41. Panama Information: Pictures, Weather, Maps, Travel, Currency, History In Panama City, however, you can exchange currencies from almost anywhere in the Panama, the Plaza de Bolívar, the presidential palace, the history Museum of http://www.panamatravels.com/panama_information.htm

HOME car rental general info real estate About Panama Click on the links to visit specific sections, or just scroll down to read our entire mini-guide. Overview When To Go Events Money and Costs ... Getting Around Overview Panama has a cosmopolitan capital city, incredible rainforest and some of the finest snorkeling, birding and deep-sea fishing in the world, so it's hard to figure out why travelers tend to steer clear of this country or just whiz through. It may have something to do with the fact that Panama is known internationally for its canal, the 1989 US invasion and the name it donated to a style of headgear, but this does it no justice. The reality is a proud prosperous nation that honors its seven Indian tribes and its rich Spanish legacy and embraces visitors so enthusiastically that it's difficult to leave without feeling that you're in on a secret that the rest of the traveling world will one day uncover. Full country name: Republic of Panama Area: 78,000 sq km (30,420 sq mi)

42. Colonial America Learn about the history of the 13 colonies, colonial currency and religion, through photographs and manuscripts from the Library of Congress. http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/clementems/colonial.html

Colonial America Clemente Learns about History Plymouth History of 13 Colonies Colonial USA Colonial Currency Religion in the Colonies Photographs and Manuscripts from Lib. of Congress Pilgrims and Thanksgiving The Puritans Virginia History Connecticut History Pennsylvania History North Georgia History Delaware History New York - Dutch Colony New Jersey History Virginia History Massachusetts History Maryland History Georgia History

43. Currency Museum TopPage (, The history of Japanese currency, ), will show you the history of the currency from ancient times to modern times with photos. http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english_htmls/

IMESBOJ CURRENCY MUSEUM Welcome to the Currency Museum! For JAPANESE CONTENTS Go to the Bank of Japan Go to the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies An outline of the Currency Museum The history of Japanese currency Research on the currency ESSAYS World War II Military Currency Messages [ E-Mail ] An outline of the Currency Museum -will tell you in brief about the foundation of the museum, the main features of the display, and visiting hours. The history of Japanese currency -will show you the history of the currency from ancient times to modern times with photos. Research on the currency -will show you abstracts of the papers published. ESSAYS -will give you short essays on monetary history. -will give you miscellaneous information. World War II Military Currency -will tell you information on military notes. Messages -Your opinions are welcome. Although we are often asked the value of such antique currencies, we can't reply those questions. Links to other Sites National Printing Bureau The Mint Bureau Economics Library Gallery, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo American Currency Exhibit ... a free cultural information resource center on the Web. TO TOP

44. Travlang's Currency Exchange Rates In addition to the latest rates, we provide the recent rate history, a JavaScript calculator, detailed information and images about each currency, and more! http://www.travlang.com/money/

var zflag_nid="326"; var zflag_cid="10"; var zflag_sid="5"; var zflag_width="1"; var zflag_height="1"; var zflag_sz="15"; Paris Hotels - Paris Hotel reservation service London Hotels - London Hotel reservation service Barcelona Hotels Vienna Hotels - Vienna Hotel reservation service ... Evolution Car Solutions Insure against loss of your driving license. Hotel Xtranet Currency Exchange Rates PayDay Loan Instant Cash Advance HolidayCity Scandinavia Hotels TIA Travel Cover ... Cheap Hotels Find: Hotel Motels a Cheap Flight Tour Operators Accommodations ... SGB UK Home Insurance Find the exchange rate between: Algerian Dinars American Dollars United Arab Emirates Dirhams Afghanistan Afghanis Albania Leke Argentinian Pesos Australian Dollars Austrian Schillings Bahamian Dollars Barbados Dollars Belgian Francs Bermudian Dollars Brazilian Real British Pounds Bulgarian Lev Canadian Dollars Chilean Pesos Chinese Renminbi Colombia Pesos Costa Rica Colones Cyprus Pounds Czech Koruna Danish Kroner Dutch Guilders Eastern Caribbean Units Egyptian Pounds Euro Fijian Dollars Finnish Markka French Francs German Marks Gold Ounces (New York) Greek Drachmas Hong Kong Dollars Hungarian Forint Icelandic Krona Indian Rupees Indonesian Rupiah Irish Punt Israeli New Shekels Italian Lira Jamaican Dollars Japanese Yen Jordanian Dinar Korean (South) Won Kuwait Dinars Lebanese Pounds Luxembourg Francs Morocco Dirhams Malta Liri Malaysian Ringgit Mexican Pesos Netherland Guilders New Zealand Dollars Nigeria Nairas Norwegian Kroner Pakistani Rupees

