81. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Idaksahak, Dausahaq. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=103948&rog3=ML

82. Religions Of The World -- African www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/yoruba.html. Buganda s indigenous Religion A southern Ungandan Tradition, ozric The Religion of the dogon From Southern Mali, www http://members.aol.com/porchfour/religion/african.htm

Interfaith Religion and Beliefs for an Internet Generation PORCH NUS The E-Zine of The Front Porch Religions of the World African Religions and Their Derivatives African and African-Derivative Religions are a large group of beliefs and practices based upon ancient indigenous faiths of sub-Saharan African peoples. Within the last 100 years in Africa (see Table of Statistics ) indigenous religion has declined under the influence of colonialism, Western acculturation and proselytizing by Islam and Christianity. In the African Diaspora (mainly in the Americas) African-derived belief systems are in a state of impressive growth. ithin just the last two years the amount of information made available through the Internet is also impressive. Some of the best information comes to us from Italy, Sweden and Brazil. We are no longer dependent upon reports from academia or encyclopedias. There are now numerous websites maintained by the faithful themselves and, while the quality and quantity of information varies enormously among them, one may now hear from practitioners their own statements of faith. In many, if not most, cases African spirituality has evolved in the Americas. Ancient practices brought westward by slaves became syncretized, more or less, with religious traditions of the slaves' masters. This syncretization is most noticeable in areas dominated by the Catholic faith and where the celebration of saints, votive offerings and other practices found parallels in ancient traditions.

83. From The Indices contemporary popular forms in, 258; indigenous survivors in of the Dagbamba, 439; among the dogon, 148, 439 drummer, 1218; of the Shilluk people, 1143; signal, 10 http://members.aol.com/lemsdworkn/indices.htm

VIDEOS OF AFRICAN AND AFRICAN-RELATED PERFORMANCE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY by Carol Lems-Dworkin From the Subject, Names , and Distributors Indices: FROM THE SUBJECT INDEX D'Jimi people: women, 481 Djonkor/Diongor people, 409, 410, 418; dance of, 414, 419; death, beliefs and practices concerning, 408, 419; food preparation, 411, 412; music of, 413; songs of, 415, 417; tale, 416 Djun djun drum demonstration, 689 Doc Rabbit tale. See Anansi tales; Tar Baby tales; Trickster tales Documentary folklore filming (behind the scenes at the Center for Southern Folklore, USA), 441 Dogon people (Mali), 27, 94, 42022, 425, 814, 1148, 1252; animal sacrifices by, 423; art of, 95; death, beliefs and practices concerning, 294, 426, 427, 456, 504; drums and drumming (stages in learning), 148; food preparation by, 428; fifty years of research in Dogon country (in memory of primary researcher, Marcel Griaule), 1252; masks and, 2, 16, 325, 424, 1148; newborn child ritual, 627; oracle of, 425; tale, reenacted, 814; view of criminality, justice, and the death penalty by, 814 Dogtrot home (USA), 835

84. Misconceptions Today part of what is happening in africa today In recent years, the people have expressed their discontent notice of the ability of these indigenous people to create http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/misconc.htm

ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans Year Plan ... To top of page Today's Misconceptions Home Bwa Mask Weaving of Mali What is Art? ... Test Your Knowledge [ Misconceptions Today ] Art of Mali Songhai Empire Senufo Ancestor Dogon Ancestor ... Preservation of Art Background information on Africa Africa . Third Edition. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Martin and O'Meara (1995) dispel any misconceptions one might have about Africa today. They present the reader with an objective perspective on the problems facing Africans today: the diversity, the conflicts, and the changesall a result of Western interference. Africa, more that three times the size of the United States, includes fifty- three very diverse countries and a population of about 700 million people. Africans are divided not only by boundaries, which did not exist prior to colonization, but also by ethnic identities, class distinctions, urban and rural experiences, geographic barriers, and vast distances. Population varies widely (Gabon- one million; Nigeria- 115 million). Ways of life vary dramatically. Some live in cities and work in offices or skyscrapers, buy clothes from department stores and have all of the modern conveniences- yet may travel to the rural areas for traditional festivals, to see healers or to visit extended families. Rural community members may seldom visit the cities, may walk miles for water in the dry season, and listen to transistor radios as they welcome a relative back from graduate studies overseas.

