61. History Of Zambian Currency Together with the Zambian £. sd currency, a 5s proof coin to commemorate independence was issued. The currency Act, 1967 replaced the Zambian £. http://www.boz.zm/Banking/history_currency.htm

Home Publications Speeches Press Releases ... Zambia Electronic Clearing House Limited Zambian Kwacha Currency History The New Kwacha F.A.O. numismatic collection Second Republic T he Kwacha (ZMK) is the current legal tender of the Republic of Zambia.The Zambian Kwacha (K) is divided into 100 Ngwee. Prior to independence, notes and coin in denominations of £10, £5, 10s and 5s, 2s-6d, 2s, 1s, 6d, 3d, and 2d circulated in the country as legal tender. After independence, the Bank issued the first Zambian notes and coin in similar denominations, although different in design. In order to allow for a smooth changeover, the two currencies circulated alongside each other until December 15, 1965, when the old currencies were withdrawn from circulation for subsequent demonetization, except for the 3d coin which continued to circulate, for a brief period. Together with the Zambian £. s. d. currency, a 5s proof coin to commemorate independence was issued. It was later followed by an ordinary 5s coin for circulation purposes. The New Kwacha I n 1967, the Government decided in favour of decimalisation and designated the main unit as Kwacha comprising of 100 ngwee. The Kwacha was equivalent to the old ten shillings. The Currency Act, 1967 replaced the Zambian £. s. d. currency for new Kwacha notes, and ngwee coin. Thus on January 16, 1968, the Zambian Pound was replaced by the Kwacha with the new Official Rate equal to one half the old unit, or US$1.40. The £5 note became K10, the £1 note K2, then ten shilling note one Kwacha note and a new 50 ngwee note was introduced to correspond to the old 5 shillings, 2 shilling coin became 20 ngwee, one shilling coin became 10 ngwee and 6 pence became 5 ngwee. At the same time, the currency was decimalized.

62. The Canadian Currency Museum The purpose of the collection is to portray the development of money through the ages with particular emphasis on the history of Canada s currency. http://collections.ic.gc.ca/bank/english/

Currency Museum of the Bank of Canada Welcome to the Currency Museum The National Currency Collection contains some 100,000 items consisting of coins, tokens and paper money in the custody of, or owned by, the Bank of Canada. It includes a relatively complete collection of the coins, tokens and of paper money that have been used or are now being used in Canada. The purpose of the collection is to portray the development of money through the ages with particular emphasis on the history of Canada's currency. The Currency Museum displays a considerable portion of the collection in its eight galleries. Six galleries describe the development of money through the past 2,500 years, each gallery focussing on a different phase. Gallery seven displays special exhibits. Gallery eight is the Collector's Corner - the most comprehensive display of Canadian numismatic material in existence. The museum, which opened on December 5, 1980, is housed in the centre block of the Bank of Canada. The barter system, the use of special items for trading purposes, the chronic shortage of coinage during French and British rule, the transformation of ordinary playing cards into paper money - these are intriguing but little-known aspects of the history of money in Canada. Yet this is only a part of the history of money in the world as a whole. More chapters in this fascinating story are yours to discover with a visit to the Currency Museum in Ottawa.

63. History Of Nigerian Currency history of Nigerian currency. The West African currency Board was responsible for issuing currency notes in Nigeria from 1912 to 1959. http://www.cenbank.org/currencymgt/history_currency.htm

Central Bank of Nigeria Currency Management History of Currency Legal Tender Vol. in Circulation Issue System History of Nigerian Currency The West African Currency Board was responsible for issuing currency notes in Nigeria from 1912 to 1959. Prior to the establishment of the West African Currency Board, Nigeria had used various forms of money including cowries and manilas. On 1st July, 1959 the Central Bank of Nigeria issued the Nigerian currency notes and coins and the West African Currency Board notes and coins were withdrawn. It was not until 1st July, 1962 that legal tender status were changed to reflect the country’s new status. The notes were again changed in 1968 as a war strategy following the misuse of the country’s currency notes. On 31st March, 1971, the then Head of State announced that Nigeria would change to decimal currency as from 1st January, 1973.The major currency unit would be called Naira which would be equivalent to ten shillings: the minor unit would be called kobo ; 100 of which would make one Naira. The decision to change to decimal currency followed the recommendations of the Decimal Currency Committee set up in 1962 which submitted its report in 1964.