45. United States Secret Service: Know Your Money - Counterfeit Awareness KNOW YOUR MONEY. history of United States currency. Early American colonists used English, Spanish, and French money while they were under English rule. http://www.secretservice.gov/money_history.shtml

KNOW YOUR MONEY History of United States Currency Early American colonists used English, Spanish, and French money while they were under English rule. However, in 1775, when the Revolutionary War became inevitable, the Continental Congress authorized the issuance of currency to finance the conflict. Paul Revere made the first plates for this "Continental Currency". Those notes were redeemable in Spanish Milled Dollars. The depreciation of this currency gave rise to the phrase "not worth a Continental". After the U.S. Constitution was ratified, Congress passed the "Mint Act" of April 2, 1792, which established the coinage system of the United States and the dollar as our principal unit of currency. By this Act, we became the first country in the world to adopt the decimal system for currency. The first U.S. coins were struck in 1793 at the Philadelphia Mint and presented to Martha Washington. The Government did not issue paper money as we know it today until 1861. In the interim years, however, the Government did issue "Treasury Notes" intermittently during periods of financial stress, such as the War of 1812, the Mexican War of 1846, and the Panic of 1857. During this same period (1793 - 1861), approximately 1,600 private banks were permitted to print and circulate their own paper currency under State Charters. Eventually, 7,000 varieties of these "State Bank Notes" were put in circulation, each carrying a different design!

46. United States Secret Service: Counterfeit Division Printing and the Federal Reserve System to ensure the integrity of our currency. For more information visit our Know Your Money page. history of Counterfeiting. http://www.secretservice.gov/counterfeit.shtml

Counterfeit Division Know Your Money page. History of Counterfeiting The counterfeiting of money is one of the oldest crimes in history. At some periods in early history, it was considered treasonous and was punishable by death. During the American Revolution, the British counterfeited U.S. currency in such large amounts that the Continental currency soon became worthless. "Not worth a Continental" became a popular expression that is still heard today. During the Civil War, one-third to one-half of the currency in circulation was counterfeit. At that time, approximately 1,600 state banks designed and printed their own bills. Each bill carried a different design, making it difficult to detect counterfeit bills from the 7,000 varieties of real bills. A national currency was adopted in 1862 to resolve the counterfeiting problem. However, the national currency was soon counterfeited and circulated so extensively that it became necessary to take enforcement measures. Therefore, on July 5, 1865, the United States Secret Service was established to suppress the wide-spread counterfeiting of this nation's currency. Although the counterfeiting of money was substantially suppressed after the establishment of the Secret Service, this crime still represents a potential danger to the Nation's economy.

47. BBC News | Europe | Euro Cash | Spent Currencies With the arrival of the euro, 12 of Europe s currencies will pass into history. It is the biggest currency changeover Europe has ever seen. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/business/2001/euro_cash/spent_c

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH Front Page In depth Business Europe ... and you Spent currencies Austrian schilling Belgian franc Finnish markka French franc German mark Greek drachma Italian lira Irish punt Luxembourg franc Netherlands guilder Portugese escudo Spanish peseta With the arrival of the euro, 12 of Europe's currencies will pass into history. It is the biggest currency changeover Europe has ever seen. But for most of the eurozone countries this is just the latest in a series of transformations. The spent currencies tell the story of Europe. Currencies came and went as different rulers and occupiers held sway. And as countries gained their independence, they issued coins and notes with the emblems of their nationhood. Click on the notes to find out about each of the 12 spent currencies. See also: The origins of Europe's currencies Back to Top News Sources Privacy

48. History Of US Paper Money The history of US Paper Money. 1775 Continental currency American colonists issued paper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War. http://www.ronscurrency.com/rhist.htm

The History of U.S. Paper Money In the early days of the nation, before and just after the revolution, Americans used English, Spanish, and French money. 1690 Colonial Notes The Massachusetts Bay Colony issued the first paper money in the colonies which would later form the United States. 1775 Continental Currency American colonists issued paper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War. The notes were backed by the "anticipation" of tax revenues. Without solid backing and easily counterfeited, the notes quickly became devalued, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a Continental." 1781 Nation's First Bank Also to support the Revolutionary War, the continental Congress chartered the Bank of North America in Philadelphia as the nation's first "real" bank. 1785 The Dollar The Continental Congress determined that the official monetary system would be based on the dollar, but the first coin representing the start of this system would not be struck for several years. 1791 First U.S. Bank

