41. American Journal Of Economics And Sociology, The: Debt As The Basis Of Currency: Debt as the basis of currency the monetary economics of trust and Social Justice)(Part 2 Trust and Money) American Journal of economics and Sociology, The http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0254/4_57/53449307/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication News Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The Oct, 1998 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Debt as the basis of currency: the monetary economics of trust - Special Invited Issue: Money, Trust, Speculation and Social Justice - Part 2: Trust and Money American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The Oct, 1998 by Neil T. Skaggs I The Nineteenth Century Ideology S. Herbert Frankel's excellent little book Money: Two Philosophies contains a chapter entitled "The Nineteenth Century Ideology," in which he argues that nineteenth-century thinkers understood that "borrowable money" (Walter Bagehot's phrase) emanated from an organic credit system. Rather than being constructed on some rational plan, such a system grew from individual relationships between and among many different lenders, borrowers, and guarantors. The success of such a system (Walter Bagehot argued) lay in the willingness of those possessing financial wealth to hold assets other than coin. That is, the system was successful because individuals possessing financial wealth were willing to entrust their money to those in need of liquid funds in exchange for promises to repay the loan principal plus interest in the future. For Bagehot (as for Frankel), trust lay at the center of England's financial system.

42. Economic Environment Banking and currency. President Andrew Jackson, who distrusted centralized monetary control, abolished the and it was characterized by economic instability that http://www.lib.lsu.edu/cwc/BeyondFaceValue/economics/economics.htm

Economic Environment By Henry McCarl From 1830 to 1860, the Northern states prospered with the growth of diversified manufacturing as part of the worldwide Industrial Revolution Immigrants and employment boosted the North’s population and economic prosperity, while the South became the principal provider of raw materials. Southern farms shipped agricultural products, such as cotton, to Northern mills, which sent finished goods back to the South. Railroads displaced canals as a reliable method of shipping not only because of speed of transport, but also because they did not depend on natural water sources. Southern prosperity, based on cotton production, relied on slave labor. Slaves were considered capital resources, used in the production of raw materials; this became a source of significant friction between the North, which paid its workers wages (normally as little as possible, given an abundant supply of labor) and the South, which "owned" its workers. Growing concerns among groups in the North regarding the immorality of slavery led to political moves to outlaw slavery. Slaveholding Southerners felt threatened by what they perceived as the destruction of their (human) capital resources. In an attempt to end slavery peacefully, Congressmen drafted many compromises that proposed compensating slave owners for their "property," but they encountered consistent opposition by

43. Euro - European Union Currency - Websites reference documents, conversion tools, currency information, a European monetary Union Oberlin College Professor Chair of Oberlin s economics Department and http://www.eurunion.org/infores/euroweb.htm

European Union Delegation of the European Commission to the United States 2300 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 Telephone: (202) 862-9500 Fax: (202) 429-1766 EU Home Research Tools EU WEBSITES NON-EU WEBSITES ... Other Resources EU WEBSITES The Euro: Our Currency The has established this website. It includes a link to the now-archived Euro website that includes documents, legislation, links to other websites and a search engine on the launch of the Euro. It provides access to basic information and documentation on the Euro. Other Euro sites from this Directorate General include: Euro Websites http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/euro/our_currency_en.htm Euro Related Publications Euro Papers ... Key Indicators for the Euro Area and Business Climate Indicator for the Euro Area European Central Bank The website of the successor to the European Monetary Institute , responsible for supervision of the single currency, contains statistical documents and other studies and reports, as well as links to other websites. The Bank has established a special

44. Monetary Transformation for information about monetary theory and monetary history and banking, including local currency developments and ecological dimensions of economics and business http://circ2.home.mindspring.com/moneylks.htm

