1. Down Syndrome Genetic Disorders Conditions And Diseases Health Includes nutritional links to disorders such as Down syndrome ( Genetic Disorders The Links to Diet ) cerebral palsy, homocystinuria, and cystic fibrosis. http://www.interactiva.org/Dir/I/English/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Genetic_

www.interactiva.org English Deutsch Espa±ol ... Down Syndrome Down Syndrome Nutrition Organizations Personal Pages English Health Mental Health Disorders Child and Adolescent Mental Retardation: Causes English Health Conditions and Diseases Neurological Disorders: Chromosomal English Reference Education: Special Education Growth Charts for Children with Down Syndrome www.growthcharts.com Conditions and Diseases Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome. Charts included are for height ( Growth Charts for Children with Down Syndrome ) weight, and head circumferences. Printable. Down Syndrome: For New Parents www.downsyn.com Conditions and Diseases Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome. Dedicated to providing parents with information about Down syndrome. Down Syn On-Line Magazine home.epix.net/~mcross/down-syn.html Conditions and Diseases Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome. Focusing on first-person experiences ( Down Syn On-Line Magazine ) opinions, pictures, and questions from those who love someone with Down Syndrome. Health Issues in Down Syndrome www.ds-health.com Conditions and Diseases Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome. A collection of medical essays and abstracts for parents.

2. Down Syndrome Genetic Disorders Web Directory down syndrome genetic disorders Web Directory. Site contemporains. down syndrome genetic disorders Web Directory. In Google web directory. http://www.repertoire-sites.com/index.php/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Genetic

Down Syndrome Genetic Disorders Web Directory et multiples artistes contemporains Down Syndrome Genetic Disorders Web Directory In Google web directory Top Health Nutrition ... Personal Pages See also: Health: Conditions and Diseases: Neurological Disorders: Chromosomal Health: Mental Health: Disorders: Child and Adolescent: Mental Retardation: Causes Reference: Education: Special Education This category in other languages: Danish Dutch French German ... Articles on Communication - How parents can teach their children with Down Syndrome to talk and communicate effectively. Diagnosis Down Syndrome - Personal, loving stories from parents on adoption of a Down Syndrome baby. Also stories from those that found out during the pregnancy, and those that had a diagnosis after. Down Syn On-Line Magazine - Focusing on first-person experiences, opinions, pictures, and questions from those who love someone with Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome - A listing of organizations worldwide, support groups, and toy catalogs for children of special needs. Down Syndrome: For New Parents - Dedicated to providing parents with information about Down syndrome.

3. Genetic Disorders: Down Syndrome Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome. http://www.puredirectory.com/Health/Conditions-and-Diseases/Genetic-Disorders/Do

Genetic Disorders: Down Syndrome Home Health Conditions and Diseases Genetic Disorders : Down Syndrome Nutrition Organizations Personal Pages google_ad_client = "pub-3272565765518472";google_alternate_color = "FFFFFF";google_ad_width = 336;google_ad_height = 280;google_ad_format = "336x280_as";google_ad_channel ="7485447737";google_color_border = "FFFFFF";google_color_bg = "FFFFFF";google_color_link = "0000FF";google_color_url = "008000";google_color_text = "000000"; Standard Listings [HealthBoards.com] Down Syndrome Message Board The archives of this board. Articles on Communication How parents can teach their children with Down Syndrome to talk and communicate effectively. Diagnosis Down Syndrome Personal, loving stories from parents on adoption of a Down Syndrome baby. Also stories from those that found out during the pregnancy, and those that had a diagnosis after. Down Syn On-Line Magazine Focusing on first-person experiences, opinions, pictures, and questions from those who love someone with Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome A listing of organizations worldwide, support groups, and toy catalogs for children of special needs.

4. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis By Reprogenetics.com air filtration, top places to live with down syndrome, everything about cystic fibrosis, what does pg stand for in measurement, down syndrome genetic disorder. http://www.reprogenetics.com/preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis_s.html

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Information Available by Reprogenetics.com Preimplantation genetic diagnosis sources presented at Reprogenetics.com. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis information available by clicking above. Find preimplantation genetic diagnosis on Reprogenetics.com. REPROGENETICS also provides educational materials to IVF centers as well as patient consultations with board certified genetic counselors. The subsequent replacement to the patient of those embryos classified by genetic diagnosis as normal. Fragile X, Myotic Dystrophy, Thalasaemia, Tay Sachs, and others. We also provide embryologist the car perform embryo biopsy and cell-processing. Our genetics team in the laboratories of REPROGENETICS includes Drs. Santiago Munné, Jacques Cohen and Dagan Wells among others. www.Reprogenetics.com facilitates the scheduling of cycles, tracking of cycles, reporting and analytical review. We also provide embryologist that can perform embryo biopsy and cell processing through IVF Labs, LLC. Related terms include cystic fibrosis + air filtration what does pg stand for in measurement top places to live with down syndrome down syndrome genetic disorder , and everything about cystic fibrosis . Our team was the first to develop genetic testing for translocations and has now performed more than 250 cases. Our personnel are among the most highly experienced in the world and have formed protocols that ensure the lowest rates of misdiagnosis. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis consists of the biopsy of a single cell per embryo, followed by its genetic diagnosis through different techniques...

5. Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome, Results From Genetic Disorder Tests, Amniocentesis, C Trisomy 21 (down syndrome) is a genetic disorder that occurs when an extra copy of the chromosome is present in the 21st chromosomal pairing. http://www.paternityangel.com/Preg_info_zone/Disorders/Trisomy21.htm

Home Timeline Men's Info Personal_ Calendar ... Shopping Calculators... Due Date Calcs Weight Gain Calc Most Popular... Baby's Week-by-Week Development Baby's Development in Pictures Baby Names Database Sexual Relations During Pregnancy ... Becoming Pregnant (How it all happens) Navigation... Down Syndrome - Trisomy 21 Introduction Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome Trisomy 18, Edward Syndrome Trisomy 13, Patau Syndrome Neural Tube and Ventral Wall Defects William's Syndrome ... Cri Du Chat Syndrome Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) is a genetic disorder that occurs when an extra copy of the chromosome is present in the 21st chromosomal pairing. This is the most common form of genetic disorders in humans. Some statistics claim that as many as 1 in 700 embryos are Trisomy 21. The risk of carrying a Trisomy 21 child increases with age (after 35, the risk increases dramatically). See the article on Genetic Testing Options in Pregnancy for details of screening programs and genetic diagnostic techniques available. Mental retardation is an inevitable result of this extra chromosome. Down Syndrome also carries with it major risk of heart defects as well as gastrointestinal problems associated with intestine or esophagus blockages.

6. Genetic Disorders: The Links To Diet that mothers of children with down syndrome have an in part, by a common genetic variation in acid supplementation will reduce the incidence of the disorder. http://www.ctds.info/genetic_disorders.html

Con nective Tissue Disorder Home Search Site Map ... Links Genetic Disorders The Links to Diet Read my Contents: Overview Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects Treatable Through Diet Prenatal Nutrition and Birth Defects Genetic Disorders, Birth Defects and Logic ... General Information on Genes, Nutrition and Disease Overview Many researchers and support groups state that birth defects and genetic disorders, especially connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome , can't possibly be cured through diet because they are inherited genetic disorders. This conclusion is invalid simply because many birth defects and inherited genetic disorders have been found to be improved, or even cured, through diet. The old school of thinking that a birth defect or inherited disorder had to be caused by a single gene is no longer widely held in medical circles. The breakthrough concept in research is that many birth defects and inherited disorders are influenced by both genes and environmental factors, especially nutrition. Genes may make people susceptible to certain defects and disorders, but they are often only a part of the picture. Some interesting examples and articles on the subject are listed below.

