1. EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES Activity 1. Introduction to earthquake magnitudes. Activity 2. Calculating your own earthquake about a different kind of earthquake measurement call the Mercalli Index, which http://lasker.princeton.edu/ScienceProjects/curr/eqmag/eqmag.htm

Contents for Earthquake Magnitudes Goals and Objectives Activity 1. Introduction to earthquake magnitudes Activity 2. Calculating your own earthquake magnitudes Activity 3. Powers of Ten (Orders of magnitude) ... Research Ideas for Earthquake Magnitudes Target Class Grades 9-12, Earth Science Goals and Objectives To learn that there are many ways to calculate earthquake magnitudes, and to become familiar with some different scales scientists have developed to calculate magnitudes. Use the Seismic Wave Analysis Program (SWAP) to calculate PEPP earthquake magnitudes. Understand powers of ten (orders of magnitudes). Understand that averaging magnitude calculations over many seismic stations gives a better estimate of earthquake magnitude than using one or a few stations. Explore the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the energy released by an earthquake. Study wave properties, such as wave propagation, using magnitude determinations. Back to Table of Contents Activity 1. Introduction to Earthquake Magnitudes Objective: Use the PEPP Learning Library to become familiar with the different ways scientists calculate earthquake magnitudes.

2. Earthquakes Theme Page learn about the history of earthquakes, the formation of continents, and earthquake measurement and prediction understanding of the impact an earthquake could have on a country by http://www.cln.org/themes/earthquakes.html

Earthquakes Theme Page Below are the CLN "Theme Pages" which may supplement the study of earthquakes. CLN's theme pages are collections of useful Internet educational resources within a narrow curricular topic and contain links to two types of information. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Natural Disasters Avalanches Theme Page Blizzards Theme Page Floods Theme Page Hurricanes Theme Page ... Volcanoes Theme Page General Earthquake Resources This "Theme Page" has links to two types of resources related to the study of earthquakes. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are also links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Please read our [The] ABC's of Plate Tectonics "A broad analysis of the basic principles that should apply to the movements of plates, some new hypotheses about how they apply to convection and landform formation, and some expected scenarios for differing tectonic events."

3. Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement Parkfield CA earthquake measurement. Here are some links to the earthquakemeasurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7639/internal/prkfld.htm

Announcements and News: Click here to read the announcements with a non-Java enabled browser Site Navigation: - Page Info - Title: Page address: File created:     Apr 5, 2002 Last modified: Apr 5, 2002 Definitions: Double-click on any word Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement Here are some links to the earthquake measurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video: http:// www.geophys.washington.edu/ SEIS/ PNSN/ INFO_GENERAL/ eq_prediction.html http:// www.seismo.berkeley.edu/ seismo/ annual_report/ ar97_98/ node15.html#SECTION04340000000000000000 http:// www.usgs.gov/ public/ press/ public_affairs/ press_releases/ pr447m.html http:// kilauea.stanford.edu/ jrmurray/ Parkfield.html ... http:// quake.wr.usgs.gov/ research/ parkfield/ index.html (Return to top of page) This page hosted by Get your own Free Home Page Page address:

4. Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports - Strong-mo Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph 1984) Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph http://caltecheerl.caltech.edu/archive/00000157

Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports Home About Browse Search ... Help Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph Iwan, Wilfred D. and Moser, Michael A. and Peng, Chia-Yen Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph. Technical Report California Institute of Technology Full text available as: PDF Adobe PDF (3 MB) - Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader or other PDF viewer. Abstract This paper presents results of a study of some of the characteristics of the Kinemetrics PDR-1 digital strong-motion accelerograph. The paper gives the results of laboratory tests of the background noise level of the instrument and compares these results with previously reported observations for optical instruments. The determination of displacement from acceleration data is discussed and results of laboratory tests are presented. Certain instrument anomalies are identified, data correction algorithms proposed, and examples given. The paper also presents the results of a comparison of earthquake records obtained from side-by-side digital and optical analog instruments. Finally, some results obtained from a recent Chinese earthquake are discussed. EPrint Type: Monograph (Technical Report) Additional Information: PB-91-170191/AS Subjects: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory ID Code: Deposited By: Jim O'Donnell Deposited On: 08 October 2001 Record Number: CaltechEERL:1984.EERL-84-02

5. Antony C. Fraser Smith, Research Interests area, they enable ULF magnetic field fluctuations along a substantial section ofthe San Andreas fault to be monitored (see map of earthquake measurement sites http://www-star.stanford.edu/~acfs/fraser-smith-research.html