Monetary Transformation NEW The Politics of Money – Essential Reading This is an amazing essay by E. C. Riegel with editorial comments by Thomas H. Greco, Jr. NEW ReinventingMoney.com This is a new website dedicated to providing the best freedom oriented solutions to the money problem. NEW The Money Crunch: Complementary Currency Solutions a major conference was held at Naropa University , from March 19 to March 21, 2004. All conference presentations are available at http://access.dreamteamtech.com Writings by Thomas H. Greco, Jr. Money: Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender by Thomas H. Greco, Jr. Here's your link to the excerpted, e-book version (in PDF format) of my latest book, from Chelsea Green Publishers. This is my best, most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject so far. New Money for Healthy Communities The widely acclaimed how-to-do-it book on community currencies and mutual credit systems, by CIRC Director, Thomas H. Greco, Jr. Includes important concepts, pertinent history, contemporary examples, and original ideas on how to structure community exchange systems. This is the full text (without the illustrations and diagrams). Money and Debt: A Solution to the Global Crisis This is Thomas Greco's first book about money.

45. Mexico & Thailand which are decided by the local economic and social level, the concept of community currency provides a which to begin reform of the current monetary system. http://www.appropriate-economics.org/latin/mexico/mexithai.html

By Luis Lopezllera Mendez and Menno Salverda Luis Lopezllera is director of Promocion del Desarrollo Popular (PDP) and initiator of the community currency system Tlaloc in Mexico. Luis came to Thailand on invitation of Focus on the Global South and the TCCS (Thai Community Currency Systems) Project. Menno Salverda is co-director of the TCCS project that is funded by the JFAC, CUSO and VSO. The TCCS project exchanges information regarding alternative economic systems within Thailand and abroad with the aim to establish community currency systems in Thailand. This paper was prepared for the international conference "Economic Sovereignty in a Globalising World: Creating People Centred Alternatives for the 21st Century", held 23-26 March 1999, Bangkok, Thailand. What Are Community Currencies? Community currencies are interest-free exchange mediums that can only be used in the community in which they originate. The community currency economy exists in parallel with the mainstream economy; some trading is done in national currency, some in community currency, and some in a combination of the two. Community currency systems are based on either the LETS concept (Local Exchange and Trading Systems), popular in Canada, Europe and Australia or the HOURS model first established in Ithaca, New York. It is estimated there are over 2000 LETS-type community currency systems, where total number of members vary from 50 in Guelph, Canada to more than 700 in the Talents system in Switzerland and over 2000 in the Blue Mountain LETS in Australia. Trade in these systems still happens mainly in the services sector, although many now also have small businesses participating. Currently about 50 "HOURS"-type systems operate in North America. In Ithaca New York, a monthly trade volume is estimated at 6,000 HOURS (60,000 US$) between 1,500-2,000 people (Powell and Salverda, 1998).

46. Speech: One Country, Two Monetary Systems essential to retain legal, social, economic, fiscal and In the monetary area, for example, one country our own independent, freely convertible currency with no http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/speeches/speechs/joseph/speech_220997b.htm

Group of Thirty International Banking Seminar ONE COUNTRY, TWO MONETARY SYSTEMS by Joseph Yam, JP Chief Executive Hong Kong Monetary Authority There has been much skepticism about the practicality of this principle ever since it was first laid down by the late Deng Xiaoping for dealing with the question about Hong Kong. This is understandable. Afterall, it involves an untried concept. It goes beyond traditional understanding of what goes on in one country. And so it takes time for anyone to appreciate just how appropriate this principle is under the circumstances. This is not made easy when there is so much focus and great expectation, particularly amongst the international financial community, on what is going on in Europe, where one is talking about, by contrast, the creation of one common system for many countries. I suppose there can be many cynical replies to this question. Words are just words and promises are just promises. And we have to accept that with all the good intentions in the world one must wait and see whether the words and promises will be kept. I believe they will, for afterall they do have legal effect. The Basic Law was promulgated by the National People's Congress in 1990. The principle of "one country, two systems" has been written into China's Constitution and become a long-term irreversible national policy.

