Fund for Authentic Journalism
THE ARCHIVES:

enough facts to end a drug war Narco News Issue #30
Complete archives

Search Narco News: Editorial Policy and Disclosures The trademarks "Narco News," "The Narco News Bulletin," and "School of Authentic Journalism" © 2000-2003 Al Giordano
“Ecuador’s President is a Puppet of the World Bank”
Indigenous Leader Blanca Chancoso Takes on the U.S. Airbase in Ecuador and Other Impositions
By Alex Contreras Baspineiro Special to The Narco News Bulletin
September 8, 2003 Ecuadorian Indigenous Leader Blanca Chancoso is one of the 38 world leaders banned by the Mexican government from attending the World Trade Organization meeting in Cancun this week. Narco News Authentic Journalism Scholar Alex Contreras, of Bolivia, caught up with her in Venezuela last week, where this interview was conducted. It begins with a long summary, by Contreras, based on the interview and his reporting.

46. World Conference Against Racism
La Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del ecuador, ecuador • VictoriaGeingos North America • Jannie Lasimbang, Asia indigenous peoples Pact (AIPP
http://www.undp.org/wcar/indigenous.html
The Acrobat Reader is needed from Adobe Systems to view PDF files Roundtable on indigenous peoples and crisis Approaches and strategies for building peace Panelists:
Conflict whether armed or unarmed, violent or non-violent, is a daily reality of many indigenous peoples' communities. In recent decades conflicts involving indigenous peoples have become more frequent and more brutal. UNDP has been exploring the nexus between issues of vulnerability, inequality, poverty and conflict and examining development patterns, policies and strategies that are likely to worsen inequality and marginalization, and thus precipitate or exacerbate conflict. Case studies are currently under preparation that will document the contributions of civil society and indigenous peoples in conflict prevention and resolution, and provide some instructive practices of indigenous peoples in building peace. The round table will discuss the role of indigenous peoples' organizations and movements in preventing and resolving conflict. Issues will range from the root causes of conflict often linked to racial discrimination, denial of rights including civic, political, cultural, social and economic, control over resources and resource use, and social exclusion; to approaches and strategies indigenous peoples use to negotiate peace. The round table will provide a space for debate on how indigenous peoples and their organizations and multilateral agencies can work with governments to address these issues, while also providing recommendations and strategies to develop partnerships.

47. Newsfront - UNDP - United Nations Development Programme
In ecuador, Ms. Chancoso explained, indigenous peoples have demanded the rightto diversity and urged the government to adopt policies that incorporate the
http://www.undp.org/dpa/frontpagearchive/2001/september/5sept01/
Mark Malloch Brown with school children at Patrice Lumumba village, Gaza Province (top); trying on new protective gear for deminers (middle); and meeting with President Chissano (right). Indigenous peoples' rights a focus at anti-racism conference Click here to subscribe to or unsubscribe from the free daily Newsfront service. Newsfront UNDP Administrator sees Mozambique's recovery from floods Wednesday, 5 September 2001: Mozambique's Gaza Province, hit hard by floods that drove 233,000 people from their homes last year and suffering more flood damage this year, is rebuilding with outside assistance, UNDP Administrator Mark Malloch Brown reported following a visit to the area last week. The Administrator, accompanied by Abdoulie Janneh, UN Assistant Secretary-General and UNDP Regional Director for Africa, met with President Joaquim Chissano and other leaders during his visit on 27 - 29 August. The Administrator said that the "overwhelming impression" from his visit to Gaza "is that normal life has been restored and sensible improvements have been made." The recovery efforts have moved many villages from flood-prone areas to higher ground, rebuilt government infrastructure and improved water supply systems. Mr. Malloch Brown co-chaired the donor conference in Rome in May 2000, where donors promised over US$ 450 million to support flood recovery. Thus far, $360 million has been disbursed. The donors' response to the 2000 floods "was remarkable and showed confidence in the country," he said.

48. Take Action: Help Stop Human Rights Abuses In Ecuador
threats of militarization and violence facing the community of Sarayacu, presenta climate of insecurity and vulnerability for ecuador s indigenous peoples.
http://ga0.org/campaign/ecuador

Organizing/Advocacy Tools
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Help Stop Human Rights Abuses in Ecuador On February 1, Ecuadorian indigenous leader Leonidas Iza was shot at in an attempt on his life, which left three of his relatives wounded. Elsewhere in Ecuador, indigenous leaders have been detained, NGO's have been intimidated, and protestors have been shot. In the Amazon, an indigenous community is being threatened by encroaching oil companies.
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49. Catholic Institute For International Relations (CIIR) - News
The election victory of president Lucio Gutierrez in November 2002 was on the backof widespread support from ecuador s indigenous peoples, who make up 30 per
http://www.ciir.org/ciir.asp?section=news&page=story&id=671

