41. ICS's Water Management Solutions For Arid And Semi-arid Regions on soil structure impact on water infiltration and Impact of soil structure on plantcover functioning. makes the plant more sensitive to drought the impact http://www.ics-agri.com/soil-structure.htm

Contact us About ICS Support News ... Soil structure management Soil sensors / method for irrigation scheduling Irrigation equipment For more information fax + 33 5 4635 2829 or click here to email us Proper soil structure is essential to high-performance agriculture Soil structure and plant cover functioning Among the different environmental characteristics, soil structure is often neglected, although it has a strong impact on water and nutrient access and uptake by the crop. If the state of the soil structure is unknown, a crop malfunction can be totally misinterpreted and thus improperly corrected. Soil structure and irrigation Soil structure and soil texture also have an impact on water infiltration rate and thus on water management efficiency: water losses from evaporation or runoff are either reduced or increased when soil structure is modified. The problem in arid areas is that soil structure is more fragile than anywhere else because of intensive irrigation. In these conditions, high-performance agriculture then greatly relies on a proper diagnosis and management of soil structure states. It is the only way to improve both water availability and infiltration, since soil texture cannot be modified.

42. Training Courses / Crop Water Management Plant breeding for drought and salinity resistance. soil structure, water relationsand dynamics; basic soil physics. ·Crops and water water use efficiency http://www.infoagrar.ch/TrainingDirectory.nsf/0/0da985a58695386bc1256e3e002f0110

43. Drought - In Depth benefits of conservation practices because soil moisture is A public information programabout the drought hazard in way to ensure good water management in the http://www.tnema.org/EP/Drought.htm

Home Media Training Mitigation ... Planning DROUGHT - IN DEPTH Drought must be defined not only in terms of below normal precipitation, but also in terms of duration. Occasional periods of below average precipitation will not seriously deplete moisture reserves, while prolonged shortages of moisture can be enough of a drain on moisture reserves to seriously affect crops, livestock, forest and range lands, as well as hydro-electric, irrigation, and urban water supplies. The effects of drought become apparent with a longer duration because more and more moisture-related activities are affected. Non-irrigated croplands are most susceptible to moisture shortages. Rangeland and irrigated agricultural lands do not feel the effects as quickly as the non-irrigated, cultivated acreage, but their yields can also be greatly reduced due to drought. Reductions in yields due to moisture shortages are often aggravated by wind induced soil erosion. In periods of severe drought, forest and range fires can destroy the economic potential of the timber and liv estock industries, and wildlife habitat in, and adjacent to, the fire areas. Under extreme drought conditions, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers can be subject to severe water shortages which greatly restrict the use of their water supplies. An additional hazard resulting from drought conditions is insect infestation.

44. Drought, Its After-Effects, And Management Strategies For Woody Ornamentals Symptoms are manifest in different ways depending on the plant species and the severityof the water deficit. drought or dry soil conditions result in http://www.caes.state.ct.us/FactSheetFiles/PlantPathology/fspp025f.htm

DROUGHT, ITS AFTER-EFFECTS, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WOODY ORNAMENTALS By Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504-1106 Telephone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502 Email: Sharon.Douglas@po.state.ct.us www.caes.state.ct.us SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of drought are manifest in many different ways depending on the plant species and the severity of the water deficit. One important aspect of drought is the fact that the symptoms are often not evident in the top of the tree or shrub until some time after the event has occurred— even as much as one to two years later! Symptoms include loss of turgor in needles and leaves, drooping, wilting, yellowing, premature leaf or needle drop, bark cracks, and twig and branch dieback. Leaves on deciduous trees often develop a marginal scorch and interveinal necrosis, whereas needles on evergreens turn brown at the tips. Trees and shrubs can also exhibit general thinning of the canopy, poor growth, and stunting. In extreme cases, drought can result in plant death. In addition to direct root damage, a significant secondary effect of drought is that it weakens plants and predisposes them to secondary invaders and opportunistic pests such as fungal tip blights, vascular wilts, root rots, and needlecasts. Among the key secondary problems are:

45. NYSDEC Drought Fact Sheet management Task Force uses those factors as well as water use, duration of New Yorkalso uses the Palmer drought Index, a measure of soil moisture computed http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/droughtfacts.html

Drought Facts More information from this division: Division of Water Drought Information Summary of Current Conditions New York State Drought Region Map What You Can Do To Save Water Other Links of Interest... New York is rich with water resources. Our celebrated streams, lakes, and coasts are fed by an average annual precipitation that ranges from 60 inches in the Catskills to 28 inches in the Lake Champlain Valley. But even here, in our "temperate moist" climate, normal fluctuations in regional weather patterns can lead to periods of dry weather. Occasional drought is a normal, recurrent feature of virtually every climate in the United States. The last severe droughts in New York occurred in the mid-1960s, and again in the early and mid-1980s. What is Drought? Meteorologists and hydrologists have their own precise definitions of drought. Meteorologists compare deficiencies in precipitation to normal levels when they speak of drought. Hydrologists consider stream flow and water levels in aquifers, lakes, and reservoirs along with precipitation. New York uses elements of both disciplines to determine when a drought is occurring. The State Drought Index compares five parameters to historic or "normal" values to evaluate drought conditions: stream flows, precipitation, lake and reservoir storage levels, and groundwater levels. New York's Drought Management Task Force uses those factors as well as water use, duration of the dry period, and season to assess drought in different parts of the state.

46. Global Eye: Secondary that s not a drought! . They prevent rainwater and soil from being washed away, andthe top of thought about taking part in one of the water management projects http://www.globaleye.org.uk/secondary_spring01/action/

©Julian Cottenden A school party outside the offices of Nirman Sanstha Khandel Water Shortages Drought is a part of life for the people on the edge of the Thar desert in Rajasthan, India's poorest state. As a result of unreliable rainfall in seven of the last ten years, the region has suffered from a triple famine; not enough water, not enough food, not enough animal fodder. Acute shortages of food and water have also led to worsening health problems, a lack of hydro-electricity, and many younger people have chosen to move to cities like Jaipur in search of a better life. The Friends of Rajasthan To lend support to the people of Rajasthan, the "Friends of Rajasthan" projectwas set up by a group of UK secondary school teachers. The project has enabled students to live and learn with 25 village communities in the area of Khandel, Rajasthan, working in partnership with a local non-government organisation called Nirman Sanstha Khandel. Since 1990, thirty groups of UK students have visited the area to involve themselves in projects to capture and save the limited water supply known as 'water harvesting'. Click here to find out what one of the founders of the "Friends of Rajasthan"

47. Risk Management For Maize Farmers In Drought-prone Areas In Southern Africa soil Fertility Experimentation and Recommendations fro droughtProne Regions of. Experiencesof the Indigenous soil and water Conservation Project in http://www.cimmyt.org/worldwide/CIMMYT_Regions/CIMMYT_Africa/RiskMngtKadoma/Risk

Risk Management for Maize Farmers in Drought-prone Areas of Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Kadoma Ranch, Zimbabwe Available in PDF format / Download whole document Abstract.- This publication describes presentations, discussions, and outcomes of a stakeholders' meeting to develop objectives, activities, and a work plan for a project on risk management in maize-based farming systems in Southern Africa, considered among the most marginal and precarious in the world. Topics covered include soil fertility research and management options; farmers participatory research and technology testing and dissemination approaches; indigenous risk management strategies; and use of crop models. a final chapter reports outcomes of project discussion groups, which among other things recognize the challenge and reiterate the imperative to combine modeling and participatory research, if relevant options are to be offered for high-risk areas. Contents Introductory Remarks Project Overview: Linking Crop Simulation Modeling and Farmer Participatory Research to Improve Soil Productivity in Drought-Prone Environments Some Promising Soil Fertility Technologies Being Developed Within Soil Fert Net Soil Fertility Experimentation and Recommendations fro Drought-Prone Regions of Zimbabwe and Malawi Using Participatory Methods to Develop Manure Options:

48. Executive Order No. 116: Reconstituting The State Drought Management Task Force such as precipitation deficits, surface and ground water levels, reservoir storageand soil mois ture conditions. F. drought management Coordination Plan or http://www.gorr.state.ny.us/gorr/EO116_fulltext.htm