85. The People Of Mali It is these indigenous cultures that are the subject for western Mali), and neighboring Bambara, the dogon, and the often known only to the people who produce http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/p-ofmali.htm

ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans Year Plan ... Art Home The People of Mali Bibliography Art of Mali Art of Africa Artist of Africa ... Songhai Empire What do the people think about art What are their beliefs What are some masking trends today? Today, most of the population of Mali (estimated at 10,878,000 in 1995) is African. The major groups are the Bambara (the linguistic name for the Bamana and Bamakan people), Fulani (the English name for the Fulfulde or Peul groups), Soninka (which includes the Marka), Senoufo (the linguistic name for groups also referred to as "Senufo"), Songhai, Maninke (includes the Malinka and the Maninka), and the Dogon. Nomadic Tuaregs and other Berbers roam the Sahel and parts of the Sahara. In all, there are thirty-two languages listed for Mali, but French is the official language and Bambara is widely used. The Bambara are the largest cultural segment, but the Dogon (roughly 5% of the population) are world-renowned for their artwork and dance festivals (Grimes 1996; "Mali, Republic" 1998). The influence of the Bambara extends far beyond the areas that they inhabit. Art historians often include in discussion of the Bambara style the works of the Khassonke (of the Kassonke linguistic group- about 1% of the population of Mali), Malinke, Marka (of the Soninke group) and Minianka (the Minianka are of the Senoufo Mamara). Different variants of style cannot be easily identified from pieces that have been collected (Luezinger 1960, p. 76). While there are some distinctive differences, their sculpture was all in the hands of the Nuni (today called

86. Africa Stage: Making A Difference - September 15, 1999 But even if you live thousands of miles from Nigeria, there are several ways you can help the indigenous people of the Niger Delta. http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/africa/091599/091599madoil.html

More Making a Difference Articles Who Will Mop Up Their Mess? Shell and Chevron Wreak Havoc in Nigeria "Lord take my soul, but the struggle continues" Ken Saro-Wiwa, the gallows just before execution, November 10th 1995. One of the world's most devastating combinations of human rights abuse and environmental destruction is still occurring in the West African country of Nigeria. Who are the culprits? American oil companies, namely Shell and Chevron. These companies continue to spend billions of dollars per year in search of new sources of oil at the expense of biodiversity and indigenous cultures. Ogoni is a land of half a million people in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. While Ogoni's oil wealth has been exploited, and the local people have suffered economic deprivation, the environmental devastation of their land and the discriminatory policies of successive Nigerian governments. The World Trek Team has seen environmental abuses by oil companies before in Guatemala and Peru . While the effects are harmful in every country invaded by the oil companies, the story of human death due to protest has been made poignantly famous in Nigeria.

87. UFOTV The dogon possess knowledge, such as the star system s to share secret star lore of indigenous Black Africans this effort will unite thinking people around the http://www.ufotv.com/papers.html

Guardians of the PastHarbingers of the future Julie Gillentine Anthropological orthodoxy insists that civilization began in Sumeria six thousand years ago, and the modern metropolis is the pinnacle of culture and evolution on the planet. But, Circa World War II, humanity shattered the rails of our technological playpen, sporting new atomic bombs. And, it is said, Space-faring ETs took notice, and silver saucers suddenly filled the skies. The UFO era was born; Roswell was a defining moment An alternate view is emerging, however. According to indigenous peoples from the Americas to South Africa, they have guarded the hidden history of humanity all along, quietly maintaining contact with visiting and resident stellar relatives. Mobilized, now, by what they believe is the fulfillment of long-prophesied warnings, the elders of these indigenous people around the world have begun, they say, to break vows of silence and share their ancient secret stellar wisdom. African Epiphany Thanks to the work of Robert Temple, (The Sirius Mystery) the startling knowledge of Sirius and its dwarf companion by Africa's Dogon tribe is widely known. The Dogon possess knowledge, such as the star system's orbital periods and the companion star's invisibility, which cannot be confirmed by naked eye observation, and which modern Astronomers have learned only recently.

88. INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION > INTRODUCTION Kikuyu, the Baganda, the Bokoko, the dogon, the Mandigo of the ancient wisdom of the African people. that stands for traditional or indigenous African religion http://www.hypertextile.net/BLAKHUD/ind-reli/ind00.htm

BLAKHUD Research Centre Lumosi Library WRITINGS of D. Massiasta INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION to FIANGOR BOKOR SALLAH HIGH PRIEST, KLIKOR and LEONARD S. K. DOGBATSE EDUCATIONIST, KLIKOR who spent several dawns of counselling to convince my parents to send me to a colonial formal school. INTRODUCTION A common definition has not been found for what constitutes religion. In his book, THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION, for instance, J. H. Leuba listed at least forty-eight definitions given by various writers on the subject. This may not suggest that religion is an illusion. Writers differ on a definition probably because of conceptual prejudices and the attempt to root the idea of a 'false' or 'true' religion. On indigenous African religion, for example, the controversy is not just over a common definition, but whether it deserves to be called a religion at all. Of all the definitions, theories and ideas expressed on the subject, however, those of the Scottish theologian W. Robertson Smith are quite relevant to the context in which African religion is understood by those who practise it. Smith, among other theologians of the same school of thought, thinks of religion as an instrument of social control, of building the structures of society and bringing it together.

89. General Facts About The Dogon of residence, Mali, Burkina Faso, The dogon settlement area. B4, Main towns inhabited, people, de Bandiagara state institution run with indigenous participation, http://www.ehess.fr/centres/logis/necep/facts.php?id_soc=12

90. Demographics Of Mali - Encyclopedia Article About Demographics Of Mali. Free Acc The majority of dogon practice the traditional tribal religion Religions Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%. un but, une foi (One people, one goal http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Demographics of Mali

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Demographics of Mali Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Mali's population consists of diverse Sub-Saharan ethnic groups, sharing similar historic, cultural, and religious traditions. Exceptions are the Tuaregs The Tuareg are an African ethnic group or nation. They call themselves Kel Tamasheq, Kel Tamajaq ("speakers of Tamasheq"), Imouhar Imuhagh , or Imashaghen ("the free"). The Tuareg people also identify themselves, with the word Tamust , the nation. The meaning of the word Tuareg has been long discussed. It may have come from a Libyan region known today as Fezzan, but once called Targa. The Arabic word "Targui", for Tuareg, may have derived from the Targa valley, the main city Ubari west of Sebha. Alternatively, Tuareg may have come from a Bedouin pronunciation of the Arabic Click the link for more information. and Maurs, desert nomads, related to the North African Berbers. The Tuaregs traditionally have opposed the central government. Starting in June 1990, armed attacks in the North by Tuaregs seeking greater autonomy led to clashes with the military. In April 1992, the government and most opposing factions signed a pact to end the fighting and restore stability in the north. Its major aims are to allow greater autonomy to the north and increase government resource allocation to what has been a traditionally impoverished region. The peace agreement was celebrated in 1996 in Timbuktu during an official and highly publicized ceremony called "Flamme de la Paix"(peace flame).

91. Untitled Document to share the secret star lore of indigenous Black Africans in an effort to unite thinking people in the The dogon tribe s startling knowledge of Sirius and its http://www.queenofcups.com/AR23article.htm

Home News Oracle Books ... Links Articles The Lore of a Shaman This article is reprinted with permission from Atlantis Rising Magazine, Issue #23, April, 2001 Past Articles AR 38 Uranus In Pisces AR 37 ... The Lore of a Shaman The Lore of a Shaman The Ancient Wisdom of indigenous people reveals a startling hidden side of history by Julie Gillentine Anthropological orthodoxy assures us that history began in Sumeria six thousand years ago, and modern "man" is the pinnacle of culture and evolution on the planet. Circa World War II, humanity shattered the rails of our technological play pen, sporting new atomic bombs. Space-faring ETs suddenly took notice, and a proliferation of silver saucers filled the skies. The UFO era was born; Roswell was a defining moment. Or so the story goes. But an emerging, alternate view is compelling. Mobilized by fulfillment of long-heralded warning signs of prophecy, indigenous elders from around the world are breaking their vows of silence and sharing their secret stellar wisdom. While we slept for millennia in Western egocentricity, the indigenous peoples of the planet guarded the hidden history of humanity, quietly maintaining contact with our visiting and resident stellar family.

