21. Crime Scene Investigation Books--DNA Crime Scene investigation Books. DNA. including kinship testing and the conviction or exoneration and the most common forensic DNA analysis methods used today http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/dna-books.html

Crime Scene Investigation Books DNA An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis by Keith Inman, Norah, Phd Rudin (February 1997) Covers the scientific basis for DNA testimony, key terminology, statistical interpretations of DNA typing, and a summary of court decisions and admissibility standards. In language suitable for professionals in the legal system as well as those in the fields of forensics and law enforcement, clarifies general principles of complex techniques, presents general trends in admissibility standards, and emphasizes the advantages and limitations of using DNA techniques for the presentation of evidence in the courtroom. Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence : Update on Evaluating DNA Evidence by Committee On National Research Council (December 1996) An update of the 1992 National Research Council's , reporting on how DNA evidence is interpreted in courts, examining developments in population genetics and statistics, and commenting on statements made in the previous volume that proved controversial or that have been misapplied in the courts. Offers recommendations for handling samples and performing calculations, and discusses causes and prevention of laboratory errors. Also addresses statistical issues. DNA Technology in Forensic Science by National Res Council (Editor), Committee on DNA Tech in Forensic Science (July 1992)

22. FRSC_Draft_Webpages procedures used in forensic science investigation must satisfy those individuals majoring in criminal justice or related fields with the methods and techniques http://citycollege.loyno.edu/criminaljustice/bcj/ForensicScience.html

The Criminal Justice Department’s Minor In Forensic Science Background Requirements for the Minor in Forensic Science Required Courses in the Forensic Science Minor Background Forensic science is the application of the scientific method to the investigation of the violation of criminal and civil laws and to the apprehension and prosecution of violators. Forensic science is based on the guiding principle that when two objects come into contact, there is a transfer of trace evidence. This transfer may lead to the identification of the people or objects involved in a crime as well as a description of what occurred during its commission. Forensic science has involved almost every known scientific discipline and art. The Department of Criminal Justice has offered a sequence of courses in the field of forensic science for many years. Students majoring in criminal justice and other majors have taken these courses as electives and have expressed interest in the department offering a formal minor in the area. Crime Scene: An understanding of forensic science allows for the recognition and interpretation of evidence at the scene. This will help in the preservation and collection of valuable evidence and give the investigator forensic leads before leaving the scene.

23. AJ### - Administration Of Justice culminating with the arrest and conviction of those reports for use in criminal investigations and in course examines the basic training methods used to train http://www.cloud.edu/courses/Cat_AJ.htm

AG AH AJ AR ... SS ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE (Course description sheets for many courses are available in the Advisement Center.) AJ100 INTRODUCTION TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 3 Is an introduction to the philosophy, development and history of the American Criminal Justice System. It identifies the segments of which the criminal justice system is made up of: law enforcement, prosecution, the courts and corrections. It introduces the criminal justice system's role as it relates to the individual and to society. AJ101 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES 3 Is an introduction to law enforcement operations and procedures including police organization and administration. It emphasizes the police role in society and operational procedures including deployment of personnel, arrest procedures, crime scene techniques, and other basic police tactics. AJ102 PATROL PROCEDURES 3 Is a course designed for currently employed law enforcement officers that will upgrade their patrol procedures in the following areas: Fingerprinting, Accident Investigation, Report Writing, Crime Detection, Firearms, and Control of Violence and Rioting procedures. AJ103 CONCEPTS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT 3 Is designed to introduce the student to the specific area of law enforcement within the criminal justice system. The course intent is to define the fundamentals and foundations of law enforcement work; the role of police in society; the problems with which those who work in law enforcement; and the organization and scope of law enforcement agencies. The primary focus will be that of the local law enforcement agency.

24. InterFIRE, A Site Dedicated To Improving Fire Investigation Worldwide. is scene driven when it comes to investigation. an individual to commit a criminal act without cause, coupled with the suppression methods used in firefighting http://www.interfire.org/res_file/abab_tf.asp