64. Iranian Currency - Money Exchange In US, Europe Canada - Iranian Iran currency Exchange Rate history 1975 2004. Date, US Dollar, Euro, British Pound, Japanese Yen. 04/29/2004, 8,565, 10,258, 15,208, 77.52. http://www.farsinet.com/toman/exchange.html

Toman - Rial - Iranian / Persian Currency Persian / Iranian Currency 10 Rials = 1 Toman Reza Shah Pahlavi: 5 Rial 10 Rial 1000 Rial Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi: (50th Anniversary) Islamic Republic Of Iran: Rial Exchange Rate History Rial Exchange Freeze Coins FAQ Auctions ebay Auction Yahoo Auction Other Related Links Armen Iranian Bank Notes Iranvisions' Currency Persian Stamp Collection Key Features of the Iran Exchange System The currency of Iran is the Iranian Rial. From early 80s to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar; in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar The English-language Tehran Times on Monday February 1, 1999 urged the government to scrap the different rates in favour of a unified exchange rate. "A single rate will help wipe out the black market and cure the nation's ailing economy as well." The Unofficial - Street Exchange Rate is the most widely used exchange rate among small businesses and private transactions. These rates listed below are the most accurate indicative of true exchange rate. US Dollar is the most widely used foreign currency and the new $100 bills are preferred for street transactions and get the best rate. saying.

65. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE CURRENCY - Euromaths Back to work area. A short history of the Portuguese currency. The coinage of money in what we know today as the Portuguese territory http://www.euromaths.jyu.fi/portumoney.html

Main page Contact Info Work Area Magazine ... Feedback Back to work area A short history of the Portuguese currency The coinage of money in what we know today as the Portuguese territory, dates back from the Roman domain of the Iberian Peninsula, which had been occupied by Celtic people since IX B.C. . Among the Roman-Portuguese coinage of the first era, several types are known, some with latin or iberian inscriptions. Portugal as well as the rest of the Iberian Peninsula , was completely romanized during the Empire ( 30 B.C. ) . Several colonies were founded in commercial harbours such as Lisbon and Oporto and also in strategic military routes and the coinage of money continued throughout Lusitânia. In the beginning of the 5th century , the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the “ Suevos, Vândalos and Alanos” and until the arrival of the Visigoth , the coinage was made in Braga. Almost all the Visigoth kings ordered the coinage of money in the territory later known as Portugal. From the 9th century on , the lands situates between Braga and the River Vouga , were named Portucalense . This Portucale County would give origin to the nation’s future name. D. Afonso Henriques (1128-1185 ) is considered to be the founder of the Portuguese kingdom.

66. MICEX Currency Market Market Profile currency market. Foreign Exchange market history. 1992 9 January Moscow Interbank currency Exchange was founded. 14 January The first http://www.micex.com/currency/history.html

67. Federal Reserve Bank Of Philadelphia - History Of Currency Counting Home Economic Education history of currency Counting history OF currency COUNTING at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. http://www.phil.frb.org/education/counting.html

Home Economic Education Introduction 1920s and 1930s ... A Symbol of Security HISTORY OF CURRENCY COUNTING at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia William E. Jones swung open the double doors of 406-408 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia one morning in 1914, admitting not only the brisk autumn air but a new era in banking as well. It was November 14th, the first day of business for the bankers' bank, the Federal Reserve System. That morning, as Jones politely answered the questions of curious passersby, twelve Federal Reserve Banks opened around the country. Their responsibilities included the establishment of a flexible supply of currency for banks and the control of the quality of cash in circulation. The need for a central bank became clear during the Bank Panic of 1907, when cash reserves fell perilously low as a result of banks' over investment in common stocks. The public lost faith in the banking system, businesses began to insist on cash payment, and a recession had developed. By 1912, a Congressional commission concluded that a central bank, separate from the federal government and administered by banks, was needed. A dozen geographic Districts were created, each served by a Federal Reserve Bank in the region. In Philadelphia, where the Third District is based, the Federal Reserve Bank grew rapidly. Initially, the Fed had 24 employees and four officers and borrowed extra staff as needed from a local typewriter company. By 1918, it had grown to 419 employees and 11 officers, necessitating a move to new facilities at 925 Chestnut Street.