7. Down Syndrome Overview - A Genetic Disorder What is down syndrome? down syndrome is a genetic disorder that includes a combination of among affected individuals. down syndrome is one of the most common genetic birth defects http://www.moondragon.org/obgyn/pediatric/downsyndrome.html

(This page is best viewed with 800x600 monitor display) MoonDragon's Pediatric Information Down Syndrome Overview What is Down syndrome? Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that includes a combination of birth defects including some degree of mental retardation, characteristic facial features and, often, heart defects, visual and hearing impairment and other health problems. The severity of all of these problems varies greatly among affected individuals. Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic birth defects, affecting approximately one in 800 to 1,000 babies. It generally is caused by an extra chromosome, the structures in cells that contain hereditary information. In this country, there are approximately 350,000 individuals with Down syndrome, according to the National Down Syndrome Society. Life expectancy among adults with Down syndrome is about 55 years, though life span varies. What causes Down syndrome? Do children with Down syndrome have special health problems? childhood immunizations Can Down syndrome be cured or prevented?

8. Trisomy 21 Research Foundation : Down Syndrome : Autism : Genetic Disorder Trisomy 21 Research Foundation down syndrome. Autism Metabolic disorder genetic disorder Leichtman specializes in autism, down syndrome, metabolic and genetic disorders http://www.nutrivene.com/contact.php

Phone: Email: ask@nutrivene.com Search Sea Buddies Concentrate Home Order Nutrivene/Other Products Needs, Etc. Newsletter ... FAQ Trisomy 21 Research Foundation : Down Syndrome Autism : Metabolic Disorder: Genetic Disorder International Nutrition, Inc. 11436 Cronridge Drive, Suite W Owings Mills, Maryland 21117 USA 1-800-899-3413 Toll Free Telephone 1-866-902-1767 Toll Free Fax Email: ask@nutrivene.com Login Password If you don't have an account, you can register here Nordic Naturals ProOmega Liquid ProOmega, available in liquid or gelcap form, offers the same EPA to DHA ratio (3:2) as a study for bipolar disorder support. To order, call 1-800-899-3413, or click here Clinical Geneticist, Pediatrician, and President of Trisomy 21 Research Foundation, Dr. Leichtman specializes in autism, Down syndrome, metabolic and genetic disorders.

9. DSAT An organization created by parents, dedicated to providing a social and information network for parents. Also includes detailed information about the genetic disorder. http://dsat.ca/

Welcome to DSAT We are a non-profit organization providing support and information to parents of children with Down syndrome, students and teachers. Our objective is to make information accessible to as many people as possible around the world. Down in the Beach Age Group and Overall 5K Run Results. Event Pictures Annual DSAT Charity Golf Classic The annual DSAT charity golf classic takes place Wednesday, September 15th with proceeds going to the Down Syndrome Association of Toronto. Down syndrome Gala On Wednesday June 16, DSAT has organized a special fundraising event consisting of a Dinner/Theatre package that can't be beat!.

10. Facts About Down Syndrome in all races and economic groups. down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an error in cell be a carrier of down syndrome. genetic counseling can be sought to http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/downsyndrome/down.htm

Home Search Sitemap Contact ... Publications Facts About Down Syndrome Contents Down syndrome The Chromosomal Basis of Down syndrome The Occurrence of Down syndrome Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Testing ... Additional Resources for Information on Down syndrome D own Syndrome Named after John Langdon Down, the first physician to identify the syndrome, Down syndrome is the most frequent genetic cause of mild to moderate mental retardation and associated medical problems and occurs in one out of 800 live births, in all races and economic groups. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an error in cell division that results in the presence of an additional third chromosome 21 or "trisomy 21." T he Chromosomal Basis of Down Syndrome To understand why Down syndrome occurs, the structure and function of the human chromosome must be understood. The human body is made of cells; all cells contain chromosomes, structures that transmit genetic information. Most cells of the human body contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. Only the human reproductive cells, the sperm cells in males and the ovum in females, have 23 individual chromosomes, not pairs. Scientists identify these chromosome pairs as the XX pair, present in females, and the XY pair, present in males, and number them 1 through 22.