47. Economic Forum : Fiscal Deficits And Monetary Systems undermine the value of the currency and therefore the credibility and robustness of the monetary management mechanism lot more different in an economy that is http://www.tdctrade.com/econforum/hkma/hkma030103.htm

Economic Forum Home HKTDC Strategic Partners Asian Development Bank Bank of East Asia Bank of China CitiBank ... Standard Chartered Bank 23 January, 2003 Fiscal Deficits and Monetary Systems Content provided by: The relationship between the budgetary position and the monetary system is a complex one, particularly in a small and open economy. In around September last year the premium of the one-year forward exchange rate of the Hong Kong dollar over the spot exchange rate increased fairly sharply over concerns about the possible implications of the burgeoning budget deficit on the sustainability of the fixed exchange rate. From a level of about 40 points (equivalent to a one-year forward exchange rate of 7.8040), the premium jumped to almost 400 points and stayed at a high level throughout October and into November, as the markets continued to react nervously to every piece of news on matters relating to the fiscal and monetary systems. There was indeed some risk that Hong Kong could just worry itself into a financial crisis. Thanks largely to Premier Zhu's very supportive comments during his visit to Hong Kong in November, the one-year forward premium in the exchange rate fell back quickly to around 160 points, where it has stayed since. The relationship between the budgetary position and the exchange rate is a delicate and complex one. It should not be difficult, however, to understand its main characteristics from a theoretical point of view. If the maintenance of a stable exchange rate is the objective, or the intermediate target, of monetary policy, then there is a need, among other things, for rather strict discipline in the management of public finance. Persistent budget deficits, beyond the level justified by short-term, counter-cyclical intentions, create doubts about the ability of governments prudently to finance them in the long term without resorting to the printing press, or to their "monetisation". This would eventually undermine the value of the currency and therefore the sustainability of a fixed exchange rate.

48. Buy All Monetary Economics Books At The Best Price With Kelkoo survey of the present financial system in Japan International monetary economics has been an area of profound of Eastern Europe s convertible currency debt and http://books.kelkoo.co.uk/b/a/cpc_5101_gs_16271111_category.html

Search all of kelkoo Search within "Books" Bookmark this page Departments Home Books Digital Came... Electronics Flights Games, Conso... Household Ap... Mobiles, Pho... Music Shopping 4 B... Travel  TOP AUTHORS et al Russell Frank, Robert Bain, Keith ... Macroeconomics Monetary economics Title Author ISBN Audio Books Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings... Bookclubs Great deals for book lovers... Browse by author a-z A B C D ... Z Browse the most popular books: (1-25 of 100) Title: Financial Markets and Institutions Author: Bain, Keith Howells, Peter This text aims to help students make sense of the workings of financial markets and institutions. Theory is covered only where absolutely necessary and to help students understand events as they happe... more Title: Monetary Economics Author: Bain, Keith Howells, Peter This title achieves a balance between theory and practice and enables the student to understand the theoretical basis of monetary economics. It is a useful course text for third year modules in moneta... more Title: Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets

49. EMU And Euro Information, Articles, FAQ, IT Resources, Euro Links, Europapers, B and political background as well as the economic underpinnings of monetary integration. Guide to the New TransEuropean currency By Christian N http://www.sysmod.com/emu.htm

Systems Modelling Ltd. Euro Index Home Consulting Book List [ Euro Index ] Search Traduisez / Übersetzen / Tradurre / Traduza / Traduzca Related Pages: Consulting Book List [ Euro Index ] Search The euro content of this web site is preserved for the interest of readers in the UK, Sweden, and Denmark, and the accession countries. We have a wealth of archival material that describes the work that was done in the 12 eurozone countries for a successful transition to the euro on 1.1.2002. If you are doing contingency planning for a euro changeover, you can benefit from our considerable experience. Contact us for advice, training, and testing services to prevent problems in the systems conversion project! Email Euro News Book+CD Articles I.T. FAQ ... WebRing Index to our Euro pages Most popular links euro conversion calculator (javascript by Pim van Mun, PHP by Patrick O'Beirne) Euro Conversion FAQ - answers technical questions on euro transition Still-current external links UK Euro Preparations Unit report Spring 2004 details the work done, and a forward work programme for consumer codes, codes of practice, communications plans, local authority changeover plans, and the Managed Transition Plan. Reports on consultation process to Jan 2004, Consumer protection and communication, Public, Voluntary, and Private sector, and wholesale financial markets preparations, and reports from preparations committees in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. EPU is working with stakeholders across the economy to develop an Integrated Communication Plan (ICP) by autumn 2004. Local authority plans should be completed by summer 2004, and at this point the authorities will consider having them externally verified, for example, through OGC Gateway™. On 18 February 2004, the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) published the results of its research into the effect of adopting the euro on the sector, in a report called “Ready for Change?”. An updated version of the Managed Transition Plan (MTP) for the private sector will be available by autumn 2004.

