61. Democratic Republic Of Congo: A Political Transition Amidst Chaos · Forum 2004 Background and Evolution The recent history of the democratic republic ofCongo has been marked by civil war and corruption. http://www.barcelona2004.org/eng/actualidad/publicaciones/observatorio/html/f041

Català Español Find: GrabarCookie(false,false); resto = 'actualidad/publicaciones/actualidad/portada.cfm';resto2 = 'actualidad/publicaciones/actualidad/portada.cfm';resto3 = 'actualidad/publicaciones/actualidad/portada.cfm'; Latest info Publications Crisis watch Dossier Publications Presentation Focus 2004 Civitas Crisis watch Magma Search news Subscription to the bulletin Give us your e-mail address and every week you will receive a summary of the news from our publications. E-mail Latest news Past news Links directory Dossier var esc = escape('observatorio'); send to a friend print Democratic Republic of Congo: A Political Transition Amidst Chaos The Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC) occupies an area of over two million square kilometers and has approximately 52.7 million inhabitants, according to 2003 UN estimates. The country is extremely rich in natural resources (copper, cobalt, uranium, diamonds, gold, coltan, manganese, lead and zinc), but this wealth has never benefited the general population. Between 1879 and 1960, Belgian colonists literally plundered the country of its wealth, particularly ivory, rubber, copper, diamonds and uranium, through inhumane exploitation of its manpower. After independence in 1960 the situation did not improve much as natural resources continued to be coveted by both domestic actors, such as the government and rebel groups, and foreign actors, such as neighboring countries and large companies from the richer countries. The conflict in RDC can be described in two ways: one as a war for natural resources?various groups are competing militarily to gain control over the wealth?and as a war of atrocities with indiscriminate killing and harassment of civilians.

62. The Democratic Republic Of The Congo In Crisis conflict is the newest chapter in Central Africa s tragic history. the country svast potential, allowing the democratic republic of the congo to take its http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/rice.htm

Susan E. Rice, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa, House International Relations Committee Washington, DC, September 15, 1998 Released by the Office of Central African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, September 15, 1998. The Democratic Republic of the Congo in Crisis Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate the opportunity to testify today before this subcommittee on the grave situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Congolese waran unprecedented regionalized war that has drawn at least six armies onto Congolese soilis potentially among the most dangerous conflicts on the globe. The ongoing fighting threatens regional stability, hampers economic progress, endangers the lives of millions of people, perpetuates human rights abuses, and impedes the democratic transformation of Africa's third-largest country. Credible reports of inter-ethnic violence, communal massacres, and attacks against non-combatants because of their ethnicity echo the tragedies of the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the subsequent alleged massacres inside Zaire in late 1996 and 1997. There are credible reports

63. Central African Republic - Government, History, Population, Geography And Maps Search the Net history; 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 40.1%, Italy,Japan, US, Spain, Iran, democratic republic of the congo, republic of the http://www.worldrover.com/vital/central_african_republic.html

Search the Net: History 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's more images and photos! Central African Republic source: CIA World Factbook 1998 Central African Republic Introduction [Top of Page] Current issues: In 1996, the Central African Republic experienced three mutinies by dissident elements of the armed forces, which demanded back pay as well as political and military reforms. Continuing violence in 1997 between the government and rebel military groups over pay issues, living conditions, and lack of opposition party representation in the government has destroyed many businesses in the capital, reducing tax revenues and exacerbating the government's problems in meeting expenses. Geography [Top of Page] Location: Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo Geographic coordinates: 7 00 N, 21 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 622,980 sq km land: 622,980 sq km water: sq km slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,203 km border countries: Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

64. COUNTRY ASSESSMENT Previously (from 1968 a Professor of history at Dares salaam University. b. BackgroundPaper On Refugees from the democratic republic of congo April 1998. http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/congodemocraticrepublic/ind99b_congodr_ca.htm