11. DS Health Care Guidelines ,96 preventive checklists for a variety of genetic disorders. They have prepared two Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs in individuals with down syndrome in the same http://www.denison.edu/dsq/health96.html

[Reprinted from Down Syndrome Quarterly , Volume 1, Number 2, June, 1996] HEALTH CARE GUIDELINES FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DOWN SYNDROME (Down Syndrome Preventive Medical Check List) Edited by William I. Cohen, M.D. for the Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group (DSMIG)* These recommendations are a thoughtful composite of the input of many experts involved in the care of people with DS. They reflect current standards and practices of health care in the United States of America. They have been designed for a wide audience: for health care professionals who are providing primary care, such as pediatricians, family physicians, internists, and geneticists, as well as specialists, nursing personnel and other allied health professionals, such as physical and occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, and audiologists. In addition to educators and early intervention providers, these guidelines are designed for parents and other caregivers to use with the professionals who participate in the care of the individual with DS. Certain recommendations are clearly supported by current scientific knowledge. This is the case for the recommendations to detect the presence of congenital heart disease, which occurs in some 50% of infants with DS. In other cases, the recommendations represent our educated guesses. Recognizing the increased frequency of thyroid dysfunction in children with DS, we continue to recommend yearly screening for hypothyroidism. However, we are uncertain as the appropriate periodicity and nature of the screening: how often, and what constitutes an adequate screening. Consequently, members of the

12. Life Matters: Down Syndrome: A Common Genetic Disorder down syndrome A Common genetic disorder, 3/7/2003. down syndrome Characterized by certain physical and mental traits, down syndrome http://www.frontierhealth.org/lifematters/displaydoc.asp?110

13. Down Syndrome And Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Look At What We Know down syndrome and Autistic Spectrum disorder A Look at What We Know. George T. Capone, M.D. Director of the down syndrome Clinic and Attending Physician on the Neurobehavioral Unit at Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD This may be due to other genetic or other biological influences on brain development. http://www.altonweb.com/cs/downsyndrome/capone.html

Down Syndrome and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Look at What We Know George T. Capone, M.D. Director of the Down Syndrome Clinic and Attending Physician on the Neurobehavioral Unit at Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD Disability Solutions Printed with the permission of Joan E. Medlen , R.D., Editor 9220 S.W. Barbur Boulevard, #119-179 Portland OR 97219-5428 Fax: (503) 246-3869 Some families do their own research and mention they think their child may have autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) along with Down syndrome. Others have no idea what may be happening. They do know it isn't good and they want answers now. This article is for families in situations like this and other, similar ones. If your child has been dually-diagnosed with Down syndrome and autistic spectrum disorder (DS-ASD) or if you believe your child may have ASD, you will learn a little more about what that means, what we are learning through data collection, and insights to the evaluation process. There is little written in the form of research or commentary about DS-ASD. In fact, until recently, it was commonly believed that the two conditions could not exist together. Parents were told their child had Down syndrome with a severe to profound cognitive impairment without further investigation or intervention into a diagnostic cause. Today, the medical profession recognizes that people with Down syndrome may also have a psychiatric-related diagnosis such as ASD or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Because this philosophy is relatively new to medical and educational professionals, there is little known about children and adults with DS-ASD medically or educationally.

14. Living With A Genetic Disorder - Down Syndrome - The GEEE! In GENOME Living with a genetic disorder. Don t be shy Say hi! What Is down syndrome? Melanie Manion has down syndrome, which means that http://www.nature.ca/genome/03/d/10/03d_14d_e.cfm

Living with a genetic disorder Don't be shy ... Say hi! What Is Down Syndrome? Melanie Manion has Down syndrome, which means that she has 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of 46. In Down syndrome, three, rather than the normal two, chromosomes 21 are present in each cell. An abnormal number of chromosomes is the result of "nondisjunction": paired copies of a particular chromosome fail to separate at cell division, and so two copies of a chromosome are placed in a sperm or egg, rather than one. If fertilized, this sperm or egg will produce an embryo with an extra copy of the chromosome in each cell. Genetic diseases Cloning and stem cells Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) DNA detectives In this section: Defective genes Genetic testing New treatments Living with a genetic disorder A karyotype is a display of the chromosomes within a single cell. The chromosomes are stained with dyes to accentuate differences between them. In this Down syndrome karyotype , the chromosomes have been arranged in their pairs. Note the extra copy of chromosome 21.