50. Transaction Net Currency Glossary: Money-Related Terms During the economic depression of the 1930s, Europe saw a number of practical monetary experiments with negativeinterest alternative currency. http://www.transaction.net/money/glossary.html

How Money Systems Work Publications Payment Methods Glossary of Terms The Money Conference Important Terms and Concepts backed currency barter Bank for International Settlements Bretton Woods ... Time Dollars backed currency A currency whose value is guaranteed by a direct correspondence with a product or service (e.g. the gold standard for 19th century U.S. dollars, barter). There are only 3 ways of designing a currency system: fiat (i.e. without reference to anything else); valued by a commodity, when its value is expressed of terms of the value of that commodity (whether or not it is redeemable in that commoditye.g.: Bretton Woods dollar-gold equivalence standard; airline miles ); or backed by a commodity when the currency is in fact a claim to a given quantity of that commodity (which typically requires having a stock of that commodity on hand to meet such requests). barter The direct exchange of goods and services unmediated by any type of currency. Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Private organization located in Basle, Switzerland, owned by the eleven key central banks in the world. Initially designed as a clearing house for transactions among central banks, it has evolved into a "neutral" meeting ground for the Central Bankers and a repository for research about issues of interest to the monetary system as a whole.

51. Monetary any time, such a depletion of currency could cause the bedrock of the American economy, a major on the United States, but on the international monetary system. http://www.multied.com/Sixties/Monetary.html

Monetary System From the end of World War II to the early 1970s, the United States was part of the international monetary system known as the Bretton Woods system. The system was designed to establish economic stability for the nations emerging from the ravages of the war, as well as promote trade by increasing the cooperation and interdependence of national economies. The Bretton Woods system, established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, created two bodies, one of which, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was responsible for coordinating the world monetary system. Member nations contributed to the fund, from which they could draw to overcome temporary exchange deficits. Each nation was required to declare a par value of its currency in terms of the gold value of the American dollar. Member nations were not allowed to make transactions at an exchange rate that diverged more that 1% from the established parity. Role of the American dollar in the Bretton Woods System Decline of Bretton Woods System: The Bretton Woods System was well-designed for the immediate post-war international economy. Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the international economy outgrew the system. European economies grew rapidly, and the American dollar's strength declined. American dollars were being spent overseas, in the form of foreign aid, defense spending, investment, trade, and travel/tourism. This outpouring of dollars into the international economy was not reciprocated by an equal inflow of currency. This brought about a deficit in the capital account, resulting in a balance of payments deficit.

52. Economic And Financial Affairs - The Euro: Our Currency - Origins Of Euro The system consisted of three elements currency basket (European currency Unit or ECU);; monetary stabilisation mechanism (Exchange Rate Mechanism or ERM);; http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/euro/origins/origins_3_en.htm

en EUROPA European Commission Economic and Financial Affairs ... Origins of the euro Creation of European Monetary System Contact Search Sitemap Notes and Coins ... FAQs Related Commissioner Directorate General Euro Archive ECB The €uro: Our Currency Origins of the euro: Creation of European Monetary System 5 December 1978: European Monetary System Following a Franco-German initiative, the Community decided to re-launch monetary integration at the Brussels European Council by creating a European Monetary System (EMS), with the objectives of stabilising exchange rates, reducing inflation, and preparing for monetary integration. The EMS entered into force on 13 March 1979. The system consisted of three elements: Currency basket ( European Currency Unit or ECU Monetary stabilisation mechanism ( Exchange Rate Mechanism or ERM Mechanism for financing monetary interventions (European Monetary Co-operation Fund or FECOM). The ERM gave each currency a central exchange rate against the ECU, which also gave them central cross rates against each of the other participating currencies.