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ASSESSMENT Version 4 September 1999 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY Physical Social and Economic III HISTORY The Mobutu Years The Kabila Regime Rebellion in the East IV ORGANS OF THE STATE Constitution The Judiciary Security Forces ... Health and Education V HUMAN RIGHTS A: GENERAL ASSESSMENT A.1 - A.5 B: SECURITY SITUATION B.1 - B.3 C: SPECIFIC GROUPS/ISSUES Political Activity Human Rights Groups Media/Journalists ... Homosexuals C.1 - C.5 C.6 C.7 - C.8 C.9 C.10 -C.11 C.12 -C.16 C.17 -C.18 C.19 -C.22 C.23 -C.24 C.25 -C.26 C.27 C.28 ANNEX A: PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX B: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX C: GLOSSARY ANNEX D: BIBLIOGRAPHY I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. The assessment will be placed on the Internet (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/cipu1.htm). An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations:

65. The Democratic Republic Of Congo And Other recent days in the democratic republic of the congo, and background to that, and indeeda history. diamond report yesterday and the plundering of congo and you http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/presidency/ps1704.htm

The Democratic Republic of Congo and other matters We had a briefing from Assistant Secretary-General Annabi on the events in recent days in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and particularly the diversion of the new Moroccan contingent of the UN mission in Congo (MONUC) which was suppose to go and deploy in Kissangani but was deterred from doing that. Members of the Council wanted me to say something in detail about that. We heard the briefing from Hedi Annabi with some concern that there had been this resistance from RCD Goma to the deployment of the Moroccan contingent. This resistance is in contravention of resolution 1331, and of the agreement with all the parties on deployment. Members of the Council were clear in their own minds that it is not a reason to block or resist the deployment of MONUC that any party should have concerns or worries about another party not complying with the disengagement agreement. That is the business of the Political Committee of the Lusaka Accord, it is the business of the Security Council, it is the business of MONUC on the ground and

66. [29 May 1997] SC/6377 : SECURITY COUNCIL EXPRESSES SUPPORT FOR PEOPLE OF DEMOCRA republic of the congo as they begin a new period in their history. to facilitate apeaceful solution to the crisis in the democratic republic of the congo. . http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1997/19970529.sc6377.html

29 May 1997 Press Release SC/6377 SECURITY COUNCIL EXPRESSES SUPPORT FOR PEOPLE OF DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO AS 'NEW PERIOD IN THEIR HISTORY' BEGINS Presidential Statement Also Calls for Immediate End to Violence Against Refugees, Cooperation with UN Mission Investigating Reported Massacres The Security Council, this evening, expressed its support for the people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as "they begin a new period in their history", its respect for their legitimate national aspirations to achieve progress to the benefit of all, and opposed any interference in the internal affairs of that country. Through a statement read out by its President, Park Soo Gil (Republic of Korea), the Council also reiterated in the strongest terms its call for complete cooperation with the United Nations mission investigating reports of massacres, other atrocities and violations of international humanitarian law in the country, including to provide its full and immediate access and to ensure its security. It expressed particular concern over reports that refugees in the east of the country were being systematically killed and called for an immediate end to the violence against refugees. Further by the statement, the Council, in accordance with the United Nations five-point peace plan, called for the rapid and peaceful settlement of the crisis through dialogue and the convening of an international conference on peace, security, and development in the Great Lakes region of Africa under the auspices of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity (OAU). It reaffirmed its statement of 30 April calling for rapid agreement on peaceful transitional arrangements leading to the holding of democratic and free elections with the participation of all parties.

67. Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication --- Democratic Republic Of Congo, 1996 Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Kinshasa, democratic republic of congo(DRC); United aged 5 years), regardless of vaccination history, with an http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4912a3.htm

March 31, 2000 / 49(12);253-8 Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication - Democratic Republic of Congo, 19961999 In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by December 31, 2000 ( ). Although progress has been extraordinary ( ), full implementation of polio eradication strategies has been delayed in several countries affected by war. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has experienced continual armed conflict since October 1996. As a result, DRC is the last country in the African Region of the World Health Organization (WHO) to implement National Immunization Days (NIDs*). DRC is an important global reservoir for wild poliovirus and shares more than 5580 miles (9000 km) of border with nine countries ; in at least seven of these countries polio is endemic. The large area of DRC, substantial amount of poverty, weak health-care infrastructure, poor transportation and communication, and competing demands for resources present considerable challenges to polio eradication. This report summarizes information on the existing health-care infrastructure and routine coverage, information from NIDs carried out in 1999, and results from the recently established surveillance system for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Existing Health-Care Infrastructure and Routine Vaccination Coverage DRC has an estimated population of 48.7 million persons