92. Lesson & Title Islam and indigenous African Culture Discusses howiIn West the Soninke, a Mande speaking people living in dogon People According to oral tradition, the dogon http://ctap295.ctaponline.org/~jboston/Student/materials.html

7th Grade Social Studies Medieval African Kingdoms Home Room Activities Materials Your Grade Teacher's Corner Materials WEB Resources: Map of African kingdoms: Africa Overview: Africana.com Scroll through the subject listings to find your assigned culture. African Voices This Smithsonian site is wonderfully rich graphically and has a huge, well organized compiliation of resources on the history of Africa from ancient times to now. Ancient African Civilizations This article describes the civilizations that flourished in Africa before the arrival of European colonial powers. West African Gallery West Africa has long been the home of hundreds of kingdoms over the years. Of these, four gained enough power over time to be called Empires. Multi-media Africa Archives Here are pictures and maps of modern and historical Africa. Timeline of African History to 1500 This is a timeline of West African History with links to supporting information. Islam and Indigenous African Culture Discusses howiIn West Africa, much of the conversion to Islam prior to the 18th century occurred through interaction with Islamicized Berber traders, who controlled the trans-Saharan trade routes. Ghana: Ghana Empire The Ghana Empire lay in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali. Ghana empire was an important black trading state

93. Dogon Religion - Godulike - An Irreverent Look At The Faith Industry enough to actually care about the indigenous population rather Who are these people and what do they believe in? Creation Secrets of the dogon Shaman, the Star http://www.godulike.co.uk/faiths.php?chapter=32&subject=who

94. Indigenous Sand Art In each of these indigenous forms, on the other hand, the In early times people created homes out of the The dwellings built by the dogon people of Mali were http://www.ecopsychology.org/gatherings6/html/Overview/overview_sand_art.html

S by Amy Lenzo What's Different Here? Mandala Aboriginal Dreamtime Ground Art Bark Paintings Aboriginals view everything as an interconnected field of subtle energy emanations. As I mentioned earlier, in Aboriginal cosmology all time exists at once. Everything contains within its form the memory of its creation, its history and future, as well as its present, and the designs used to represent them reflect this perception in various ways. These images are not abstract designs, but simplified versions of what is actually seen and/or felt to be there. An image might indicate the food sources in an area, along with the paths that have led to them in the past, and might even show events that have occurred on these hunts. For example, you might see an image depicting various food sources and the trails leading to them, where concentric circles indicate watering holes, or the witchety grub (which is a popular food source); the 'U' shapes signify an action, with the shape next to it indicating the type of action, like straight lines might indicate the digging sticks necessary to find the food source. In 1988 a small group of Aboriginal artists colaborated on an Aboriginal Memorial, constructed as a response to the Australian bicentennial, which commemorated 200 years of European settlement. In a memorial to Aboriginal people, past, present and future, they carved 200 hollow log coffins- one for each year of European colonisation- to honour the thousands of Aboriginals who had been killed in that period. The exhibit is now on permanent display in Canberra.

95. SearchBug Directory: Society: Ethnicity: African The dogon Village http//www.dogonvillage.com/ Provides the pervasive African and indigenous Indian influences survival and betterment of people of Afrikan http://www.searchbug.com/directory.aspx/Society/Ethnicity/African/

document.write(''); All Searches Auctions CompanyFinder Entertainment ... Travel Search the Web: Web Images Audio Files News Multimedia Shopping Open Directory Search: Featured Websites UEOT World Of Gifts - ueotworld.com Unique Gift Shop with over 3,700 unique gift items from around the world. We have been in business since 1995. We carry a variety of Hand Craft Special Gift Items. African Prints - allprints.com Save on African Prints as well as 150,000 others. Custom framing at 50% OFF frame shop prices and canvas transfer services available African Society Ethnicity Go to Directory Home Categories African-American African-British African-Canadian Amazigh ... Travel and Tourism Related Category: Web Pages - ranked by popularity Africa Focus: Sights and Sounds of a Continent http://africafocus.library.wisc.edu/ Images and sound files from dozens of African countries. Peoples and Cultures of Africa http://www.fandm.edu/departments/Anthropology/Bastian/ANT269/home.html Provides insight into the aesthetics, beliefs, and histories of West African cultures, including the family of languages of the Mande, Yoruba, and Cameroonian. Includes timeline, bibliography, links. ANPA - Association of Nigerian Physicians in the Americas http://www.anpa.org/

