21. Sahelian Farming techniques that contribute mitigating the effects of drought. fields where land andwater management have been Without soil and water saving techniques, crops http://www.agroecology.org/cases/sahelianfarming.htm

Case Studies: Sahelian Farming Soil and Water Management Techniques for Plant Resources Conservation in the Northern Burkina Faso Overview: Agriculture in the Sahelian zone like the northern part of Burkina Faso is essentially rainfed. Because of frequent droughts and land degradation, it is more and more difficult for crops to have enough water during their growing period. Farmers of this region have developed several soil and water management techniques like stony lines associated or not with the Zai system. This consists of digging holes during the dry season, putting a small quantity of manure into them and waiting for the raining season to sow seeds. Other techniques have been developed in this region over the past 20 years by many development projects, NGOs with the assistance of research institutions. Scale Field, farm, landscape, region Location: The site is located at 2.7 ºW, 14.0 º N in the Yatenga province near the town of Ouahigouya

22. Rangeland Management During Drought If grass growth has started, early grazing during drought will further Litter insulatesrangeland by reducing soil temperatures and water loss. http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/drought/info/droughtp_e.htm

Contact Us Help Search Canada Site ... Offices You are here: Drought Watch Drought Management Resources Rangeland management during drought Are You Ready for the Next Drought? Although we don't know what the future holds, we can be certain there will be droughts and livestock producers will be faced with the painful dilemma of reducing stocking rates (grazing pressure) or damaging their rangeland. This DROUGHT CHECKLIST examines some of the measures you might consider to reduce the impacts of drought on your livestock operation and the range resource, and hasten recovery when the drought is over. Effects of Drought on Rangeland low soil moisture levels limiting plant growth and reducing forage yields. limited root growth, which makes range plants less able to reach scarce soil moisture. Over a series of drought or dry years, heavily grazed ranges will show a shift in plant species to weedy, shallow-rooted, less productive species. Drought effects may be more rapid on pastures that have coarse textured soils (ie: sands and gravels); be prepared to accept stocking rate reductions on these types of soils during drought. Effects of Drought on Livestock Reduced forage yields during drought will mean a declining plane of nutrition for cows and calves. This will have significant adverse effects on livestock production including the following:

23. Beneficial Soil Management Practices matter replenishment, water infiltration, water storage and Seed forages to increasesoil organic matter to specific problems such as drought, excessive soil http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/land/practices_e.htm

Contact Us Help Search Canada Site ... Offices Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Clean Air Our Approach Climate Change Beneficial Practices Clean Water Our Approach Water Quality Water Supply Beneficial Practices Healthy Soils Our Approach Agricultural Land Community Pasture Marginal Land ... Beneficial Practices Biodiversity Our Approach Habitat Conservation Species Conservation Beneficial Practices You are here: PFRA Online Healthy Soils Beneficial practices which conserve soil quality Caring for our soil resources is becoming increasingly critical as the supply of dependable agricultural land decreases from competition by other uses, such as urban development. Healthy soils are key to producing good harvests of crops, and minimizes expenses such as fertilizer and pest control. If we let agricultural soils become degraded, there will be no new soil to take its place. Although progress has been made in improving the health of some of our agricultural soils, soil degradation remains a serious concern today. PFRA has determined that more than 50% of annually cropped fields are exposed to erosion by wind, water and tillage each year on the Prairies. Extreme weather events, such as high winds, heavy rains, and consecutive years of drought can cause significant erosion damage and loss of soil productivity . New solutions are needed to further reduce soil degradation on the Prairies. Maintaining and improving soil quality will provide economic benefits in the form of increased productivity, more efficient use of nutrients and pesticides, improvement in water and air quality and the reduction of greenhouse gases.

24. Smart Communities Network: Communities And Drought site includes a drought monitor, soil moisture monitoring and lots of backgroundinformation on drought. National water and Climate Center The USDA s Natural http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/management/drought.shtml

Text Only Español Overview Green Buildings ... Materials Communities and Drought This page offers a portal to current news items and events relevant to how communities deal with drought. It also provides links to online information resources that can help communities plan for and cope with drought conditions, as well as examples of programs from communities that have successfully dealt with drought. Examples of codes and ordinances that address water scarcity can also be acccessed here. For more general information, see the Water Efficiency section of this website. Links to more information on Communities and Drought appear in the following sections: Recent News Headlines Events Information Resources Success Stories ... Codes and Ordinances Recent News Headlines NASA: Why so Dry? CAP Raising Boom-area Water Rates (AZ) Water Conservation Could Boost Aquifer (AR) Paso Robles Starts Water Conservation Campaign (CA) Governor Calls on Utahns and State Agencies to Conserve Water (UT) Utility Joins Drought Readiness List (SC) Water-conservation policy could help avoid 20-percent rate hike (CA) A New Kind of Water Park (MI) Federal Official Says West Water Woes Likely to Continue (NV) State Task Force Discusses Water Conservation (TX)