50. Catholic Institute For International Relations (CIIR) - Skillshare Ecuador
Kichua del ecuador (Ecuarunari) Jairo, a journalist, provides communications supportfor Ecuarunari, which represents the indigenous peoples of the highlands.
http://www.ciir.org/ciir.asp?section=skillshare&page=ecuador

51. Health Of Indigenous People: A Challenge For Public Health
Chile, ecuador, Panama, Honduras, and Brazil have units responsible for indigenous andHonduras have published documents on the health of indigenous peoples.
http://www.paho.org/English/DPI/100/100feature32.htm
Homepage About PAHO Data Topics ... Search
Health of indigenous people: a challenge for public health
Washington, DC, August 15, 2002 (PAHO) Although the term indigenous people in the Americas is widely used, that generalization encompasses more than 400 different ethnic groups, with different beliefs and different health practices. This diversity presents a challenge for public health in the Americas, where indigenous peoples are among the most excluded. The response of the Pan American Health Organization is its Health of Indigenous Peoples Initiative, started in 1993, which signifies a commitment by PAHO and its Member States to work with indigenous peoples to improve their health and well being. It is also a recognition of the value and need to conserve indigenous cultural heritage and knowledge. Photos
available.

Click here
Serious health and social problems still exist for the estimated forty-three million indigenous peoples living in the Americas. Recent studies have indicated that these peoples are among the most poor and disadvantaged, and each of the more than 400 ethnic groups "has its own beliefs and practices with regard to health, as well as their own community resources for health promotion, disease prevention or cure of common ills," explains Dr. Sandra Land, PAHO's regional adviser in local health services. The initiative for health of indigenous peoples was launched due to the inequalities that existed in health status and in access to basic services between those communities and other social groups. Indigenous communities have higher rates of avoidable mortality and morbidity and lower life expectancy at birth, and many of them do not have regular access to essential health care due to economic, geographical, or cultural barriers.

52. The Crisis In Colombia: Consequences For Indigenous Peoples - Jean Jackson
to abandon their lands and flee to urban areas or neighboring ecuador. adverse socialand cultural effects on the region s indigenous peoples, a substantial
http://www.aaanet.org/committees/cfhr/rpt_crisis_in_columbia.htm

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Members in the News ... Section Assembly Max Rows: Go to AAA Home The Crisis in Colombia: Consequences for Indigenous Peoples Jean Jackson M.I.T. March, 2003 Colombia is sinking into an abyss of violence that grows more frightful each day. This paper examines the impact of the 38-year-old conflict on the nation's indigenous people, who constitute about 2% of the country's total population of roughly 44 million, form 84 distinct communities ( pueblos ), and speak 64 different languages. Civil wars always seem to involve horror in many forms, but one particularly terrible feature of this one is the high proportion of civilians who are killed, coercively displaced, or forced to endure constant threats to self, family and livelihood. Ostensibly a struggle of the Colombian state against an insurrection of guerrillas who want to topple the government and replace it with a Marxist-oriented one, the conflict is far more complex. The pueblos are disproportionately subjected to the violence because 1) most communities are rural, and up until now this has been a mainly rural insurgency;

53. Peoples Struggle In Ecuador | 24.1.00 - December 01
Translate this page Special ecuador News Update (25.1.) sobre ecuador/of interest (26.1.) ecuador encontra del colonialismo (27.1.) How the indigenous people changed the balance
http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/imf/ecuador/ecuad1.htm
Peoples Struggle in Ecuador
Luchas del Pueblo en Ecuador
a partir de
Search:
Some 4000 Indian protesters gather outside the Salesiana Polytechnic University near downtown Quito, Ecuador, Wednesday, Jan. 31, 2001. Demonstrators are decrying the economic austerity measures announced earlier this month by President Gustavo Noboa's government. Noboa's predecessor, Jamil Mahuad was forced from office by similar protests and armed forces defections last year. (AP Photo/Cecilia Puebla) Back to previous Page
recent updates

march 2002: Camp Ecuador CONFEUNASSC - CNC PULSAR
Messages on Ecuador
see also: " States of unrest " (WDM Report, Sept. 2000)
Enero - January
Coup declared in Ecuador

Canadian pulls plug on Ecuador

Update on Situation in Ecuador
Three-person "council'' takes over in Ecuador ... TAZ Artikel zu Ecuador (de, 25.01.) mehr zu Ecuador (de, 25.01.) Info on Ecuadoran Indigenous Uprising (24.01.) Ecuador- Davos WEF Equadorian Govt no longer recognized by people a volcano full of craters ... Poker menteur en Equateur (fr, 31.1.) Febrero - February The coup in Ecuador: a grim warning Court Martial Process Begins Colombia Rebels Flee to Ecuador Marzo - March CONAIE-Vertreter in der BRD (de, 16.3.)