A. C. Fraser-Smith: Research Interests Note: Clicking on any one of the highlighted references below will give you a segment of Prof. Fraser-Smith's publication list with the desired reference usually at (or close to) the top of the segment.] Prof. Fraser-Smith conducts experimental and theoretical research into the origin and properties of low frequency electromagnetic field variations in the Earth's environment and in space. The specific frequencies covered by this work are the following: ultra-low frequencies ( ULF ; frequencies less than 5 Hz), extremely-low frequencies ( ELF ; frequencies in the range 5 Hz - 3 kHz), and very-low frequencies ( VLF ; frequencies in the range 3 - 30 kHz). Prof. Fraser-Smith also investigates the relation of these ULF, ELF, and VLF electromagnetic variations to other phenomena on and below the Earth's surface (including the sea surface), in the neutral atmosphere, and in the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and interplanetary space. This research included the first measurements of ULF geomagnetic field fluctuations with a superconducting magnetometer [ Fraser-Smith and Buxton,

6. DOE Document - Development Of A Seafloor Earthquake Measurement A Seafloor earthquake measurement System is being developed at Sandia to measure marine sediment response to seismic activity.^The system will use an acoustic telemetry system to transmit commands http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.bib

7. Elementary Theme Pages By Jim Cornish Measurement of Earthquakes. Earthquake Magnitude Richter Scale; EarthquakeMeasurement earthquake measurement is not a simple problem. http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/CITE/earthquakes_measurement.htm

Theme Pages for Elementary Students and Teachers prepared by Jim Cornish, Gander, Newfoundland, Canada The background image is Sarracenia purpurea , the pitcher plant- the floral emblem of Newfoundland and Labrador. March/April Features Mission to Mars TomatoSphere (A Mars-Related Project) NEW! Dragons NEW!! Explorers Maps and Map Skills Number the Stars Novel Study Homechild Novel Study ... Newspapers in Education NEW! Math Story Problems Cartooning Writing Prompts Literature Circles NEW! Hubble Space Telescope Space Shuttle Launch Profile HELP! Reading Resources For Parents and Teachers HELP! Other Themes by Subject Earth Science Ecosystems Life Science Meteorology ... Passages Search the Theme Pages Via STEM-Net Search for this: Choose a theme page from the list below to display lists of links. Earth Science Caves Dinosaurs Earthquakes Fossils ... Volcanoes Ecosystems Fresh Water Deserts Oceans Rainforests ... Boreal Forest Animals Ezines Ranger Rick OwlKids Canadian Museum of Nature Life Science Birds Fish Human Body Systems Insects ... ArtsSmarts: Newfoundland Pine Marten Meteorology Weather Clouds Hurricanes Tornadoes Space Astronomy Solar System Space Shuttle Hubble Telescope ... Canadian Astronauts Physical Science Simple Machines Matter Inventions Flight ... Paper Airplanes Archaeology/History Archaeology Ancient Egypt Anasazi Vikings ... Beothuks Geography Nations Maps Flags Nation Profiles ... Japan Language Readers Theatre Novel Studies Myths and Legends Children's Books Reviews ... Homechild Novel Study Arts

8. Strong-motion Earthquake Measurement Using A Digital Accelerograph Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph This paper presents results of a study of some of the characteristics of the Kinemetrics PDR-1 digital strong-motion http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEERL:1984.EE

9. Int4 Earthquakes in Japan earthquake measurement. The Japanese shindo scale for measuring earthquakesis more commonly used in Japan than the Richter scale. http://inst.santafe.cc.fl.us/~jklein/html/int4.htm

BACK NEXT GEOLOGY INDEX STUDY QUESTIONS Earthquake Measurement Earthquake measurement is not a simple problem. It is hampered by many things. Few people are capable of observing carefully what is happening around them when they are experiencing an earthquake. Moreover, equipment and structures often fail during severe earthquakes. Also, most quakes only last seconds or at most, minutes. Lastly, effects of the same event vary widely from location to location. Therefore it is difficult to coherently and accurately describe what happens during an earthquake based on eyewitness accounts. To measure earthquakes we use two different scales. One measures the energy of the waves, the other the resulting amount of damage The Richter Scale The first, the Richter scale , is an absolute scale that measures the amount of ground movement and the energy released by an earthquake, its magnitude . An earthquake of magnitude 1 releases approximately as much energy as that generated by the explosion of one pound of TNT. Each number on the Richter scale represents a ten-fold increase in ground motion and an associated energy release of approximately 30 times that of the previous number. This means that an earthquake of magnitude 7 will be nearly 1,000 times more powerful than a magnitude 5 event. Earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater are considered severe, and represent potentially devastating events. Unfortunately, they are not all that rare. Although the Richter scale gives a fairly accurate measurement of the amount of energy released, it does not give any information as to what happens to people and structures. For that, we use the Mercalli scale.

10. Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports - The Wilmo simplified instrument for the direct measurement of one point on the response application to strongmotion earthquake measurement. Department Earthquake Engineering Research http://caltecheerl.caltech.edu/archive/00000289

Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports Home About Browse Search ... Help The Wilmot survey type strong-motion earthquake recorder Hudson, Donald E The Wilmot survey type strong-motion earthquake recorder. Technical Report California Institute of Technology Full text available as: PDF Adobe PDF (4 MB) - Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader or other PDF viewer. Abstract A simplified instrument for the direct measurement of one point on the response spectrum of the ground motion caused by strong-motion earthquakes is described, and the theory of operation is developed. Determinations of the physical characteristics of two test instruments of a standardized design suitable for large scale production and installation are discussed. Direct comparisons between the instrument results and the spectrum analysis of base accelerations are given, and the conclusion is reached that the device in its present form is suitable for the contemplated application to strong-motion earthquake measurement. EPrint Type: Monograph (Technical Report) Subjects: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory ID Code: Deposited By: Jim O'Donnell Deposited On: 18 June 2002 Record Number: CaltechEERL:1958.EERL.1958.001

11. Earthquake Quiz Earthquake Quiz. 1. The deadliest earthquake on record was Which method of earthquake measurement is preferred by today's modern seismologists http://www.redcross.org/news/dro/Low/Earthquake

Earthquake Quiz 1. The deadliest earthquake on record was: a. The Great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 b. China, July 27, 1976, magnitude 8.0 c. China, January 23, 1556, magnitude unknown d. Alaska, 1964 2. The "Ring of Fire" describes: a. The molten magma that rises from cracks in the earth caused by temblors b. A seismically active region of the Earth that essentially circumnavigates the Pacific Ocean c. The lava dome inside a volcano d. The circle of flame that spreads out from an erupting volcano 3. Most of the deaths from the Great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 were attributed to: a. The Pacific Ocean tsunami that crashed ashore just moments after the quake b. Collapsed buildings crushed thousands of people c. An immense fire that burned for four days after the temblor d. An epidemic outbreak in the wake of the earthquake 4. Which method of earthquake measurement is preferred by today's modern seismologists? a. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale b. Richter Scale c. Seismograph d. Fujita Scale e. Saffir-Simpson

12. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper Translate this page http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/fig3-118f.htm

13. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper P earthquake measurement with moving recording poper by Karl KREIL(1855). document last modified (mm/dd/yyyy) © HEAT Editors. http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/figures3/fig3-118g.htm

14. Strong-motion Earthquake Measurement Using A Digital Accelerograph Dublin Core Metadata. Title, Strongmotion earthquake measurement using adigital accelerograph. Creator, Iwan, Wilfred D. Creator, Moser, Michael A. http://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/getrecord/oai_dc/CaltechEERL.OAI/oai:CaltechEERL.

OAI Header Identifier oai:CaltechEERL.OAI:157 Datestamp Dublin Core Metadata Title Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph Creator Iwan, Wilfred D. Creator Moser, Michael A. Creator Peng, Chia-Yen Subject Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Description This paper presents results of a study of some of the characteristics of the Kinemetrics PDR-1 digital strong-motion accelerograph. The paper gives the results of laboratory tests of the background noise level of the instrument and compares these results with previously reported observations for optical instruments. The determination of displacement from acceleration data is discussed and results of laboratory tests are presented. Certain instrument anomalies are identified, data correction algorithms proposed, and examples given. The paper also presents the results of a comparison of earthquake records obtained from side-by-side digital and optical analog instruments. Finally, some results obtained from a recent Chinese earthquake are discussed. Publisher California Institute of Technology Date Type Monograph Type NonPeerReviewed Identifier http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEERL:1984.EERL-84-02

15. 10(m) Earthquakes earthquake measurement. When an earthquake occurs this device converts thewave energy into a standard unit of measurement like the Richter scale. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10m.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... ABOUT CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere (m). Earthquakes Introduction An earthquake is a sudden vibration or trembling in the Earth. More than 150,000 tremors strong enough to be felt by humans occur each year worldwide. Earthquake motion is caused by the quick release of stored potential energy into the kinetic energy of motion. Most earthquakes are produced along faults tectonic plate boundary zones , or along the mid-oceanic ridges Figures 10m-1 and ). At these areas, large masses of rock that are moving past each other can become locked due to friction . Friction is overcome when the accumulating stress has enough force to cause a sudden slippage of the rock masses. The magnitude of the shock wave released into the surrounding rocks is controlled by the quantity of stress built up because of friction, the distance the rock moved when the slippage occurred, and ability of the rock to transmit the energy contained in the seismic waves . The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 involved a 6 meter horizontal displacement of bedrock. Sometime after the main shock wave