25. Pakistan Water Gateway - Articles - Drought And Water Management Strategies mainly of surface and groundwater for mitigation of drought, while the stone bunds,thereby increasing retention and infiltration of water into the soil. http://www.waterinfo.net.pk/artdwms.htm

- Site Map - About the Water Portal Key Water Information Pakistan Water Situational Analysis Pakistan Water Sector Strategy Experts Directory Documents Water News Institutions Policies/Legislation National Links International Links Forums Water Web Ring WCD - CPP Project Contribution What's New Subscribe Articles Feedback Search Contribution Subscribe Home Site Links About Water Gateway Key Water Information Pakistan Water Sector Strategy Experts Directory ... Back Drought and water management strategies The Dawn, By Dr Sardar Riaz A. Khan, 4/11/2002 Pakistan is suffering from a severe drought for the last three years. A regional workshop on water management was held recently at Lahore which was organised by the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), in collaboration with the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (Saarc) and it was attended by experts from various countries. Five of the experts from Pakistan spoke on various aspects of water management. The major emphasis of these experts was on defining drought, its forecasting and suggesting water management strategies mainly of surface and groundwater for mitigation of drought, while the vital subject of rain water harvesting technology as followed in many countries was hardly referred. Therefore, the writer has taken up this issue in the national interest.

26. WELCOME TO THE CITY OF PHOENIX, ARIZONA are levels of drought and levels of drought impact Longterm indicators of availablewater include climate and weather conditions, soil moisture, water http://phoenix.gov/WATER/drtintro.html

MAYOR/CITY COUNCIL BY DEPARTMENT BY SERVICES EMPLOYMENT ... HOME Search Calendar Maps Service Directory Word Search Introduction and Definitions Introduction Definitions Though definitions vary, drought is generally interpreted as a set of complex physical and sociological influences over a large geographical area. It is not a distinct event, such as a hurricane, a fire, or a flood, but a combination of many coincidental factors working together over a period of time. In simple terms, a drought occurs when water supplies cannot meet established demands for a period of time that cannot be defined. In its broadest sense, drought can be caused by seasonal or multi-year weather conditions, a curtailment of delivery from raw water suppliers because of water quantity or quality problems, a supply deficiency due to water supply system structural failure, or any of a number of natural or man-made situations. A supply insufficiency occurs when the water available in an area is not sufficient to meet immediate unrestricted demand. While drought is usually systemic and regional in nature and of indeterminable length, a supply insufficiency may be system-wide or very localized, can be of relatively short duration, and may be caused by unforeseen increases in water demand or failure of a localized part of the storage or delivery system to provide a sufficient unrestricted supply of water.

27. Drought management strategies for conservation of soil moisture and water use efficiency.drought effects may be partially avoided by staggering the plantation http://ncb.intnet.mu/moa/areu/crppub/drought.html

Managing drought in crop production Plants and plant products consist of 80 to 95% water. Thus plants have high water requirements and as such they are very susceptible to drought conditions. Water is a critical component for growth, development and good yields. Shortage of water early in the crop cycle generally delays maturity and reduce yield. At later stages it results in a lower yield and poor quality of produce. To reduce above adverse effect, a good drought management plan is necessary. The following guidelines on water management strategies and cultural practices can assist to offset or mitigate the effects of water scarcity or drought on crop production. Efficient irrigation is critical under drought conditions. Wastage should be eliminated all along the line: Elimination of water loss from leaks in your irrigation unit. Proper timing of irrigation : reduction of losses from evaporation achieved by irrigation in the morning or the afternoon Avoidance of over-irrigation. Water is applied as and when required. A simple method to determine soil moisture is to "feel"

28. USGS What Is A Drought? Agricultural droughtdefined principally in terms of soil moisture and plant Anadditional type of drought, the watermanagement drought, was added by http://nd.water.usgs.gov/drought/faqs/faq1.html