53. Economic And Financial Affairs - The Euro: Our Currency - Origins Of Euro a single currency and a single monetary policy, EMU fluctuation margins between Member States’ currencies, broad guidelines for economic policy at http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/euro/origins/origins_2_en.htm

en EUROPA European Commission Economic and Financial Affairs ... Origins of the euro Werner Report - the first blueprint for EMU Contact Search Sitemap Notes and Coins ... FAQs Related Commissioner Directorate General Euro Archive ECB The €uro: Our Currency Origins of the euro: Werner Report - the first blueprint for EMU 1-2 December 1969: Hague Summit The Hague Summit of Heads of State and Government decided to make economic and monetary union (EMU) an explicit goal of the Community and set up a high-level group to examine how to achieve this, chaired by Luxembourg’s Prime Minister Pierre Werner. Hague Conference Communiqué 8 October 1970: Werner Report The Werner Report proposed a three-stage plan to create an economic and monetary union within a decade. The principal economic as well as monetary policy decisions would be taken at Community level and certain policy responsibilities would therefore be transferred from national level. In addition to the fixing of currency conversion rates and the creation of a single currency and a single monetary policy, EMU would foster harmonisation and ultimately unification of economic policies at Community level.

54. Current International Monetary System the European monetary Cooperation Fund allocates ECUs to members ECU is an artificial currency and is used in to relaunch the drive toward economic union, and http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/cur.htm

Current International Monetary System European Monetary System Following the collapse of the Bretton woods system in 1971, The EEC countries agreed to maintain stable exchange rates by preventing exchange fluctuations of more than 2.25%. This arrangement was called "European snake in the tunnel" because the community currencies floated as a group against outside currencies such as the dollar. By 1978, the snake turned into a worm (with only German mark, Belgian franc, Dutch guilder, Danish krone). However, a new effort to achieve monetary cooperation was launched. By March 1979, EC established European Monetary System, and created the European Currency Unit (ECU). prevent movements above 2.25 % around parity in bilateral exchange rates with other member countries. the European Monetary Cooperation Fund allocates ECUs to members' central banks in exchange for gold and dollar deposits. 20% of the quota must be in gold. ECU is an artificial currency and is used in all intrasystem balance of payments settlements. provision of credit facilities for compensatory financing.

55. Economic Means To Freedom - Part V software, open source, multicurrency system, as explained Introduction The Economic Means to Freedom is that the international monetary/financial system http://www.buildfreedom.com/eco5.htm

Home Visual Overview Search This Site Send Us Feedback ... Freedom Portal FREE FWO Announce Newsletter: CLICK HERE FOR A FREE e-gold ACCOUNT You are here: Home Economic Means to Freedom Economic Means to Freedom - Part V by Frederick Mann Revised 12/23/98 NOTE (01/21/02): This article has been overtaken by events. A number of successful alternative currency systems have been developed and implemented, foremost among them e-gold . This article has become largely irrelevant, because it's unlikely that the kind of system proposed here will be able to compete successfully with e-gold , etc. Nevertheless, the article may be of educational, theoretical, and historical interest. See: Is the Private Sector Really Part of the Public Sector? E-Gold and Alternative Currency FAQ [Note: This article was originally published on 11/4/97 as "Alternative Currency System." It was extensively revised on 10/2/98. It has now been further revised. I now propose a "free software," "open source," "multi-currency" system, as explained below.] Complementary Money System Introduction The Economic Means to Freedom is one among many strategies that any individual could follow to expand freedom. Nothing in this article should be regarded as a suggestion that other freedom strategies should be changed or abandoned. This is a proposal for a complementary money system to be developed, launched, and implemented as a matter of urgency.

56. MSN Encarta - Europe F4, b, Economic and monetary Union. The treaty set 1999 as the deadline for monetary union and the adoption of a single currency. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570768_8/Europe.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items European Union Middle Ages, major period in European history more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Europe News Search MSNBC for news about Europe Internet Search Search Encarta about Europe Search MSN for Web sites about Europe Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 8 of 9 Europe Multimedia 21 items Dynamic Map View map of Europe Article Outline Introduction The Natural Environment The People Patterns of Economic Development ... History F The End of the Cold War From the 1960s to the 1980s, strict conformity to the Communist system in the USSR discouraged economic innovation and punished dissent. Consequently, the economy stagnated. Despite this, the Soviet Union continued to increase its military strength and act more assertively around the world, a trend that culminated in the invasion of Afghanistan in 1980. As the Cold War progressed, however, it gradually became clear to the Soviet leadership that they could not win a full-scale war with the United States, primarily because their defense costs were already straining the inefficient Soviet economy.