49. Federal Reserve Bank Of Minneapolis - Our Money Curriculum Unit about OUR MONEY. The Face of US currency; Counterfeit Protection; US currency — New Designs, via the US Treasury; The history of Money. http://minneapolisfed.org/econed/curric/money.cfm

I'm at: Home Education Resources Curriculum Education Resources Expand All Collapse All Essay Contest Topics ... Results Student Congress Curriculum Resources You may see it every day, but what do you know about... OUR MONEY The Face of U.S. Currency Counterfeit Protection via the U.S. Treasury The History of Money After investigating the above topics, answer the review questions. Go to the teacher's guide for further discussion and supplemental materials. NOTE Although money takes many different forms, this unit primarily examines currency issued by the U.S. government. Of the over $400 billion issued by the U.S. government currently in circulation, about 95 percent is in the form of Federal Reserve notes and the remainder is coin. Advanced Search Glossary

50. Greek Currency Directory Includes over 250 photographs of Greek coins and banknotes from 1828 to present. Full descriptions, brief history, links, and trading option. http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/4340/greek-currency/

Welcome to the brand new Greek Currency Directory, one of the BEST sites conserning greek paper money and coins. The purpose of this site is to provide collectors with a list of greek banknotes and coins from 1828 to present. The stuff is separated in two main parts: Coins and Paper Money, and each of them is devided in chronological categories. This site does not claim to be complete, but on the contrary it includes only the items of my personal collection. Thereby, any supplementary information is more than welcome. You are visitor number Subscribe to Greek Currency Collectors List Banknotes Coins General This site is sponsored by Send your comments and/or suggestions to Stelios Tziras at tziras@dias.acci.gr OR at ICQ 1819840 Thank you for visiting "Greek Banknote Directory" at http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/4340/

51. RBA: The History Of Australia's Currency Notes Click for printfriendly version THE history OF AUSTRALIA S currency NOTES. The Australian note issue has its origins in the Australian Notes Act of 1910. http://www.rba.gov.au/CurrencyNotes/history.html

About the RBA Statistics Speeches Media Releases ... Contact Us THE HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA'S CURRENCY NOTES The Australian note issue has its origins in the Australian Notes Act of 1910 . Prior to this, paper currency circulating in Australia had comprised notes issued by trading banks and by one State Government. The Act of 1910 made it an offence for any bank to circulate notes issued by a State and withdrew their status as legal tender. Issue of notes by trading banks was effectively discouraged by the Bank Notes Tax Act , also of 1910, which imposed a tax of 10 per cent per annum on all notes issued by them. The Notes Act of 1910 vested control of the note issue in the Commonwealth Treasury. In 1920, control was transferred to a Board of Directors of four members, appointed by the Commonwealth Government, with the Governor of the Commonwealth Bank an ex officio member and Chairman. At the same time the administration of the note issue was taken over by a special Department of the Commonwealth Bank, although the Bank and the Notes Board were formally independent of one another. In 1924, with the establishment of a Commonwealth Bank Board, control of the note issue passed from the Notes Board to the Board of Directors of the Commonwealth Bank. In 1945, the

52. HISTORY OF CURRENCY THE history OF NITEMARES currency THE BONES. Bones are the main currency of NITEMARE , but cannot be used in Dawn . Bones are made http://nitemare.fws1.com/photo5.html

Free Web space and hosting - fws1.com Choose an ISP NetZero High Speed Internet Dial up $14.95 or NetZero Internet Service $9.95 NITEMARES HOMEPAGE REGISTER A CREATURE NITEMARES NEWS ... GET A FREE WEBPAGE THE HISTORY OF NITEMARES CURRENCY THE BONES Bones are the main currency of NITEMARE , but cannot be used in Dawn . Bones are made up from the bones of people from the UpperWorld. In Cretin there is a building named the Currency Portal, The Keeper opened a gate to all the coffins in the UpperWorld and when a new body is burried, the workers of the Portal summon its opening and strip the bones from the body . When that is done they then put the bones into a grinder/compressor and it spits out quarter sized cions out with the symbol of evil on them. SKINS Skins are the currency of Dawn and can be used in other places such as Midnite, Forest of Lost Souls, and The Swamp Lands, but are not excepted in all of the stores in these cities. Skins are precessed in the same first step as the bones, but when the portal is summoned open , instead of the bones being striped they take the skin. When the skin is taken from the bodies it is then shipped to Dawn where they then cut out triangle patterns stamp it with the seal of goodness and bake the skin until hard.