68. SOLD DOWN THE RIVER | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO upheavals. DRC has a long history of conflict. lands. 45. Companieslogging the forests of the democratic republic of congo. It http://www.forestsmonitor.org/reports/solddownriver/drc.htm

Home Cover Title Glossary ... Introduction Part I: Regional Overview People and forest in Central Africa EU involvement in Africa's rainforests Part II: Country Profiles Cameroon Cameroon report by Sandrine Lapuyade Central African Republic Congo (Brazzaville) ... Maps Part III: Company Profiles Conclusions and Recommendations References Democratic Republic of Congo Political, social and economic framework AFTER 32 YEARS of "kleptocracy" under Dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1997. Hopes that its poverty-stricken people would see more than a change of name in their country were, however, soon thwarted. Located on the equator, east of Congo (Brazzaville), DRC would be a landlocked country but for 37 kilometres of coastline. It is the largest country in the Congo Basin region. Of its 2.3 million square kilometres, nearly half is forestland (1.1 million square kilometres in 1993). In 1994, both urban and non-urban dwellers collected fuelwood and charcoal from the forest at an estimated rate of 42.6 million cubic metres every year. Despite being such a large and relatively fertile country rich in natural resources, there is hunger, competition for land, and pressure on the rainforest arising from landlessness. In large areas of DRC, the people with power have managed to expropriate the land from those less powerful than themselves. For example, although the region of Kivu, which borders the Ituri Forest, is one of the greenest and most luxuriant parts of DRC, one researcher noted that food security there

69. 19/3/99-csnu-situation In Congo THROUGHOUT THEIR LONG history, AFRICAN NATIONS HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED TO UNDUE AND UNINVITEDINVOLVEMENT IN THE democratic republic OF THE congo SHOULD CEASE http://www.un.int/brazil/speech/99d-hv-situation-in-congo.htm

Security Council The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Statement by H.E. Ambassador Henrique Valle Deputy Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations New York, 19 th March 1999 THE BRAZILIAN DELEGATION CONSIDERS IT A TIMELY INITIATIVE TO CONVENE AN OPEN DEBATE ON THE PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF THE SITUATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO AND WE EXPRESS OUR SINCERE APPRECIATION TO YOU ,SIR, FOR HAVING IT MADE MATERIALIZE. IN PARAGRAPH 8 OF HIS IMPORTANT REPORT OF 13 APRIL 1998, ON THE CAUSES OF CONFLICT AND THE PROMOTION OF DURABLE PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA (s/1998/318) , THE SECRETARY-GENERAL, WHO HONORS US WITH HIS PRESENCE HERE TODAY, POINTED OUT THAT AT THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN OF 1885 , ''KINGDOMS, STATES AND COMMUNITIES IN AFRICA WERE ARBITRARILY DIVIDED''., ''UNRELATED AREAS AND PEOPLES WERE JUST ARBITRARILY JOINED TOGETHER''. AS UNDERLINED BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL, THE DECISION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE AFRICAN UNIT (OAU) IN 1963 TO ACCEPT INHERITED BORDERS HAS PROVIDED THE CONTINENT WITH A POWERFUL TOOL TO PREVENT TERRITORIAL CONFLICT. THE TASK OF NATION BUILDING, HOWEVER, REMAINS A DAUNTING CHALLENGE FOR THE PRESENT AND THE COMING GENERATIONS OF AFRICANS. IN HIS WISDOM, THE SECRETARY GENERAL PROPOSED A SET OF IDEAS TO RESPOND TO THE MANY SITUATIONS OF CONFLICT THAT AFFLICT THE CONTINENT. THOSE IDEAS APPROACH THE SHORT TERM PROBLEMS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PEACEMAKING, PEACEKEEPING AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE. HE ALSO RAISED THE ISSUE OF BUILDING DURABLE PEACE AND PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON GOOD GOVERNANCE.