57. MSN Encarta - Money 1935, but greenbacks are still part of US paper currency. The economic depression and the epidemic of bank failures reforms in the nation’s monetary structure http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556418/Money.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Banking Currency more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Money News Search MSNBC for news about Money Internet Search Search Encarta about Money Search MSN for Web sites about Money Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Money Multimedia 4 items Article Outline Introduction Money and the Economy The Monetary System of the United States Recent Developments I Introduction Print Preview of Section Money , any medium of exchange that is widely accepted in payment for goods and services and in settlement of debts. Money also serves as a standard of value for measuring the relative worth of different goods and services. The number of units of money required to buy a commodity is the price of the commodity. The monetary unit chosen as a measure of value need not, however, be used widely, or even at all, as a medium of exchange. During the colonial period in America, for example, Spanish currency was an important medium of exchange, while the British pound served as the standard of value.

58. EconBiz - Virtual Library For Economics And Business Studies : Internet Resource International monetary System. to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange International capital market; Wirtschaftspolitik economic policy. http://www.econbiz.de/fach/FS_VWL0070410_e.shtml?step=20&l0=0

59. Eesti Pank - Bank Of Estonia January 1999 the exchange rate of the Estonian kroon has also been fixed against the euro, the currency of the European Economic and monetary Union (1 http://www.bankofestonia.info/pub/en/majandus/rahasysteem/

Contact Useful links FAQ Ask a question ... Web-info Ensuring monetary policy stability In Estonia the central bank performs its constitutional function - to maintain the stability of the national currency - applying fixed-exchange-rate-system based monetary policy. The fixed exchange rate and its stringent monetary policy foundation constituted a starting point for restructuring of the economy in the early years after the reintroduction of the kroon. Their co-impact was rapidly revealed both on stabilising price level and in lower interest rate level. In the current economic policy environment the exchange rate system supports also the smooth nominal and real convergence of Estonia's economy with that of the EU economy. Estonia's monetary policy principles in their openness and transparency comply with internationally accepted good practice. Thus, a reliable foundation has been set for elaborating the entire national economic policy. Continuity In 2002 it was ten years from Estonia's monetary reform, which introduced the Estonian kroon, established the currency board system and fixed the exchange rate of the kroon against the German mark (1 DEM = 8 EEK). Since 1 January 1999 the exchange rate of the Estonian kroon has also been fixed against the euro, the currency of the European Economic and Monetary Union (1 EUR = 15.6466)

60. Money Team Ithaca Hours local currencies, by Paul Glover. Game Theory economics of bartering. Grail Dollars - Derek Brownlee; New monetary system for the Electrosphere http://www.newciv.org/ncn/moneyteam.html

Alternative Money Systems This NCN Alternative Money System team was created to collect information on what schemes already exist, to discuss the prospects of doing away with money systems and using a resource-based system instead, and ways of financing new civilization projects, implementing experimental schemes, and more. Articles on Alternative Money Systems Monetary System for the New Millenium - by Roger Langrick. Scarcity Money Abundance Economics Proactive Money Free Resources ... Economy - how the money system works. Profit Reframed Notes on a new economic system - by Steve Moyer. Global Resource Bank - proposal to U.N. conference. The Econony of Ideas by John Perry Barlow, on intellectual property. David Chaum from DigiCash to House of Representatives on electronic cash. David Chaum on digital money at Doors of Perception conference. Economists must learn to subtract by Kono Matsu. Ecological Economics. The New Economics by Kono Matsu. Buddhist Economics by E.F.Schumacher. Other Sites with Alternative Money System Information Private Enterprise Money - by E.C.Riegel

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 88    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20