53. History Of Currency Press history of currency Press. currency Press, thirty years old in 2001, making it one of the oldest surviving independent Australian http://www.currency.com.au/history.htm

History of Currency Press In that new spirit Australia began to examine afresh its origins, its character, its language and accent and way of life. And from this derived an appetite for all things Australian - especially books which reinterpreted the past with a local perspective and gave voice to the rapidly-changing present. The young playwrights then emerging became leaders in this movement. Their work, like the student revolution itself, was iconoclastic, bombastic and attention-seeking. Along with the Vietnam moratorium marches in the late 60s came radical changes of another kind, led by the young artists. These included a freeing of outdated censorship laws; the establishment of the Federal funding body, the Australian Council for the Arts (now the Australia Council); the rebirth of the film industry; anti-uranium mining, land rights for Aboriginal people and environmental movements; and the setting up of major regional State-funded theatre companies. By l971 the Australian playwright had a voice, a stage and a public for the first time since the days of the old purveyors of melodrama at the turn of the century. Currency Press was launched in response to all these changes. At the time Dr Philip Parsons, was a drama academic at the University of New South Wales, Sydney; his wife Katharine Brisbane was national theatre critic of the

54. Currency - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia history. The history of currencies follows the history of money closely. Although any form of representational money can be considered http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency

Currency From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For exchange rates, see here. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of goods and services. It is a form of money , where money is defined as a medium of exchange rather than e.g. a store of value. A currency zone is a country or region in which a specific currency is the dominant medium of exchange. To facilitate trade between currency zones, there are exchange rates i.e. prices at which currencies (and the goods and services of individual currency zones) can be exchanged against each other. Typically, each country has given monopoly to a single currency, controlled by a state owned central bank , although exceptions to this rule exist. Several countries can use the same name, each for their own currency (e.g. Canadian dollars and US dollars), several countries can use the same currency (e.g. the euro ), or a country can declare the currency of another country to be legal tender (e.g. Panama and El Salvador have declared US currency to be legal tender). Each currency typically has one fraction currency, often valued at 1/100 of the main currency: 100

55. Index2 Information about currency boards, their history, how they work and understanding them. http://users.erols.com/kurrency/

CURRENCY BOARDS AND DOLLARIZATION: www.dollarization.org Site maintained by Kurt Schuler . Some material requires a PDF reader. New stuff Currency boards Dollarization Material on related topics ... Miscellaneous New stuff Tables of modern monetary systems: A set of country tables covering monetary authorities and official exchange rate arrangements since the advent of paper moneynot just episodes of currency board and dollarization, but all systems. I am working continent by continent, trying to achieve coverage of all countries by 2006. Comments welcome. A general explanation of the tables in the country listings (January 2004). (Be warned: the country listings themselves, which are below, are quite long and may be slow in downloading.) Africa (revised version, April 2004) - an essay on African monetary history, country listings , and references and tables . Comments welcome. Asia (February 2004) - country listings , and references and tables . Comments welcome. Argentina: Argentina's "convertibility" system - (November 14, 2003, revised April 2004) - a somewhat technical essay. See also my long essay on Argentina's Economic Crisis: Causes and Cures (July 2003), a

56. Currency Boards Explanation, history, and a complete list. http://users.erols.com/kurrency/webdiss1.htm

Currency Boards Dissertation, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1992 by Kurt A. Schuler [NOTE: This version has been reformatted for the Web. Page numbers in this file do not correspond to page numbers in the hard copy. Bear in mind also that this was written some time ago, and does not in all respects reflect my ideas today.] Home page TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Intellectual origins of the currency board system Chapter 3. Early British colonial currency boards Chapter 4. Later British colonial currency boards ... Notes LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Inflation in Hong Kong and the United States Table 2. Money supply growth and merchandise trade balance in Hong Kong Table 3. GDP growth in Hong Kong Table 4. Inflation in Singapore, Malaysia, and the United States Table 5. Money supply growth and balance of payments in Singapore Table 6. GDP growth per person and government budget balance in Singapore and Malaysia Table 7. Exchange rates versus sterling, 1950 and 1992 Table 8. Inflation and real GDP growth per person under currency boards and central banking Table 9. Balance of payments versus money supply growth in currency board systems, except