15. Nutritional Supplements For Down Syndrome Nutritional Supplements for down syndrome A Highly Questionable Approach. Len Leshin, M.D. down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third 21st chromosome. 700 births, making it the most common genetic disorder. Its common features include poor muscle http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/down.html

Quackwatch Home Page Nutritional Supplements for Down Syndrome: A Highly Questionable Approach Len Leshin, M.D. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third 21st chromosome. It occurs once in every 600 to 700 births, making it the most common genetic disorder. Its common features include poor muscle tone, short stature, a small nose with flat nasal bridge, small skin folds on the inner corner of the eyes (epicanthal folds), dry skin, immune-system suppression, developmental delays, speech difficulties, and mental retardation. Even before Down syndrome was found to be caused by a genetic abnormality, nutritional therapies were proposed, usually focusing on one or two items. Mixtures that included vitamins, hormones and enzymes were advocated in the 1960s by Haboud, a German physician [1]; however, other investigators found no beneficial effect [2]. At about the same time, Henry Turkel, MD, in the United States claimed that a mixture of 48 different ingredients could improve intelligence and the appearance of children with Down syndrome [3]. No double-blind study was ever performed with Turkel's formula. Dr. Turkel administered his formula to children with Down syndrome for almost 40 years; if there had been some benefit, we should have had such evidence by now. Yet no such group of children or adults have been identified to date. In the 1980s, Ruth Harrell, MD, and associates [4] reported that supplementary vitamins and minerals and thyroid hormone improved their IQ scores, and caused "physical changes toward normal" among children with various types of mental deficiency, with the best results in three children with Down syndrome. However, the study was neither controlled nor blinded, and seven different studies during the next decade showed no positive results from Harrell's mixture. Haps Caps, another mixture of vitamins, minerals and enzymes that hit the marketplace during the 1980s, is frequently given with thyroid hormone. No study of Haps Caps has been published.

16. Human Genetic Disorders Testing for genetic disorders allows the chance for those who have a disorder to know. A family guide to cystic fibrosis genetic testing. down syndrome. http://www.cedar-falls.k12.ia.us/Buildings/cfhs/Science/hones/Science/Human_Gene

GENETIC DISORDERS Each of us has about 100,000 genes, an unknown number of which are defective. Geneticists estimate that each person has five to seven defective genes that could be lethal to an offspring who inherit the gene. Testing for genetic disorders allows the chance for those who have a disorder to know. Cystic Fibrosis http://www.phd.msu.edu/cf/fam.html A family guide to cystic fibrosis genetic testing. What is cystic fibrosis? How it affects the body? What causes cystic fibrosis? Down Syndrome http://thearc.org/faqs/down.html This site contains what Down Syndrome is, and why it medically occurs. Huntingtons Disease http://glaxocentre.merseyside.org/huntsfacts2.html#causes General Information about Huntingtons disease. What causes Huntingtons? Early symptoms. Treatment available. Spinal Muscular Atrophy http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/peds/pidl/neuro/spineatr.html Clear definition of what spinal muscular atrophy is. The different types of spinal muscular atrophy. Marfan Syndrome http://www.eden.com/~crane/marfan.html

17. Down Syndrome down syndrome down syndrome. (Trisomy 21). down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by extra genetic material. It affects over 350,000 http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/karyotype/downsyndrome.cfm

Genetic Science Learning Center at the Eccles Institute of Human Genetics University of Utah Home ... What Can Our Chromosomes Tell Us? Down Syndrome Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by extra genetic material. It affects over 350,000 people in the United States alone and is the most common (1 in 800 live births) imbalance in the number of autosomes in people. The effects of Down Syndrome vary greatly from person to person but can include mental retardation, eyes that slant upward, and heart defects. People with Down Syndrome have 3 copies of chromosome 21. For this reason, Down Syndrome is also called " Trisomy Where does the extra chromosome come from? In 90% of Trisomy 21 cases, the additional chromosome comes from the mother's egg. Additional Resources National Down Syndrome Society National Association for Down Syndrome