70. OneWorld.net - Full Coverage: Congo (Democratic Republic Of) 2003 The fourand-a-half-year war in the democratic republic of congo has taken WarII and is the deadliest documented conflict in African history, a new http://www.oneworld.net/article/country/180/60

OneWorld.net In depth Africa Central Africa ... Congo (Democratic Republic of) Search for in OneWorld sites OneWorld partners OneWorld Network Africa Canada Latin America South Asia SouthEast Europe UK United States América Latina en Catalunya España maailma.net Nederland Unimondo.org Unseulmonde.ca Radio Radio SEEurope AIDS Radio OneWorld TV AIDS Channel CanalSIDA (en España) Digital Opportunity Kids Channel Learning Channel Itrainonline.org NEWS IN DEPTH PARTNERS GET INVOLVED ... OUR NETWORK Central Africa Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad ... Sao Tome and Principe Full Coverage: Congo (Democratic Republic of) If you wish to look further into some topics fill out the search criteria below or select from the menu on the left. keyword topic select Development Capacity building Children Cities Agriculture Aid Education Emergency relief Energy Fisheries Food Intermediate technology International cooperation Labour Land Migration Population Poverty Refugees Social exclusion Tourism Transport Volunteering Water/sanitation Youth Economy Consumption Corporations Credit and investment Debt Finance Microcredit Business Trade Environment Climate change Conservation Environmental activism Forests Genetics Animals Nuclear Issues Atmosphere Oceans Pollution Biodiversity Renewable energy Rivers Soils Health Disease AIDS Infant mortality Malaria Narcotics Nutrition/malnutrition Human rights Civil rights Disability Gender Indigenous rights Race politics Religion Sexuality Social exclusion

71. LocalPin - Congo, Democratic Republic Of The Les Simba du congo News, results, history, players, photographs, links Extending LeprosyServices in the democratic republic of congo Novartis Foundation for http://www.localpin.com/static/loc/congo,_democratic_republic_of_the.htm

Language is English Home Forums Contact About ... Help Congo, Democratic Republic of the Category Category: American University of Kinshasha in Colleges and Universities in Education in Reference in All Sub-categories of the American University of Kinshasha category: None Category: Arts and Entertainment in All Sub-categories of the Arts and Entertainment category: Music Category: Business and Economy in All Sub-categories of the Business and Economy category: Travel Services in Travel and Tourism Category: CAF in Soccer in Sports in All Sub-categories of the CAF category: Competitions Sao Tome e Principe Sport in Afrikaans Category: Franco in Music in Arts and Entertainment in All Sub-categories of the Franco category: None Category: Government in All Sub-categories of the Government category: Embassies and Consulates Category: Health in All Sub-categories of the Health category: None Location Location: Congo, Democratic Republic Of The

72. SOPA Resolution On The War In The Democratic Republic Of Congo Resolution on the War in the democratic republic of congo. The war in congo is animperialist sponsored explains the involvement of other regional powers who http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/35/114.html

Documents menu Date: Sun, 11 Oct 98 13:19:28 CDT From: rich@pencil.math.missouri.edu (Rich Winkel) Organization: PACH Subject: SOPA RESOLUTION ON THE WAR IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO Article: 45076 To: undisclosed-recipients:; /** labr.global: 199.0 **/ ** Topic: Fwd: SOPA on War in the Congo ** ** Written 5:31 PM Oct 9, 1998 by dwalters@igc.org in cdp:labr.global ** SOPA Resolution on the War in the Democratic Republic of Congo 9 October 1998 This constitutional congress of the Socialist Party of Azania, sitting in the city of Durban on the 12th and 13th September 1998, noted with great concern the unending war which has ravaged the country and claimed a lot of innocent lives. We note that the war is being presented by the bourgeois media as an ethnic war waged by the Tutsis who felt that Kabila betrayed them after he ursuped power. That this ethnicising of African politics serves the interests of imperialist forces whose strategy is to divide the people while they plunder the resources of the country without much hindrance. When he came to power through military means Kabila sold all mining interests which were held by US companies during the Mobutu era to Canadian companies. The Americans did not take kind of this as they felt cheated. They started to wage propaganda against Kabila and portrayed him as a dictator.