68. Currency Exchange History From Cheap.co.uk Cheap.co.uk brings you all the best currency exchange history information you need online. Cheap.co.uk Home, Do you own a currency exchange history related site? http://www.cheap.co.uk/currency-exchange-history/

currency exchange history currency exchange rate history currency exchange currency exchange uk ... currency exchange values Cheap.co.uk has searched the web and our own directory extensively and has returned the most useful and essential information on currency exchange history. Do you own a currency exchange history related site? See your site here Web Results: Directory Results: Currency Exchange Currency Exchange and buy Foreign Currency safely and easily over the web for your business travel or holiday. Currency-Exchange competes against Skyteller,American Express Thomas Cook. http://www.currency-exchange.co.uk Elephant Travel Insurance Cheap travel insurance and holiday insurance instantly online. Offers single-trip, ski, backpackers and annual travel insurance from Elephant.co.uk. http://www.elephanttravelinsurance.co.uk Singles Home Exchange and Vacation Rental Home exchange and apartment exchange for singles, single parents, couples and small families. And vacation rentals service. http://www.singleshomeexchange.com The Fast Show A potted history on the BBC comedy The Fast Show. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/fastshow

69. Forex Market History & Global Forex Trading history of Foreign Exchange. are credited with the first use of paper bills and receipts, but Middle Eastern moneychangers were the first currency traders who http://www.gftforex.com/forex/history.asp

TIMELINE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE History of Foreign Exchange The foreign exchange market (fx or forex) as we know it today originated in 1973. However, money has been around in one form or another since the time of Pharaohs. The Babylonians are credited with the first use of paper bills and receipts, but Middle Eastern moneychangers were the first currency traders who exchanged coins from one culture to another. During the middle ages, the need for another form of currency besides coins emerged as the method of choice. These paper bills represented transferable third-party payments of funds, making foreign currency exchange trading much easier for merchants and traders and causing these regional economies to flourish. From the infantile stages of forex during the Middle Ages to WWI, the forex markets were relatively stable and without much speculative activity. After WWI, the forex markets became very volatile and speculative activity increased tenfold. Speculation in the forex market was not looked on as favorable by most institutions and the public in general. The Great Depression and the removal of the gold standard in 1931 created a serious lull in forex market activity. From 1931 until 1973, the forex market went through a series of changes. These changes greatly affected the global economies at the time and speculation in the forex markets during these times was little, if any. The Bretton Woods Accord International Monetary Fund (IMF) in hope of stabilizing the global economic situation.

70. History Of Australian Currency, Australian Money - Aussie-Info.com Australian currency and its history. With the establishment of the first colony of New South Wales in 1788, the need for currency soon became apparent. http://www.aussie-info.com/tourist/money2.php

June 08, 2004 Home About Australia Tourist Info Explore Australia ... Bookings Tourist Info Introduction Climate Communication Money Matters ... Driving etc. Australian Currency and its history With the establishment of the first colony of New South Wales in 1788, the need for currency soon became apparent. Convicts received no wages and the early settlers and military personnel had their needs supplied from communal stores. With only a small quantity of English and foreign coins brought with the First Fleet, most of the dealings in the first few years consisted of bartering, with rum being the main means of exchange. Handwritten notes of credit, issued by government officials and backed by the English treasury, were a common form of currency, but these were subject to counterfeiting and devaluation. The earliest currency used was English money, and also the Spanish dollar brought by the early ships. Because of the shortage of English money, and to prevent the Spanish dollars being taken back on the ships, Governor Macquarie had their centres cut out and they became known as 'holey dollars', while the cores became 'dumps'. In 1813 they had "New South Wales 1813" stamped on them, with "Five Shillings" on the reverse side. The 'dump' had "New South Wales 1813" stamped on their cleaned and smoothed surface with "Fifteen Pence" on the reverse side. In 1817 the Bank of New South Wales was established. The first issue of banknotes comprised five shillings, ten shillings, one pound and five pounds and paper tokens for one shilling, one shilling and sixpence, two shillings, and two shillings and sixpence. In 1825 the British Government imposed the sterling standard throughout its Empire and English coins were minted in Australia.