96. People & The Planet Vol 7/1, Sustainable Agriculture family land has to feed thirteen people and pay The dogon experience has many lessons for sustainable Along with many other indigenous African soil and water http://www.oneworld.org/patp/pap_7_1/Harrison.html

The material that follows has been provided by Making land from bare rock Living in a rocky and semi-arid environment, the Dogon of Eastern Mali have created one of the most remarkable traditional systems of sustainable agriculture in the world. Now they are struggling to maintain its sustainability in the face of rapid population growth and climate change. Contributing Editor, Paul Harrison , reports from the village of Kamba-Sareme South of the Niger bend, the Dogon plateau rises in long ridges of red granite with seams of gravelly ironstone, sloping gradually upwards towards a steep escarpment which drops abruptly down towards the plains of the Yatenga. The Dogon came here at least seven centuries ago and stayed, defending their territory against successive waves of Muslim conquerors. Yet the land itself is as hostile as any assailant: narrow valleys of thin sandy soil among vast expanses of bare rock, and a semi-arid climate that gives no more than three months of rain a year. Yet traditional irrigated Dogon agriculture is probably the most intensive and productive in Africa. Every square centimetre of usable soil is planted, every gram of plant or animal waste is recycled to achieve yields that for some crops rival those of any Western market gardener. "They are extremely skilled irrigators," says agronomist Chris Reij. "What they achieve is miraculous." The Dogon have developed almost all their impressive array of soil and water conservation techniques by themselves, and the reason for the intensity of their farming is linked to population density.

97. TRACES OF ANCESTRAL CULTURES permit to observe the ability of dogon people, expressed in Visit of Obire ( an animist people who adore day and mixing with the indigenous populations of the http://www.yenenga.com/yenen_is/circuitos/circu_is5.htm

TRACES OF ANCESTRAL CULTURES We propose to you one of most complete travels to live and know this cordial continent!!! Burkina Faso: country of upright men and capital of all the continent traditional music, situated in the bosom of west Africa. Mali: Togo-Benin: the infancy of the Vaudou and the primitive Tata Somba. Arrival: Thursday - Departure: Wednesday - Type of Travel: cultural-ethnic DAY 1: ARRIVAL IN OUAGADOUGOU with regular flight. Transfer to the hotel. Lodging. DAY 2: OUAGA-MANEGA-OUAHIGOUYA DAY 3: OUAHIGOUYA-DOGON COUNTRY Departure in the morning to wards the cliff of Bandiagara and crossing a lands cape characterized by gigantic baobab and thorny bushes, visit of some Dogon villages of the platform; arrival at the cliff in the last hours of the evening. Lodging in locale hits. DAY 4: DOGON COUNTRY-BANDIAGARA During this day will be realized a short excursion on foot in fill of many villages hung on the cliff which permit to observe the ability of Dogon people, expressed in suggestive artistic forms; masks, ritual figures and doors. Departure in the evening to wards Bandiagara. Lodging. DAY 5: BANDIAGARA-DJENNE-MOPTI DAY 6: MOPTI-NIGER RIVER DAY 7: MOPTI BOBO DIOULASSAO ( Burkina Faso) Free morning for the last purchasing and lunch at Mopti In the evening, after a long course and checks at the frontier, we arrive in the capital of west African traditional music with its avenues characterized by enormous mango-trees. Lodging.