Water Resources of North Dakota What is a drought? The definition of drought varies on the basis of the situation or area for which drought is being defined. A simple definition of drought is a period of water shortage. However, a period of water shortage can range from a few days or weeks for some crops to a few years for large reservoirs or ground-water aquifers. Similarly, the water shortage can range from as little as an inch of precipitation for shallow root crops to as much as several feet of precipitation for water supplies that rely on streamflow or ground water. Unlike the effects of other weather-related hazards, such as floods, the effect of a drought can develop slowly. A drought is the result of many natural and human factors that affect the environment. Matthai (1979, p. 5) stated that "Among the natural factors are the climate of the area; antecedent conditions as exemplified by the amounts of soil moisture, rain, and snow; the distribution of rain and snow in time and space; water-table levels during the drought; water quality; and soil type. Human factors include the degree of development of water storage and distribution systems; the number, location, and depths of wells; the patterns of water use and per capita consumption; the legal aspects relating to property rights, project operating rules, water-quality standards, and service contracts; economic considerations; and many more. Therefore, a definition of a drought must be tailored to the conditions in an area at a given time."

29. Arizona Rangelands: Rangeland Science: Ecology Of Rangelands: Water And Droug tools such as the Universal soil Loss Equation 81294K) Western Region; Future managementof drought in the in a move to develop water management policies that http://alic.arid.arizona.edu/range_west/html/az/template4.asp?level1=science&lev

30. Rangelands Of The Western U.S.: Rangeland Science: Ecology Of Rangelands: Wat tools such as the Universal soil Loss Equation are K) Western Region; Future managementof drought in the in a move to develop water management policies that http://alic.arid.arizona.edu/range_west/html/template4.asp?level1=science&level2

31. Agriculture: Soil & Water 2001, the headlines were full of news of a drought from coast stories have helpedto underline the benefits of sound soil and water management, which can http://www.climatechangesolutions.com/agriculture/soilwater/default.shtml?o=soil

32. Nuova Pagina 1 drought in Jordan and its effects and mitigation in soil and water Chemistry,soil and Irrigation in the areas of irrigation water quality, management of http://www.dica.unict.it/users/fvaglias/Wam-meWeb/partners/WERSC.htm

Partner 7. Water and Environment Research and Study Center (WERSC), University of Jordan, Jordan. The Water and Environmental Research and Study Center is an independent research unit at the University of Jordan. It is considered the research center for the Ministry of Water and irrigation and other public and private agencies. Research activities at national and regional level are carried out. The center has long experience in irrigation management, reuse of water, hydrology, water conservation in arid areas, water harvesting and artificial recharge. The center has been involved in some studies funded by EEC, USAID, UNDP, and CIDA: EEC project (AVI-CT94-0009) about using low cost technology for waste treatment EEC project (AVI-CT94-0012) about using solar energy for purification of waste water EEC project (AVI-CT93-0091) about rainfall forecasting and irrigation management UNDP project (JOR/92/G3/D/IG/99) about water conservation in arid areas USAID project (398-0289) irrigation water management in the Jordan Valley CIDA project about using aquatic weeds for purification of waste water French support for a project on water conservation in agriculture Higher council for research project on integrated management of arid land watershed IDRC project on water harvesting modelling and simulation.

33. Rice Water Management of a rice plant after reliving drought stress vary It also varies with the soil,environmental conditions and the Method of water loss water is lost through http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/sriLanka/docs/doaTechSheets/Ri_w

Water Stress Effects, Water Management Systems, and Irrigation Requirements for Rice in Sri Lanka Effect of water deficit Stress has been define as "any environmental factor capable of inducing a potentially injurious strain in plants". Water is a major constituent of tissue, a reagent in chemical reaction, a solvent for and mode of translocation for metabolites and minerals within plant and is essential for cell enlargement through increasing turgor pressure. With the occurrence of water deficits many of the physiological processes associated with growth are affected and under severe deficits, death of plants may result. The effect of water stress may vary with the variety, degree and duration of water stress and the growth stage of the rice crop. Water requirement is low at the seedling stage. Unless there is severe water stress the effect during this stage could be recovered. Water stress during vegetative stage reduces plant height, tiller number and leaf area. Excess water effects To be developed Water requirement of a rice crop in Sri Lanka Water requirement for a successful rice crop varies with the method of land preparation, method of crop establishment and duration of the rice crop. It also varies with the soil, environmental conditions and the management of the subsequent rice crop.