16. ISTAT Earth Science: Earthquakes: Measuring Earthquakes ....... Science Probe Text Science Probe II, Chapter 13, Section 13.1 contains informationabout earthquake measurement. Activity, Access, http://www.seismo.berkeley.edu/seismo/istat/9th/eq_measure.html

Earthquakes Earthquakes and Faults Seismic Waves Seismic Safety Main Topics ... ISTAT Home How seismologists "measure" earthquakes: location, magnitude, intensity, ground motion. Effects and potential effects of earthquakes on land, water, and structures: surface rupture, landslides, tsunamis, liquefaction, fires, building collapse. Standards SFUSD Performance Standard 17.5 - Using the distance and timing between S and P waves to determine the epicenter of an earthquake; discussing the relationship between logarithms and the Richter scale. Science Probe Text Science Probe II, Chapter 13, Section 13.1 contains information about earthquake measurement. Activity Access Description Science Probe II: Activity 13D Locating an Earthquake Epicenter Students will learn how seismologists identify epicenter locations on a map. They practice reading seismograms. Activity Access Description Virtual Earthquake Cal State LA One of Cal State LA's Geology On-line labs. A truly interactive on-line exercise for the concepts of locating an earthquake and determining its magnitude. Participants who complete the activity are given a "Virtual Seismologist" award. Earthquake Effects USGS Teacher's guide with computer animations and a paper model. This activity illustrates such effects as the collapse of buildings, fires, and the triggering of tsunamis.

17. Japanzine - Humor s strength is sometimes expressed in terms of its magnitude in Japan, they also havea completely different system for earthquake measurement called the shindo http://www.japan-zine.com/Humor.htm

18. Earthquakes Lesson 4 Seismic waves and introduction to earthquake measurement. Lesson 5earthquake measurement Seismographs, epicenter location, magnitude scales. http://www-student.furman.edu/users/j/jgreene/Ed33UnitOutline.htm

Earthquakes By Jermaine Greene Grade: th Subject: Earth Science Topic: Earthquakes Unit question: Can Earthquakes Occur in South Carolina? South Carolina State Standards Addressed: Inquiry (Various) Earth Science and Earth Process (III. B. 3. C-I.) Inquiry 1. Identify process skills that can be used in scientific investigations. a. Observe 1. Observe patterns of objects and events. 2. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative observations. b. Classify 1. Arrange data in sequential order. 2. Use scientific (e.g., field guides, charts, periodic tables, etc.) and dichotomous keys for classification. c. Measure 1. Select and use appropriate tools (e.g., metric ruler, graduated cylinder, thermometer, balances, spring scales, and stopwatches) and units (e.g., meter, liter, Celsius, gram, Newton, and second) to measure to the unit required in a particular situation. 2. Select and use appropriate metric prefixes to include milli-, centi-, and kilo-. d. Infer 1. Make inferences based on observations. e. Predict

19. A Quick Tour Of Earthquake Magnitudes This earthquake measurement scale is most appropriate for earthquakes that occurat distances greater than 12 degrees (about 1300 kilometers since 1 degree http://www.wcatwc.gov/magnitude.htm

Have you ever wondered why there were two or three different magnitudes for the same earthquake? Earthquakes are measured in a number of different ways. One of those ways is to identify the size (energy released) of an earthquake in units of magnitude. There are different methods for getting a magnitude. There is a magnitude that is based on the body waves that travel deep within the earth’s interior. There is a method to calculate a earthquake’s magnitude from the seismic surface waves that travel along the surface layers of the earth. There is even a method that defines a magnitude based on how much of the earth “broke” during the earthquake. The most commonly used magnitudes are the Ml, Mb, MS and Mw types. The Ml or Local (“Richter”) Magnitude is based on the maximum amplitude (A) in micrometers recorded on standard short period (1 sec) seismometer. Ml = logA – logA0, Where A0 is a standard value as a function of distance. This magnitude is good for earthquakes less than 1000 kilometers from the instrument measuring the earthquake. It is valid for earthquakes less than 6 units of magnitude. The Mb or Body Wave Magnitude is based on the amplitude of the P body waves generated by the earthquake. This earthquake measurement scale is most appropriate for earthquakes that occur at distances greater than 12 degrees (about 1300 kilometers since 1 degree = 111 kilometers) from a seismometer. This scale is valid for magnitudes less than 6.5 units.

20. Earthquake & Seismic Information Page required). CURRENT/RECENT SEISMIC ACTIVITY. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCEBETWEEN THE RICHTER AND MERCALLI SCALES OF earthquake measurement? http://www.wreg.com/Global/story.asp?S=242861

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