18. What Are Genetic Disorders? We can separate genetic disorders into four categories down syndrome and Turner s syndrome are examples of this type of disorder. http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/whataregd/

Genetic Science Learning Center at the Eccles Institute of Human Genetics University of Utah Home ... Genetic Disorder Corner What are Genetic Disorders? What are Genetic Disorders? Genetic disorders are medical conditions caused by mutations in a gene or a set of genes. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a gene. They can happen at any time, from when we are a single cell to when we are 90. Or even older! Some people say that there are disorder genes. It is not a gene, or genes, however, that cause the illness, but a mutation that causes the normal genes to operate improperly. It is better to say that there are mutated genes that cause genetic disorders. We can separate genetic disorders into four categories: Chromosome Abnormalities In some disorders, entire chromosomes , or large segments of them, are missing, duplicated, or otherwise altered. Down Syndrome and Turner's Syndrome are examples of this type of disorder. More about chromosome abnormalities Single-Gene Disorders Some disorders result when a mutation causes the protein product of a single gene to be altered or missing. An example of this kind of disorder is sickle cell anemia. More about single-gene disorders Multifactorial Disorders Multifactorial disorders result from mutations in multiple genes, often coupled with environmental causes. The complicated bases of these diseases make them difficult to study and to treat. Heart disorder, diabetes and cancer are examples of this type of disorder.

19. Internet Public Library: Genetic Disorders diagnosis, specific types of the disorder, treatment, research and father of a down s syndrome child. genetic Alliance http//www.geneticalliance.org/ The http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/hea14.34.00/

dqmcodebase = "/javascript/" Subject Collections Business Computers Education ... Genetic Disorders This collection All of the IPL Advanced Resources in this category: You can also view Magazines Associations on the Net under this heading. The A-T Children's Project http://www.atcp.org The A-T Children's Project Home Page was "created to provide physicians, research scientists, families and support providers with information about an inherited childhood disease called Ataxia-Telangiectasia." You can find answers to questions such as what A-T is, how it is inherited, and how to diagnose patients. Information about A-T's relevance to common diseases and recent A-T research can also be found. Additionally, sections specifically for research scientists and physicians are provided. You can also read information about the A-T Children's Project itself. Ask NOAH About: Sickle Cell Disease http://www.noah-health.org/english/illness/genetic_diseases/sickle.html A series of links categorized into basic descriptions, causes, screening, treatment, organizations, research groups, and information for special groups. Ask NOAH About: Muscular Dystrophy http://www.noah-health.org/english/illness/neuro/musdys.html

20. Genetic Disorders & Birth Defects: Down's Syndrome down s syndrome is a genetic disorder. In almost all cases, it is not passed down through families. Instead, it is the result of a single faulty egg or sperm. http://www.baptistonline.org/health/library/gene4593.asp

About Us Contact Us Site Map Go ... Genetic Disorders Down's Syndrome Cerebral Palsy Cystic Fibrosis Down Syndrome Sickle Cell Anemia And Genetics ... Spina Bifida Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder. In almost all cases, it is not passed down through families. Instead, it is the result of a single faulty egg or sperm. Persons with Down's syndrome are mentally disabled. They have somewhat flat facial features and slanting eyes. Many affected persons have heart defects and other disorders. The chance of having a baby with Down's syndrome rises as parents get older. It depends more on the mother's age. The chance goes up quickly when the mother is over 34 years. It also goes up when the father is over 60 years of age. This suggests that the main cause of the disorder is the aging of egg cells or exposures, such as radiation or viruses. A young mother who has one child with Down's syndrome has about a 2 in 100 chance of having another. An older mother will continue to have about the same chance that matches her age. The facial signs of Down's syndrome and muscle weakness are usually apparent at birth. By age 1, a baby with Down's syndrome will clearly lag mentally. Their social performance is usually beyond what one would expect from their mental age. They are often socially outgoing and pleasant. They may have defects in the heart, intestines, pelvic bone, and thyroid. They tend to have frequent respiratory infections. They also have an increased risk of leukemia.

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