George Pataki document.write("" + month + myweekday); document.write("" + ampmhour + "" + myminutes + ampm) document.write(" " + day); Home Page Subject Index Contact Us Regulatory Reform Regulation Guide Permits Starting a Business Local Resources Permit Assistance Database Online Permit Assistance and Licensing Building Codes Code Reform Programs Semi-NY Build Now-NY Shovel-Ready Certification Economic Development Agency Information General Info Publications Our Staff Awards ... Privacy Policy Search GORR d Executive Order No. 116: Reconstituting the State Drought Management Task Force WHEREAS, section 20, subdivision (1)(c) of the Executive Law provides that state and local natural disaster and emergency response functions be coordinated in order to bring the fullest protection and benefit to the people; WHEREAS

49. The Hindu : Drought Management Practices To Save Coconut Trees some simple techniques to mitigate the effects of drought on this The increased organiccontent in the soil will also enhance its water retention capacity http://www.hindu.com/seta/2004/04/01/stories/2004040100221800.htm

Online edition of India's National Newspaper Thursday, Apr 01, 2004 Group Publications Business Line The Sportstar Frontline The Hindu About Us Contact Us Sci Tech Published on Thursdays Features: Magazine Literary Review Life Metro Plus ... Sci Tech Drought management practices to save coconut trees By Our Agriculture Correspondent Proper soil and moisture conservation practices are vital for drought management of coconut palms. DROUGHT MANAGEMENT is an important aspect in coconut cultivation. Though some varieties have been observed to tolerate protracted dry spells, farmers should adopt some simple techniques to mitigate the effects of drought on this commercially important crop. "Proper soil and moisture conservation practices are vital for better performance of coconut palms, especially in slopes and undulated terrains," said Dr. Kasturi Bai, head of plant breeding and Dr. Nareshkumar, senior scientist at the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala. Regular ploughing or digging of the interspaces of coconut palms twice a year will contribute to good soil moisture conservation, according to them. The first digging should be done just before the onset of the southwest monsoon, and the second at the fag end of that monsoon.

50. American Red Cross with plants that are heat and drought tolerant and Use mulch to retain moisture inthe soil. by your local government, utility or water management district. http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0,1082,0_582_,00.html

Blackouts Chemical Emergencies Drought Earthquakes ... Winter Storms Find Your Local Red Cross Enter Zip Code Here: Or Browse Through A List of Chapters! Search Our Site You can receive monthly news, tips and updates from the Red Cross. Sign up today! Circle of Humanitarians Look Who's Helping Annual Disaster Giving Program Home English ... Disaster Services Drought: Fact Sheet on Water Conservation (PDF File) Many people have asked the American Red Cross for tips on conserving water for environmental reasons, as well as when drought conditions threaten. The following tips were developed by a coalition of specialists on water conservation in Florida, and are also consistent with the recommendations that were developed through the National Disaster Education Coalition's "Drought Forum": Indoor Use General Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it. Use it to water your indoor plants or garden. Make sure your home is leak-free. When you are certain that no water is being used in your home, take a reading of the water meter. Wait 30 minutes and then take a second reading. If the meter reading changes, you have a leak! Repair dripping faucets by replacing washers. One drop per second wastes 2,700 gallons of water per year!

51. Impact Of Drought On Weed Management The combined effects of drought and weed competition is an important means of weedmanagement before and operations may reduce available soil water to marginal http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/disaster/drought/dro-19.html