71. U.S. National Mottos: History And Constitutionality Euro introduction much more than just a replacement of guilder National currency symbols end centurieslong history, The Windmill, 1999-OCT-7, at http//www http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm

THE U.S. NATIONAL MOTTOS: Click Here to Visit our Sponsors. The original national motto: "E Pluribus Unum" The original motto of the United States was secular. " E Pluribus Unum " is Latin for " One from many " or " One from many parts ." It refers to the welding of a single federal state from a group of individual political units originally colonies and now states. On 1776-JUL-4, Congress appointed John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson to prepare a design for the Great Seal of the United States . The first design, submitted to Congress on 1776-AUG-10 used the motto " E Pluribus Unum. " It was rejected. Five other designs also failed to meet with Congress' approval during the next five years. In 1782, Congress asked Mr. Thomson, Secretary of Congress , to complete the project. Thomson, along with a friend named Barton, produced a design that was accepted by Congress on 1782-JUN-10. It included an eagle with a heart-shaped shield, holding arrows and an olive branch in its claws. The motto " E Pluribus Unum " appeared on a scroll held in its beak. The seal was first used on 1782-SEP-16. It was first used on some federal coins in 1795.

72. Www.open.cz/project/economy/finance/tender.htm On2 Money / A history of MoneyClick to see an interactive timeline of money. history timeline. So as long as there has been an America, there have been many different kinds of currency. http://www.open.cz/project/economy/finance/tender.htm

73. NOVA Online | Secrets Of Making Money | The History Of Money | PBS used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the most widely and longest used currency in history. 1,000 BC First Metal Money and http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/moolah/history.html

The History of Money In the Beginning: Barter Barter is the exchange of resources or services for mutual advantage, and may date back to the beginning of humankind. Some would even argue that it's not purely a human activity; plants and animals have been bartering in symbiotic relationships for millions of years. In any case, barter among humans certainly pre-dates the use of money. Today individuals, organizations, and governments still use, and often prefer, barter as a form of exchange of goods and services. 9,000 6,000 BC: Cattle Cattle, which include anything from cows, to sheep, to camels, are the first and oldest form of money. With the advent of agriculture came the use of grain and other vegetable or plant products as a standard form of barter in many cultures. 1,200 BC: Cowrie Shells The first use of cowries, the shell of a mollusc that was widely available in the shallow waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, was in China. Historically, many societies have used cowries as money, and even as recently as the middle of this century, cowries have been used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the most widely and longest used currency in history. 1,000 BC: First Metal Money and Coins

74. The History Of Currency Trading – Sailing The Seas Of Money! The history of currency Trading – Sailing the Seas of Money! This article on the history of currency Trading reprinted with permission. http://www.the-history-of.net/history-of-currency-trading.html

Home Index Media Submit Article ... History Of Currency Trading The History of Currency Trading – Sailing the Seas of Money! There are a lot of things you can do with money. Think about it for a second. In this day and age, money really is the grease that drives our society. We use it to acquire things that will cover our basic needs, and when those are taken care of we start taking care of our wants. Some of us spend it as soon as we get it, while others hoard it away and pinch every penny. But did you know that you can also trade it? That’s right, you can trade money for more money, and the funny thing is, you can actually make even more money while doing it. It’s called currency trading, and it can lead you to big money. Really big money. But where did this new market come from? In order to understand how currency trading came to be one of the fastest ways to get rich quick these days, it is important to take a look at the basics of currency in general. There are four main versions of currency, and this is how they came to play a part in the economic systems that are alive and well today. Hey Mister, You Got Change for a Cow?