98. Center For Archaeoastronomy: A&E News Archive astronomical knowledge for the dogon people of Mali is an endangered resource; the indigenous societies that a professor that the local people had forgotten http://www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/ae32.html

Center for Archaeoastronomy Main Page NEWS Find Out More What is Archaeoastronomy? More About the Center for Archaeoastronomy More About ISAAC Publications of the Center ... Lost Codex Used Book Sale Outside Links Archaeoastronomy Archaeology Astronomy History of Science ... Museums Archive Number 32 June Solstice 1999 ESSAY NEWS NOTES PUBLICATIONS AND WEB SITES Sub-Saharan Africa: Cultural Astronomy's Heart of Darkness by Keith Snedegar, Political Science and History Dept., Utah Valley State College There is no more deeply primeval experience than to gaze overhead at the Milky Way arching from horizon to horizon on a pitch-dark African night. And with good reason: our species originated in Africa; it was from there that our ancestors first looked up and pondered the mysteries of the cosmos. It should strike everyone as odd, then, that cultural astronomers have paid relatively little attention to Africa. The eve of a new millennium is an appropriate time to revisit, or for many of us to contemplate for the first time, the astronomical heritage of humanity's home continent before it is too late. Another well-known megalithic site, Namoratunga II, near Lake Turkana in Kenya may well have aided calendrical observations around 300 B.C. (Lynch and Robbins 1978). Unfortunately, in recent years no other Sub-Saharan monuments have been surveyed for their archaeoastronomical potential. Numerous sites merit such investigation: the Senegambian stone circles, the Central African Republic's Bouar megaliths, and ruins in the Great Zimbabwe tradition. With the prospect of discovery we should no doubt expect many negative results. I am personally skeptical that any alignments could be found in the irregular architecture of the Zimbabwe sites. At all events, someone should look for them. If only there were more copy cats of Lynch, Robbins and Malville than of high-school shootists!

99. WRITING ASSIGNMENTS COMPARE/CONTRAST indigenous culture with the new hybrid (Colonial Bamana (Bambara) or dogon of Mali. and literature for this group of people should include all http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/doyler/TCHNG/H490Write.htm

WRITING ASSIGNMENTS HIST 490 FALL 2002 I. INDIGENOUS LITERATURE: The Oral Tradition: Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali Using this oral tradition recorded by D.T. Niane and TWO sources of your choice, DESCRIBE the culture of the Mande Speakers at the time of the founding of the Empire of Mali. Use the culture in which Sundiata was born, at Niani in the Kingdom of Kangaba looking for the following: Language, government, religion, education, maintaining any type of records of the past, environmental effects on culture, art, music, literature, and Moral Values that might include reverence for elders, truth, beauty, loyalty, bravery, sympathy, kindness, hospitality, and whatever else you see within the document. Use the two sources of your choice to try to VERIFY the cultural statements that you make based upon the oral tradition. Also include any observations you have on the accuracy of the oral tradition or comparisons to culture today in the area. II. MODERN LITERATURE: A. Literature in French: Dark Child: An Autobiography Camara Laye writes in French about life in Guinea at the time of colonization. Using the novel and TWO sources of your choice, DESCRIBE indigenous Culture of this ethnic group in terms of the following:

100. Commentaries The Afrocentric Experience provides information on Black Writers, Kwanzaa, African Names, the island state of St.Kitts Nevis and Much, Much More. The dogon people of Mali, and other ethnic groups http://www.swagga.com/arthurlewin.htm

Home Inventors Book Store Kwanzaa Discussion Forum Voodoo Queens ... Names AFRICA UNLIMITED By Arthur Lewin Have Comments to share? Discuss these issues and more with other people. Join the Conversation AFRICAN SCIENCE .....August 20th 2003 An animal bone, with markings used for counting, discovered in South Africa is estimated to be more than 35,000 years old. Another bone, the so-called "Ishango Bone," found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, not only has markings for counting, but also a series of prime numbers which indicate it was used for calculating. It is over 10,000 years old. Agriculture, the purposeful planting, cultivating and harvesting of foodstuffs, has been going on in the Nile Valley for 18,000 years. Steel was produced in furnaces in Tanzania 2,000 years ago. And there were astronomical observatories in Kenya in 300 BC. Furthermore, it’s believed that shafts located in the 5,000 year old Great Pyramid at Giza functioned as observatories for viewing the star Sirius and other heavenly bodies. The Dogon people of Mali, and other ethnic groups living in the vicinity of the city of Timbuktu, have an intimate knowledge of this solar system, the Sirius star system, and the shape and functioning of the galaxy. When Europeans first encountered them, they thought the Dogon beliefs were fables until, that is, the Europeans developed telescopes and realized that they were not.

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