Impact of Drought on Weed Management Drought complicates weed control in most crops. Prolonged dry weather has a direct bearing on several aspects of weed management including (1) weed germination, growth, and hardiness, (2) weed and crop interactions, (3) mechanical weed control, and (4) chemical weed control. Weed germination is inhibited under dry conditions. Thus early season drought may actually reduce weed infestations. Drought that occurs after weed emergence toughens or hardens plants. Weed response to severe drought stress includes leaf cuticle thickening, reduced vegetative growth, and rapid flowering. Drought-stressed weeds are more difficult to eliminate with postemergence weed control efforts. Weeds compete with crop plants for moisture, nutrients, and light. Many weeds are highly efficient at using available soil water. For example, cocklebur can extract moisture four to five feet around each plant and crabgrass two to three feet around each plant. Both species are capable of drawing moisture from up to four feet deep in the soil. When rainfall is limited, effects of weed competition on crop yield may be even greater than during years of adequate moisture. The combined effects of drought and weed competition limit yield potential considerably. Tillage is an important means of weed management before and during the cropping season. Seedbed preparation is critical for elimination of established weeds before planting as well as for incorporation of residual herbicides. However, preplant tillage depletes soil moisture, and multiple tillage operations may reduce available soil water to marginal levels, resulting in erratic crop stands. Eliminating preplant tillage trips across the fieldwhether using conventional or conservation tillage systemsconserves moisture and improves conditions for stand establishment. Reduced tillage, however, generally allows proliferation of perennial weed species.

52. 9. Land, Soil And Water Management soil Science. Member countries collaborate in facing problems of insect plagues,drought and animal diseases (SARCCUS makes 9.22 water Research Commission (WRC http://www.inasp.info/pubs/rd/book/ch09.htm

9. Land, Soil and Water Management 9.1 African Conservation Tillage Network (ACTN) African Conservation Tillage Network ACT Secretariat IES/University of Zimbabwe PO Box MP 167 Harare ZIMBABWE Contact Martin Bwalya, ACT Regional Coordinator Tel Fax E-mail chuma@africaonline.co.zw Web http://www.fao.org/act-network/ Geographic coverage Africa Languages English Subject areas : Agricultural extension; Conservation; Environment; Sustainable agriculture Publications ACT NOW! (Internet newsletter) ACT was initiated in 1998 at a workshop on Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Agriculture convened in Harare by GTZ, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) , the southern and eastern Africa-based FARMESA, the Zimbabwe Farmers' Union and the South African Agricultural Research Council. It consists of practitioners (farmers) and promoters who believe that the adoption of conservation tillage principles and practices in Africa can not only reduce but can reverse the environmental degradation that is devastating the continent. Its purpose is to identify, develop, disseminate and promote sustainable land use and rural livelihoods through the adaptation and adoption of natural (such as soil and water) and other (such as fuel, energy, time and capital) conserving tillage practices in Africa. The objectives of the Network are to: create fora for, and stimulate the sharing of, the exchange of information and experiences among researchers, extensionists and practitioners, and encourage farmers increasingly to apply methods of soil and water conservation that are environmentally sound and economically viable;

53. Changemakers Journal March '00: Water - A Commitment To Soil And Water: A Lesson the cycles of drought and erosion that so many farmers face. Phiri speaks with afellow farmer about strategies and techniques for soil and water management. http://www.changemakers.net/journal/00march/zaidman.cfm

A Commitment to Soil and Water: A Lesson from Zimbabwe By Yasmina Zaidman Home Current Journal Journal Archives ... Newsletter Back to March 2000 Journal Read a book about Zephaniah Phiri Maseko: of Zephaniah Phiri by Mary Witoshynski of Weaver Press Harare is now available from the African Books Collective, The Jam Factory, Park End Street, Oxford, OX1 1HU, tel 01865 726686, email orders@africanbooks collective.com And the Lord God took man, and put him into the Garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it. Genesis 2:15 Cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow thou shalt eat of it all the days of thy life. Genesis 3:17 T he Garden of Eden, a place where nature's abundance was boundless, where man and woman could thrive with everything they needed, free from toil, hunger, and fear, was lost when the pair disobeyed God, leaving them to fend for themselves outside the garden. From hence on, the ground was cursed, and they would have to live from the sweat of their brow. So the story goes. Yet in rural Zimbabwe, in a region prone to drought, such an Edenic garden seems to exist. At the farm of Zepheniah Phiri Maseko, crops grow quickly and bountifully, even in drought years, and the abundance on a modest three-hectare homestead is enough to support a family of 15 and raise cash for other expenses.