34. Irrigation Management For Almond Trees Under Drought Conditions Low volume systems with limited soil water reserves can result in severe water deficitsvery earlier than in the north or with droughtsensitive varieties http://pmsinstrument.com/almondprichard.html

IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR ALMOND TREES UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS Terry L. Prichard, Water Management Specialist, UC Davis For maximum growth, yield, crop quality and orchard longevity, almonds trees should receive a full water requirement. If water is limited, growers can adjust by applying water when trees are most sensitive to stress and by taking measures to minimize water losses that occur during irrigation. Water stress affects almond orchards not only in the year in which stress occurs, but also in the following seasons. Water stress reduces vegetative growth, causing a subsequent reduction in nut load and yield. Nut size is reduced in the year stress occurs. Recent research indicates certain stages of almond fruit growth are more sensitive to water stress than others. Understanding these stages permits growers to withhold water while minimizing damage to trees, the current and subsequent crop TIMING OF WATER STRESS Early Season . Water stress is most harmful during the early season – from budbreak through fruit set. During this period, rapid vegetative development is necessary for canopy development and fruit positions for next season. In addition, orchard water use during this time is low, reducing potential water savings from deficit irrigation. Fruit Growth and Development . Nuts undergo a rapid growth phase early in the fruit growth and development; however the trees can tolerate drought stress fairly well during the two months prior to harvest. This allows for the successful use of deficit irrigation strategies. By providing less than the full water requirement during this period, minimal impact on kernel weight has been noticed. However, severe water stress shortly before hull split significantly reduces hull split. Irrigation prior to hull split will reverse this trend and will improve hull split and reduce the number of hull-tights.

35. Drought, Plants, Watersheds And Rangeland Health if drought and/or poor grazing management results in less plant cover, soil erosionmay be greatly accelerated. Moderate erosion is likely to reduce water http://www.wyorange.net/Drought/drplwara.html

Drought, Plants, Watersheds and Rangeland Health Gene Gade, University Extension Educator, Crook County Drought has negative impacts on nearly all aspects of range livestock production and it is a major stressor on the rangelands themselves. Droughts vary in frequency, severity and duration, but they are an expected occurrence in the western United States. Native plants of the region have to be adapted to cope with drought. However, the soil-water-plant complex is the basis of the entire livestock enterprise. Use of these basic resources by domestic livestock must be carefully managed during drought stress periods to avoid damaging them. plant production by 50% of more from the average annual yield. Drought-caused reduction of available feed is an immediate, but, hopefully, short-term problem for ranchers and wildlife managers. If forage plants are allowed to retain enough photosynthetic capacity (i.e. leaf tissue) to provide for their own needs during drought, most plants will survive and return to normal production when precipitation is again adequate. Range grasses must have healthy

36. Water Management Research Institute drought Mitigation Plans. way as to carry out sample analyses of water, soil and crop Onfarm irrigation management; Design and evaluation of irrigation systems; http://www.nwrc.gov.eg/nwrc/newpage12.htm

INTRODUCTION he Water Management Research Instate is the part of the National Water Research Center which deals with research in the following fields: Crop Water Requirements Water Distribution Water Losses On-Farm Irrigation Systems Water Quality EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STATIONS The institute owns twelve experimental research stations scattered alluvia the couture. The stations are provided with various equipment, devices, and structures needed to achieve the objectives and goals of the institute. These research stations were selected to represent the variation in climate, soil texture, crops and agricultural and irrigation practices over the entire area of Egypt. The experimental stations are: Bahteem Experimental Research Station Inshas Experimental Research Stations Zanklaon Experimental Research Stains Salhia Experimental Reassert Stations Shebeen El-Kom Experimental Reassert Stations Sakha Experimental Research Stations King Osman Experimental Research Stations Maryout Experimental Research Stations Experimental Research Stations Wadi El-Natroon Experimental Research Stations Shakshook Experimental Research Station Mallawi Experimental Research Stations Kom-Ombo Experimental Research Stations In addition to the above Experimental Stations, the institute carries out research programs on fields owned and managed by individual farmers in three regions:

37. Maine Emergency Management Agency / Hazards We Face / Drought Mitigation Early identification of drought threats is important in order to educatethe public in conservation The soil and water Conservation Commission http://www.state.me.us/mema/haz_docs/drought.htm

State Agencies Web Policies My Maine.gov Email this page ... State Of Maine DEPARTMENT of DEFENSE, VETERANS and EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Maine Emergency Management Agency Description: A twelve month period during which precipitation is less than 85% of normal as defined by the National Weather Service (44 inches is the average precipitation level per year). The Palmer Drought Index is used for the purpose of activating the Drought Emergency Plan. The index is a composite of evapotranspiration, recharge, runoff, loss, and precipitation. The plan is activated at -2.00 on the index (moderate drought) and at -3.00 an Emergency Proclamation is issued by the Governor. Secondary Effects: Agricultural losses vary due to the crops affected and the duration of the drought. The effects of wildfires are worsened when water tables are lowered and plants are more susceptible. Lowered water tables affect individual residential wells and some public water supplies. Recreational activities may be severely impacted by substantially reduced precipitation, both in summer and winter. Erosion of the soil occurs when root systems wither. Vulnerability: Mitigation: Early identification of drought threats is important in order to educate the public in conservation measures and minimize damage. The Soil and Water Conservation Commission, together with other Department of Agriculture divisions, the Department of Conservation, and the Department of Environmental Protection, have programs/regulations/ policies/educational materials to assist in minimizing this hazard.