54. Wauu.DE: Society: Ethnicity: Indigenous People: South America
http//www.headhunter.com/. indigenous peoples in ecuador on Abya Yala Net Directoryof links and news articles for topics related to native peoples in ecuador
http://www.wauu.de/Society/Ethnicity/Indigenous_People/South_America/
Home Society Ethnicity Indigenous People : South America Search DMOZ-Verzeichnis:
All Categories Categories Onlye
Kategorien:
Andean
Links:
  • Amanaka'a
    Environmental education organization with a simple mission: to support the peoples of the Amazon Rainforest in their efforts to live and work in harmony with their environment.
    http://www.amanakaa.org/
  • Central and South American Indian Cultures
    Introduces cultures from Mexico, Venezuela and Brazil, including the Amazon basin. Links to factsheets and travel packages.
    http://indian-cultures.com/
  • CONFENIAE
    The Confederation of the Nationalities Indigenous to the Amazon of Ecuador (CONFENIAE) is an organization dedicated to the defence and legalization of indigenous territories and the protection of their natural resources, promoting social, political, and economic development and saving the cultural identity of each member nation from extinction.
    http://www.unii.net/confeniae/english/
  • Darkness in El Dorado: Information and Links Annotated directory of news and position statements on Patrick Tierney's book "Darkness in El Dorado". http://www.anth.uconn.edu/gradstudents/dhume/darkness_in_el_dorado/index.htm

55. Ecuador: Texaco Settle With Government, Not Indigenous Peoples
ecuador Texaco Settle with Government, not indigenous peoples 10/4/94 OVERVIEW,SOURCE COMMENTARY by EE For some time Rainforest Action Network has
http://forests.org/archive/samerica/texset.htm
Ecuador: Texaco Settle with Government, not Indigenous Peoples
For some time Rainforest Action Network has campaigned in the
Ecuadorian Amazon, to protect the rainforests and the local
people's from abuses by foreign oil multi-nationals. Texaco has
now settled with the Ecuadorian government for past environmental
damage wrought by their operations, but without the involvement of
the actual people's effected by the environmental damage. The
following was posted by RAN in econet's rainfor.general
conference.
g.b.
RELAYED TEXT STARTS HERE: /** rainfor.genera: 151.0 **/ ** Topic: Texaco Settles Without Indigenous P ** ** Written 11:23 AM Oct 4, 1994 by rainforest in cdp:rainfor.genera ** ACTION ALERT TEXACO SETTLING WITH THE ECUADORIAN GOVERNMENT COMPANY SIDESTEPS THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND FARMERS IT DEVASTATED Texaco Inc., and the Ecuadorian government have reached a tentative agreement on Texaco's contribution to a clean-up and restoration program for the company's former oil production sites in the Ecuadorian Amazon region. When President Sixto Duran

56. Texaco Suit Reinstated By Indigenous Peoples Of Ecuador And Peru
Texaco Suit Reinstated by indigenous peoples of ecuador and Peru 10/6/98 *****RELAYED TEXT STARTS HERE Title Texaco Suit
http://forests.org/archive/samerica/ecreinst.htm
Texaco Suit Reinstated by Indigenous peoples of Ecuador and Peru
RELAYED TEXT STARTS HERE:
Title: Texaco Suit Reinstated by Indigenous peoples of Ecuador and Peru
Source: Reuters
Date: 10/6/98
NEW YORK (Reuters) - A federal appeals court has reinstated lawsuits filed
by rainforest Indians of Ecuador and Peru against Texaco Inc., accusing
the giant oil company of widespread contamination of their water and land.
In the ruling made public Tuesday, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Second Circuit reversed a lower court decision dismissing the lawsuits on
jurisdictional grounds. Texaco is headquartered in White Plains, N.Y., which is within the Second Circuit's venue. The plaintiffs have estimated that clean-up costs, compensation for devastation to the rainforest and alleged increased cancer risks for thousands of people could exceed $1 billion. The three-member appeals court panel also reversed a ruling that barred the Republic of Ecuador from joining in the litigation. Ecuador's move to participate in the cases marked the first time a foreign government tried to sue a U.S. oil company in an American court over alleged environmental

57. Earth Island Institute: Action Alert
President, RE REPRESSION OF ecuador S indigenous peoples I am very concerned aboutthe serious repression used against peaceful protestors in your country.
http://www.earthisland.org/takeaction/new_action.cfm?aaID=42