75. History 303: Diocletian And Constantine history/Medieval Studies 303. Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization Constantine to Crusades. currency IN THE AGE OF DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTINE In 215 http://www.tulane.edu/~august/H303/currency/Diocletian.htm

History/Medieval Studies 303 Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades Index Syllabus Readings: Book List Iconoclasm Discussion Topics Chronologies: Imperial Crisis Later Roman Emperors, 306-395 Fall of Western Empire Age of Justinian ... Restoration and Ottoman Advance v Handouts: Population Finances under Justinian Byzantium c.850A.D. Currency charts: Diocletian and Constantine Justinian and Heraclius Isaurian, Amorian, and Macedonian Ages Comnenian and Palaeogian Ages Links CURRENCY IN THE AGE OF DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTINE In 215 Caracalla introduced an antoninianus or double denarius minted at 64 to the Roman pound (5.10 grs.) and only 52% fine so that it contained 80% of the silver of two denarii. Debasements in 238-270 reduced the antoninianus to a billon piece minted at 124 to Roman pound (2.6 grs.) and 2% fine. The ensuing inflation ruined imperial currency and price stability that had endured for three centuries. Aurelian in 274 and Diocletian in 293-296 reformed imperial money based on a billon coin, the NUMMUS, which was tariffed in notational denarii communes ("common denarii" or d.c.). Diocletian fixed the standard of the AUREUS, the principal gold coin, at 60 to the Roman pound (5.34 grs.) struck from almost pure gold (99-99.5% fine). An equally pure silver ARGENTEUS was struck at 96 to the pound and exchanged at 24 to the aureus so that each argenteus represented a CARAT (siliqua) or the equivalent weight of 1/24 of the aureus. The principal coin for daily transactions was a silver-clad NUMMUS, struck at 32 to the pound (11.00 grs.) and coated with silver wash so that it was 5% fine. The nummus was tariffed at 5 d.c. in 293, but inflation forced Diocletian to revalue his currency twice, in 300 and again in 301, so that imperial currency was officially tariffed in in 293-307 as follows:

76. ThinkQuest : Library : World Currency Information about the history of money, currencies in different parts of the world, trivia facts, and a glossary. http://library.thinkquest.org/J001599F/

Index World Currency Our site Coins and Currency includes a wide variety of information such as Before Currency, Coins Around the World, Facts and Trivia, and others. Our web site gives younger children a chance to have fun while they are learning with activities like our Cool Coin Quiz, Facts and Trivia, and Our Design Your Own Coin page which lets you draw your very own coin. Our site also includes more serious information for teens and adults such as Coins around the World, and Before Currency. Our site is a fun and educational way to learn about different types of coins and currency. Visit Site 2000 ThinkQuest USA Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

77. Chocolate Yet during ninetenths of its long history, chocolate was drunk, not eaten Commercially, especially for the Aztec society, the dried nibs were used as currency. http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/world-history/reviews/chocolate.html

A True History of Chocolate by Sophie Coe Research for the recently published A True History of Chocolate was conducted by Sophie Coe, for her book, America’s First Cuisines , published by the University of Texas Press in 1994 just before she died. However, the material on chocolate had accumulated to such an extent the Sophie, knowing she would not live to see another book through the press, asked her husband Michael to finish it for her. He agreed. The book is well-illustrated and sprinkled liberally with stories. Following an examination of how the Olmec, Maya and Aztec regarded and prepared the precious substance, its second half is strung on a series of amusing love/hate chocolate anecdotes written by Europeans of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. "When we moderns think of chocolate, we think of it in its solid, sweetened form, and this is reflected in the undue emphasis which much food writing gives to solid chocolate. Yet during nine-tenths of its long history, chocolate was drunk, not eaten," say the authors. The Maya drank it hot in ancient times with a special taste for the foamy topping, and Coe provides a beautiful example from a Princeton Vase showing a graceful Maya lady standing over a large pot at her feet, pouring liquid into it from a height of three feet or so to raise foam. Another illustration from Rio Azul where the Maya glyph for cacao was identified on a cleverly-made ceramic pot is also included among the book’s carefully chosen images. Constructed with a screw top (the only one ever excavated), the pot carries an inscription that identifies it as a container for chocolate. Scrapings from inside were sent to the Hershey Company in Pennsylvania where they were analyzed and confirmed to be cacao.