38. The Maine Emergency Management Agency identification of drought threats is important in order to educate the public inconservation measures and minimize damage. The soil and water Conservation http://www.state.me.us/mema/hazards/drought.htm

State Agencies Web Policies My Maine.gov Email this page ... The Hazards We Face Drought Drought Description: A prolonged period without rain: A twelve month period during which precipitation is less than 85% of normal as defined by the National Weather Service (44 inches is the average precipitation level per year). The Palmer Drought Index is used for the purpose of activating the Drought Emergency Plan. The index is a composite of evapotranspiration, recharge, runoff, loss, and precipitation. The plan is activated at -2.00 on the index (moderate drought) and at -3.00 the MEMA/Drought Task Force recommends to the Governor that he issue an Emergency Proclamation. Many Maine towns and cities have multiple sources of supply; i.e., both surface and ground water supplies. Generally, ground water requires less treatment but high capacity wells with good quality water are hard to find in some regions of Maine. This is especially true of the coastal area. Those towns that have multiple sources of supply are less susceptible to drought effects. Maine traditionally has had few drought concerns as we are a water rich state. Droughts occur about every 20 years with severe 3–5 year droughts occurring about every 40 years. Due to climate patterns that appear to be changing, the frequency and severity of Maine droughts may worsen. Annual precipitation in Maine has been decreasing by .04 inches every decade since 1960.

39. Drought Stress, Its After Effects And Management Implications - Produced By UMas management STRATEGIES While there is no cure for this problem, the effects of droughtcan be minimized by 1) water in periods of low soil moisture Trees and http://www.umassdroughtinfo.org/agriculture/drought_stress.html

Drought Stress, Its After Effects and Management Implications Contrary to popular opinion, it often takes woody transplants two years to become completely established in a new site. The rule of thumb: for each inch of tree caliper, one year of recovery from transplant shock is necessary. As a consequence, these trees should be given extra care and attention during extended periods of drought. Established trees and shrubs are also affected by drought, especially those planted in marginal sites such as those with pavement over roots, those in pockets of soil on ledges or in sandy soils, or those that have been improperly planted. Drought can exacerbate event the most subtle of improper planting practices! Native plants are usually adapted to regional and seasonal fluctuations in the amounts of available water. Therefore, only unusually severe drought is likely to injure plants that are growing naturally in a given site. However, most of the trees that we deal with are landscape trees which we have selected and planted and therefore frequently subject to drought-stress. SYMPTOMS: SECONDARY or OPPORTUNISTIC PROBLEMS In addition to direct root damage, a significant secondary effect of drought is that it weakens trees and predisposes them to secondary invaders and opportunistic pests. Among the key secondary problems are:

40. Ch20 the cycles of drought that have affected SubSaharan Africa in recent decades havedrawn renewed attention to the role of soil and water management in ensuring http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80918e/80918E0l.htm

Contents Previous Next Drought, desertification, and water management in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Droughts in Sub-Saharan Africa and their implications for planning and development Desertification Land degradation and management of soil and water ... References Edouard G. Bonkoungou Introduction For Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, consisting of 45 countries, gross national product per person in constant dollars fell by 20 per cent between 1977 and 1986. May (1988) reports that the average person in many of these countries is now poorer than at the time of independence about 30 years ago. Whereas Latin America and Asia have become almost self-sufficient in cereals, Africa has grown more dependent on imports and food aid. Total food production has, in fact, increased but not enough to keep pace with population growth. During the past 30 years agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa has risen by 2 per cent a year, while population is growing at the rate of about 3.2 per cent a year, faster than any other region has ever experienced (World Bank 1989). The constraints on development in Sub-Saharan Africa are many and varied, including the following: a difficult climate with frequent episodes of severe drought in the semi-arid lands; fragile soils prone to erosion and nutrient depletion; a very fast rate of population growth; a heavy external debt burden. The world economy has not favoured Africa. Declines in Africa's commodity export prices and increases in the import prices of manufactured goods and oil have deteriorated the terms of trade and worsened Africa's external debt burden. Although this is true of all third world economies, the impasse in Sub-Saharan Africa is most striking.

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