73. Amnesty International - Library - Democratic Republic Of Congo: Armed Conflict F democratic republic of congo Armed conflict fuelled by history of human abuses andimpunity The populations of the democratic republic of congo (DRC) and http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620341998?open&of=ENG-390

74. ReliefWeb: CIDA And The Democratic Republic Of The Congo The history of this country has been marked by several upheavals since the 1997 ledCanada to reassess its relations with the democratic republic of congo. http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/eb174d75714656f28525678d007abdb4?OpenDocume

75. ReliefWeb: Representative Of Democratic Republic Of Congo Calls On International Africa s history was one of foreign occupation and foreign rule. National restorationand reconciliation in the democratic republic of the congo had to take http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/5cf649b9db6cf0f90525673f00548f83?OpenDocume

76. Economy Of Democratic Republic Of The Congo democratic republic of congo Economy ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT history HUMAN RIGHTSLINKS NEWS PEOPLE democratic republic OF congo Budget Income http://www.blueglobus.com/cgi-bin/search/search.cgi?searchtype=Web&keywords=Econ

77. Congo" Democratic Republic Of The history and vision, values, and strategies http//crccongo.tripod.com/ (ODP) MoreLike This. democratic republic of congo Information about the origin of congo http://www.blueglobus.com/Congo, Democratic Republic of the.shtml

Advanced search Add Blue Globus to your favorites! Make Blue Globus your homepage Displaying results 1 to 20 of 44 - Search word: Congo" Democratic Republic of the Search by: Relevance Source Title Democratic Republic of ... Congo (Kinshasa) An annotated guide to internet resources on Africa. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html ODP More Like This Democratic Republic ... of Congo Pro-government reports on the war. http://www.crocker.com/~acacia/congo.html ODP More Like This Flags of the ... of Congo Current, historical, and separatist movement flags. http://flagspot.net/flags/cd.html ODP More Like This CIA Factbook Congo, Democratic ... the Features map and brief descriptions of geography, economy, government, and people. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html ODP WiseNut More Like This Regional Conflict in ... of Congo A summary of the conflict taking place in the Democratic Republic of Congo; also includes links to other resources on the web. http://axe.acadiau.ca/~043638z/congo/ ODP More Like This Theodora.com: Flag of the ... of Congo Images in several sizes and links to country facts. http://www.theodora.com/flags/congo_democratic_republic_flags.html

78. Democratic Republic Of The Congo Information: Facts, Geography, People, Governme a Brief history; Climate and Terrain; Elevation extremes; Natural Country name conventionallong form democratic republic of the congo conventional short form http://www.mytravelguide.com/guides-and-advice/fact-book/cia/Democratic-Republic

Friendly hotel experts by phone Hotels: Vacation Rentals: Europe: Home Flights Lodging Rental Cars ... World Map > Democratic Republic of the Congo This page provides up-to-date facts and statistical information on Democratic Republic of the Congo that can be helpful for travelers in their trip preparations. The following Democratic Republic of the Congo information can be found on this page: a Brief history Climate and Terrain Elevation extremes Natural hazards Population HIV Prevalance Ethnic Groups Spoken Languages Literacy National Holiday Legal System Economy Poverty level Currency Telelphone System Radio Stations Internet service providers Military Transnational Issues If you have a question about Democratic Republic of the Congo, you can ask it in the " Ask a Question " section of MyTravelGuide. Facts, Geography, People, Government, Flag, Economy and Democratic Republic of the Congo Map. Country List World Factbook Home The World Factbook Congo, Democratic Republic of the Introduction Congo, Democratic Republic of the Background: Geography Congo, Democratic Republic of the

79. Democratic Republic Of Congo whc/heritage.htm United Nations/democratic republic of the congo World Heritage com/destinations/africa/democratic_republic_of_congo/Warning history -. http://www.lotsofplaces.com/cgi-bin/location/country.pl?Democratic^Republic^of^C

80. GWP - Southern Africa participation and involvement in IWRM at country, regional and international in GWPSouthern Africa Angola, Botswana, democratic republic congo, Lesotho, Malawi http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP?iNodeID=133

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