78. Cambridgeshire Family History Society - Foreign Currency Rates About foreign currency. From November 1998 the Cambridgeshire Family history Society has been able to accept foreign currency cheques for limited countries. http://www.cfhs.org.uk/currency.html

Cambridgeshire Genealogy Links Related Cambridgeshire Genealogy Cambridgeshire History Portal GENUKI Cambridgeshire GenWeb Cambridgeshire GenConnect Cambridgeshire Surnames List Cambridgeshire Lookup Exchange Cambridgeshire Rootsweb Mailing Lists FOREIGN CURRENCY RATES About foreign currency From November 1998 the Cambridgeshire Family History Society has been able to accept foreign currency cheques for limited countries. The Society has decided to treat subscriptions on a fixed rate basis and other services on a quarterly exchange rate fixed by the society. For subscription rates follow the link to the Membership page How do I apply the rates? Note: All postage is charged at airmail rate. These postal values are excluded from the cost of the items and are calculated using the weight of order against a postage table. To calculate the value of your cheque simply multiply it by the rate below and round up to the nearest cent. The rates are listed in the curreny rate box. Membership Rates Country Cost United Kingdom Overseas (Stirling) United States Canada Australia New Zealand Euro Currency Exchange Rates Applicable from January 2004 United States Canada Australia New Zealand Euro EXAMPLES Example 1 The multiplication of 54.25 by 1.80 gives a value of 97.65 (all values are rounded up).

79. History And Photo Catalog Of World Paper Money money listed by countries. Discover nature and history of the world currency through the great designs and graphics. Welcome to the. http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/catalog.html

home glossary, grading etc. ordering History and Photo Catalog of World Paper Money Last updated: Tuesday, August 19, 2003 (This catalog is frequently updated.) NOW with about 10.000 pictures of banknotes. History and Photo Catalog with over 10.000 images of old and recent world paper money listed by countries. Discover nature and history of the world currency through the great designs and graphics. Welcome to the "wonderful world" of dollars, francs, marks, pounds, pesos, rupees, rubles etc. Search the "History and Photo Catalog of World Paper Money" alphabetically by countries: Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra ... Russia (regional: Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia) Rwanda Rwanda-Burundi San Marino Saint Helena ... Zimbabwe Search by topic: Birds on Banknotes Petroleum-related Banknotes Physicists on the Paper Money World War II: Ghetto Money Japanese Invasion Money -JIM Prisoner of War notes -POW Russian Occupation Notes To purchase banknotes from "ATS notes Photo Catalog of World Paper Money", please check our price lists: World banknotes (part 1): countries A-F World banknotes (part 2): countries G-M World banknotes (part 3): countries N-Z We are always looking to buy collections or better individual banknotes.

80. EUROPA - The EU At A Glance - The History Of The European Union Top of the page. The Single currency the euro in your pocket. In 1992 the EU decided to go for economic and monetary union (EMU), involving http://europa.eu.int/abc/history/index_en.htm

document.write(''); document.write('čeà ¡tina (cs)'); document.write('dansk (da)'); document.write('Deutsch (de)'); document.write('eesti keel (et)'); document.write('ελληνικά (el)'); document.write('English (en)'); document.write('espa±ol (es)'); document.write('fran§ais (fr)'); document.write('italiano (it)'); document.write('latvieà ¡u valoda (lv)'); document.write('lietuvià ³ kalba (lt)'); document.write('magyar (hu)'); document.write('Malti (mt)'); document.write('Nederlands (nl)'); document.write('polski (pl)'); document.write('portuguªs (pt)'); document.write('slovenčina (sk)'); document.write('slovenà ¡Äina (sl)'); document.write('suomi (fi)'); document.write('svenska (sv)'); document.write(''); European Governments on-line Austria Belgium Cyprus ... About EUROPA KEY EVENTS OF EACH YEAR Beginnings: war and peace For centuries, Europe was the scene of frequent and bloody wars. In the period 1870 to 1945, France and Germany fought each other three times, with terrible loss of life. A number of European leaders became convinced that the only way to secure a lasting peace between their countries was to unite them economically and politically. So, in 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed integrating the coal and steel industries of Western Europe. A a result, in 1951, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up, with six members: Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg, France, Italy and the Netherlands. The power to take decisions about the coal and steel industry in these countries was placed in the hands of an independent, supranational body called the "High Authority". Jean Monnet was its first President.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 187    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  | Next 20