57. A Guide To Coins And Currency Resources And Links On The Internet - Toys, Collec A history of Money Money is a fact of life, it always has been. So as long as there has been an America, there have been many different kinds of currency. http://toyscollectibles.allinfo-about.com/subjects/coinscurrency.html

All Info-About Toys/Collectibles All Info About advertise with us contact us Select Your Language Deutsch Español Francais Italiano ... Portuguese Sections Book Profiles Product Profiles News Action Figures ... Message Board Advertise on Allinfo About We offer extremely competitive rates for businesses of all sizes. Click here to find out more A History of the Canadian Dollar An extensively illustrated book traces the intriguing story of Canada's dollar from colonial times to the present day. A History of Money Money is a fact of life, it always has been. So as long as there has been an America, there have been many different kinds of currency. Learn how currency has evolved through the ages. Aaron's Currency Page Online currency price guide. Americans for Common Cents Everything you have ever wanted to know about the American penny. Ancient Roman Coins Featuring resources and information about the history of Ancient Roman coins. Austin Coin Collecting Society Featuring US Mint gold coins and silver dollars or Canadian coins, British Sovereigns, China Mint Giant Panda Bear coins, Isle of Man Cat coins and Australian Kangaroo coins. Bearers of Meaning Ottilia Buerger collection of ancient and Byzantine coins at Lawrence University.

58. Currency - History currency. Client Login. Staffing level reaches 11 people. The future holds many more exciting chapters. Copyright ©2004 currency. All rights reserved. http://www.currencymarketing.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=pages.showpage&pageid=55

59. History Of Previous European Currency Unions Deja VEuro The history of Previous currency Unions. By Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. Malignant Self Love - Buy the Book - Click HERE!!! Relationships http://samvak.tripod.com/nm032.html

Deja V-Euro The History of Previous Currency Unions By: Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. Malignant Self Love - Buy the Book - Click HERE!!! Relationships with Abusive Narcissists - Buy the e-Books - Click HERE!!! The Web Sam Vaknin Sites READ THIS: Scroll down to review a complete list of the articles - Click on the blue-coloured text! Bookmark this Page - and SHARE IT with Others! I. The History of Monetary Unions "Before long, all Europe, save England, will have one money". This was written by William Bagehot, the Editor of "The Economist", the renowned British magazine, 120 years ago when Britain, even then, was heatedly debating whether to adopt a single European Currency or not. A century later, the euro is finally here (though without British participation). Having braved numerous doomsayers and Cassandras, the currency - though much depreciated against the dollar and reviled in certain quarters (especially in Britain) - is now in use in both the eurozone and in eastern and southeastern Europe (the Balkan). In most countries in transition, it has already replaced its much sought-after predecessor, the Deutschmark. The euro still feels like a novelty - but it is not. It was preceded by quite a few monetary unions in both Europe and outside it. What lessons does history teach us? What pitfalls should we avoid and what features should we embrace?

60. History Of Previous European Currency Unions history of Previous European currency Unions. Actually, history shows that the condition of a single currency, though preferable, is not a sine qua non. http://www.theallineed.com/ad-business-4/business-030.htm

Home Bookmark Site map Main menu Back home Bookmark Start page Site map ... Submit your site Free email Username: Password: Help Lost password? History of Previous European Currency Unions Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. The Euro feels like a novelty - but it is not. It was preceded by quite a few Monetary Unions in Europe and outside it. To start with, countries such as the USA and the USSR are (or were in the latter's case) monetary unions. A single currency was or is used over enormous land masses incorporating previously distinct political, social and economic entities. The American constitution, for instance, did not provide for the existence of a central bank. Founding fathers, the likes of Madison and Jefferson, objected to its existence. A central monetary institution was established only in 1791 (modelled after the Bank of England). But Madison (as President) let its concession expire in 1811. It was revived in 1816 - only to die again. It took a civil war to lead to a budding monetary union. Bank regulation and supervision were instituted only in 1863 and a distinction was made between national and state-level banks. By that time, 1562 private banks were printing and issuing notes, some of them not a legal tender. In 1800 there were only 25. The same thing happened in the principalities which were later to constitute Germany: 25 private banks were established only between 1847 and 1857 with the express intention of printing banknotes to circulate as legal tender. In 1816 - 70 different types of currency (mostly foreign) were being used in the Rhineland alone.

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