54. BUBL LINK / 5:15 Internet Resources: Water Management agricultural research, soil science, water irrigation and drought management, waterresources and deserts, hydrology, water management DeweyClass 627.52 http://bubl.ac.uk/link/w/watermanagement.htm

BUBL LINK / 5:15 Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus A-Z ... About Water management A-Z Index Titles Descriptions Agricola: Agricultural Online Access ASCE Journals and Periodicals Australian Geological Survey Organisation Bob's Plumbing Advice ... WWW Virtual Library: IRRIGATION and Related Topics Page last updated: 17 March 2003 Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk Agricola: Agricultural Online Access Database of bibliographic records covering materials dating from the 16th century to the present. Encompasses all aspects of agriculture and allied disciplines, including plant and animal sciences, forestry, entomology, soil and water resources, alternative farming practices and agricultural economics, products and engineering. Author: National Agricultural Library Subjects: agricultural research, soil science, water management DeweyClass: ResourceType: opac Location: usa Last checked: ASCE Journals and Periodicals Author: American Society of Civil Engineers Subjects: civil engineering, water management DeweyClass: ResourceType: journals Location: usa Last checked: Australian Geological Survey Organisation AGSO's responsibilities are to provide geoscientific maps, research and information to support sustainable development of Australia's mineral and petroleum industries, management of the Australian Ocean Territory, identification and mitigation of geological hazards, and sustainable management of Australia's land and groundwater resources.

55. Login To BioOne Greater incidence of drought, drying up some streams and barren ground, leading toaccelerated soil erosion towards integrated management of water resources and http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0276-4741&volume=023&iss

56. Online Edition Of Sunday Observer - Business soil conservation and forestry are deemed to have a hand in reducing ravagesof drought. Upper water Shed management Project (UWMP) of the Ministry of http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2001/10/07/fea13.html

Sunday, 7 October 2001 The widest coverage in Sri Lanka. Features News Business Features Editorial ... Archives Coming through drought By Jayanthi Liyanage Rains should not dampen efforts to seek long-term solutions to drought disasters. The long wait is over. Rain is on us - in drizzles, sprays and crackling showers. As parched land rises to pick up the shrivelled threads of life from the withering drought, a single thought crosses the mind. "Surely, the next drought does not have to be that severe!" Thirst, hunger, ravaged crops and cattle, vexful hours of prolonged darkness .... Are these an ordained ritual we are to pass through regularly in the future? Look closely at the areas and populations prone to drought-devastation and we would know where to devise long term safe-guards to best ward off ruin when the sun hits us again. "Every time drought occurs, it's the responsibility of Social Service Department," said Mrs. N.J. Pathirana, Director of Social Service, recapitulating how the Department had to run a hectic schedule dispensing short term relief in the past weeks- and still does, until farmers reap their next harvest. "Our National Disaster Mitigation Committee is new and needs to gather experience." "A university professor had said, 'Drought is a disaster more severe than flood or other disasters. People do not feel or focus attention as it is slow and gradual,'" she said. "It's a disaster largely man-made, by felling trees, misuse of water and indiscriminate digging of tube wells. High-priority awareness-raising is very important to mitigate this disaster."

57. Utah State University Extension - Drought Information & Resources extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm14n.pdf; drought Response Agriculture Howto take a water sample http//www.psb.usu.edu/tal/soil.Science/usual/waterqual http://extension.usu.edu/drought/agriculture.cfm

Home Landscape Irrigation Agricultural Water Uses Home (Indoor) Water Conservation ... Governor's Page on Water Conservation Agricultural Water Uses This page has information on water management for agriculture. Drought conditions require special attention to the timing and rate of irrigation, as well as the quality of the water being used. Below you will find information, links to publications and other web sites to help you conserve water and maintain productivity. Contents Extension publications Irrigation water quality Livestock issues Other related web sites Extension publications on agriculture water use Sprinklers, Crop Water Use and Irrigation Time, county-specific fact sheets: Beaver County - http://extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm24.pdf Box Elder County - http://extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm21.pdf Cache County - http://extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm18.pdf Davis County - http://extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm13.pdf Duchesne County - http://extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm30.pdf Garfield County - http://extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm10a.pdf