58. Infoshop.org News Kiosk - PROTEST IN ECUADOR ESCALATES
PROTEST IN ecuador ESCALATES indigenous peoples AND CITIZENS GROUPSCALL FOR REPEAL OF IMF-IMPOSED STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT POLICIES.
http://www.infoshop.org/news6/ecuador1.html
February 6, 2001
PROTEST IN ECUADOR ESCALATES
From the SAPRI Network/Development Gap:
PROTEST IN ECUADOR ESCALATES -
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND CITIZENS' GROUPS CALL FOR
REPEAL OF IMF-IMPOSED STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT POLICIES
GOVERNMENT RESPONDS WITH REPRESSION -
SEVERAL INDIGENOUS PEOPLE KILLED OR WOUNDED
AND HUNDREDS ARRESTED
Indigenous peoples in Ecuador have been mobilizing over the past month to demand the repeal of new IMF-backed economic measures announced by the Ecuadoran government in late December as part of an ongoing structural adjustment program. The measures involve the removal of subsidies on cooking fuel and gasoline, causing the former to double in price and the latter to increase by 25%, and a 75% increase in transportation costs. The IMF's insistence on the application of these measures as well as a 3% increase in the value-added tax which is still pending has put access to dignified living conditions even further beyond the reach of large segments of the Ecuadoran population. The escalating protests in recent days are not only in response to these economic measures but to the overall structural adjustment program that has intensified with Ecuador's conversion to the US dollar last year. Beginning on 21 January, indigenous groups led by CONAIE (Confederation of Indigenous Nations of Ecuador) organized marches and blockaded roads in the countryside and cities in half of the country's 22 provinces. Farmworkers, students and others also joined in supporting these protests. The government sent military forces to disperse many of these peaceful demonstrations with force, using teargas and weapons, that resulted in several indigenous people injured, some by bullets, and several hundred arrested.

59. MA News Kiosk - ECUADOR: Press Release CONAI (indigenous Movement) 16.1
ecuador press release CONAI (indigenous movement) 16.1. International PressRelease from the Confederation of indigenous peoples of ecuador (CONAIE).
http://www.infoshop.org/news5/ecuador4.html
January 18, 2000
ECUADOR: press release CONAI (indigenous movement) 16.1
International Press Release from the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Ecuador (CONAIE) Quito - January 16th 2000 The National Parliament of the Peoples of Ecuador, democratically constituted with the participation of 21 Provincial parliaments and innumerable community, county and neighbourhood parliaments, has directly assumed the control of national sovereignty in order to save the Republic of Ecuador from the process of national dissolution started by the decision of Jamil Mahuad to renounce monetary sovereignty by announcing the substition of the sucre, our historical form of currency, for the (American) dollar. The decision to dollarize the economy is the latest attack against the peoples economy and the country's system of production executed by Mahuad with the sinister intent to protect a corrupt "bankocracy" and to transform Ecuador into an enclave for financial speculation and money- laundering. The dollarization implies the destruction of the system of production, the bankrupcy of industry and the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs, and increasing expropriation of the tiny parcels of land that belong to the indigenous and rural people of the country.

60. Ecuador And Oil
Some of the indigenous peoples of ecuador who live traditionally, inhabit therain forests of the eastern part of the country, the same area where oil
http://www.maanystavat.fi/oil/oileng/ecuador.htm
Ecuador and oil
Contents
Ulla Lehtinen: "Indigenous peoples and oil" events in Finland 1999 Olli Tammilehto: A civilised world or a bloodsucker of the earth? Background information on oil ... Magda Lanuza: Oil production in Central America Ecuador and oil Arturo Yumbai Iligama: The war against the poor Colombia, the U'wa and oil Roberto Afanador Cobaria: Oil is blood of the earth Workshop 1: The strategies of oil industry and the responses of indigenous peoples' movements ... Internet links The general situation Ecuador is Latin America's sixth biggest oil producer and the fourth biggest exporter. The country produces about two million tonnes of crude oil a year, 60% of which is exported. The state-owned Petroecuador is the biggest producer, which directly or indirectly accounts for 80 per cent of oil production. Foreign companies, among others, Amoco, Atlantic Richfield Company (Arco), Elf Aquitaine, Maxus, Occidental, Oryx, Petrobas, Shell and YPF of Argentina are active in the country. Ecuador's biggest oil fields are in the east of the country in the Amazon rainforests. Petroecuador has announced plans to increase the country's annual oil production to over three million tonnes by the year 2002 and after that to 3.5 million tonnes a year. The present situation A class lawsuit filed in a New York court by the Ecuadorian indigenous peoples against Texaco has caught international attention. They are demanding 1.5 billion dollars from Texaco for its environmental destruction. Texaco claims that the case does not concern the parent company because the subsidiary Texaco Ecuador and since 1992 Petroecuador have been responsible for the activities. The case is also considered a guiding legal case that might once again define the responsibilities of parent companies over action taken by their subsidiaries.

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