58. Soil Water Management Strategies soil water management Strategies. Precipitation during the growing season is frequently insufficient to meet the needs of the crop. management practices must ensure that the maximum available water http://www.canola-council.org/production/soilwatr.html

Soil Water Management Strategies Precipitation during the growing season is frequently insufficient to meet the needs of the crop. Management practices must ensure that the maximum available water is stored in the soil in the spring. Conserving Snow Moisture Growers can influence the amount of water that enters the soil between harvest and seeding time. Snowfall contributes about 25 to 35% of the total annual precipitation. As a rule of thumb, 25 cm (10 in.) of snow equals 25 mm (1 in) of rain. Crop residue management during the fall helps increase snow trapping and reduce snowmelt runoff which accounts for 85% of runoff from agricultural lands. Fall tillage should be minimal and should leave as much erect stubble as possible. This helps conserve snow and increase stored water in the spring. An extra 25 mm ( 1 in.) of water stored through moisture management will make a significant difference in crop yields. Researchers at the Agriculture Canada Swift Current Station and the University of Saskatchewan report that swathing fields at alternate heights each round trapped more snow and increased soil moisture storage by up to 45 mm ( 1.8 in.) over bare summerfallow fields, and up to 25 mm ( 1 in.) over uniform standing stubble. These researchers have also developed a modification of the swather cutter-bar so that it leaves tall narrow strips of stubble each round. This modification of trash and stubble management increases soil moisture about one and one-half times over conventional stubble management. The increased soil moisture storage through snow management on stubble on fields with adequate fertility has resulted in yields up to 95% of those on conventional summerfallow. These moisture management practices could play a useful role in reducing summerfallow and increasing canola stubble cropping.

59. Arizona Rangelands: Rangeland Science And Management: Ecology Of Rangelands: Wat A short paper on erosion on rangelands. It is clear that soil erosion due to water and wind have had a major impact on all land types in http://rangelandswest.org/az/erosion.html

Home Science and Management Ecology Water and Drought Erosion By Barron Orr Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona All soils arefor all practical purposesnon-renewable resources that are under increasing pressure for various land uses. The demands of agriculture represent an important portion of that pressure which shows no sign of diminishing in the near future. Loss of soil to physical degradation can sometimes be remedied, but often at great cost. It is therefore essential to obtain a better understanding of how physical soil properties influence the potential for erosion. This is being done through research on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and new models such as the the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). It is clear that soil erosion due to water and wind have had a major impact on all land types in the United States, particularly cropland (Fig. 1). The Soil Conservation Service considers the threshold for tolerant erosion impact to be between 2 and 11 tons/ha/year, depending on soil characteristics (Larson et al. 1984). Over 25% of United States land is experiencing erosion beyond this tolerance level and the effects on productivity are substantial (Figure 2).

60. Texas Water Foundation - Drought Information crop rotation methods, better farm implements and irrigation technology, and theheroic efforts of soil and water conservationists working Defining drought. http://www.texaswater.org/water/drought/default.htm

Sign up for the Texas Water Foundation's FREE Weekly Water News: Drought "Drought is a normal condition in Texas. The great drought of the 1950s may have been just a taste of what's to come." - Click here to read more of this article By Todd H. Votteler, Ph.D. Hot Topic Drought in Texas Why so many? ... Related Links Texas Water Hot Topics: Drought Drought Takes its Toll in Texas State lawmakers meeting in Austin on Wednesday, June 12 were discouraged to learn that the current drought holding much of Texas hostage this summer could rival the $2 billion in economic losses suffered by the state in 1998. Currently, the Palmer Drought Severity Index places the Lower Valley and Trans-Pecos portion of West Texas in the extreme drought stage. Dry conditions and higher than normal temperatures have significant portions of the rest of Texas in severe or moderate drought conditions. With bans on outdoor burning in effect for 29 counties, emergency management experts are concerned about the upcoming July 4th holiday weekend. Already the Texas Cooperative Extension estimates crop damage and acreage losses this season at $316 million. Low water levels in reservoirs on the Rio Grande have limited irrigation and ranchers are reducing the size of their herds due to poor grazing conditions. 61 public water utilities are limiting water use to avoid shortages.

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