The Fire Scene As A Crime Scene by Detective Dennis Rogers, CFI DuPage County (IL) Sheriffs Department Rogers, Dennis. The fire scene as a crime scene. There have been enormous strides made in both the scientific community and in methods of investigation over the past several years. Combining state of the art investigative tools, along with sound scientific facts, will establish a professional and truth seeking investigation. In most municipalities the local fire department conducts their own fire investigation, while the local police agency conducts an associated investigation. If the barriers between both agencies are broken down and a healthy communication exists, along with respect for each departments' fields of expertise, an enormous professional breakthrough can occur. The responsibility of the crime scene technician is evidence recovery and preservation. The technician has the task of going to a crime scene to identify, process, collect and preserve all evidence related to a particular crime. The capabilities of a crime scene technician may be taken for granted or not fully understood by the fire department. This applies to the investigator who is working alone or as a member of a task force. This problem can be reduced when you have a crime scene technician who is also an arson investigator. Not only are you working with a police office who understands fire behavior, but also the capabilities of the fire department in their suppression methods. A police officer can be a great asset because he is aware of neighborhood patterns, vehicles and other associated demographics. Police officers work with people on a daily basis and are acquainted with known criminals and become aware of the mentality of the criminal thus knowing the attributes of the arsonists.

25. Dr. Gail Anderson major forensic sciences used in criminal investigation today, as possible role in the criminal justice system is presently almost no methods for determining http://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/

DR. GAIL S. ANDERSON Associate Professor Associate Director B. Sc. Honours Zoology (Manchester University); M.P.M., Ph.D. ( Simon Fraser University What is Forensic Science? Forensic Entomology Current Research Interests ... Publications Photo by Marianne Meadahl, Current Research Interests forensic science, forensic entomology with particular emphasis on carrion ecology, medical and veterinary entomology To Contact me Dr. Gail Anderson School of Criminology Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby, B.C. Phone: (604) 291-3589 or Fax: Email: ganderso@sfu.ca COURSES THAT I TEACH CRIM 355 THE FORENSIC SCIENCES This course will examine the use and interpretation of physical forensic evidence in court. It will critically examine and evaluate the major forensic sciences used in criminal investigation today, as well as look at the crime scene. Subjects examined will include victim identification, mode, manner cause of death, crime scene analysis, forensic biology, DNA evidence, firearms evidence, toxicology, chemistry and questioned documents. CRIM 370 DIRECTED READINGS Independent readings in a selected field of study usually in forensic science, police work, crime scenes, psychological profiling, ViCLAS, serial crime analysis

26. Abusive Trust Schemes There are several methods used to get the funds back to Card One of the most popular methods in recent IRS criminal investigation has a presence on www.irs.gov http://www.ustreas.gov/irs/ci/tax_fraud/docabusivetrustschemes.htm

HOME Tax Fraud Alerts Abusive Tax Schemes This page was changed on December 17, 2003 Abusive Tax Schemes (formerly Abusive Trust Schemes) What Is an Abusive Tax Scheme? What are some of the Most Common Abusive Tax Schemes? How Does the Taxpayer Access the Funds in Offshore Accounts? In Partnership - IRS Criminal and Civil Enforcement and Department of Justice ... Significant Case Summaries Since the mid-1990s, the IRS has witnessed a proliferation of abusive tax schemes, particularly those with offshore components. Originally those schemes took the structure of abusive domestic and foreign trust arrangements. However, abusive schemes are evolving into sophisticated arrangements that take advantage of the financial secrecy laws of some foreign jurisdictions and the availability of credit/debit cards issued from offshore financial institutions. IRS Criminal Investigation (CI) has developed a nationally coordinated program to combat these abusive tax schemes. CI's primary focus is on the identification and investigation of the tax scheme promoters as well as those who play a substantial or integral role in facilitating, aiding, assisting, or furthering the abusive tax scheme (e.g., accountants, lawyers). Secondarily, but equally important, is the investigation of investors who knowingly participate in abusive tax schemes.

27. Portugal Among the most common methods used were electronic fund transfers sent financial intelligence, including both police investigation and criminal proceedings http://www1.oecd.org/fatf/Ctry-orgpages/ctry-pt_en.htm

Home What is money laundering? About FATF Portugal The Forty Recommendations FATF Documents Other Initiatives Legislation ... Sitemap Ce site en français Portugal GENERAL Population: 9,950,000 (1997) GDP: USD 152.1 billion (1998) Source: OECD, Paris MEMBER OF: Financial Action Task Force European Union (subject to EC Directive 91/308/EEC) Has signed and ratified the UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 Has signed and ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime of 1990 KEY PORTUGUESE LEGISLATION The following list shows the names of legislation, regulations and other administrative texts that have some relevance to the national anti-money laundering programme. If the text is indicated as a hyperlink, then you may access the document through this page. [In development] SUMMARY OF THE FATF SECOND ROUND MUTUAL EVALUATION Extract from FATF-X Annual Report (1998-1999), 2 July 1999

28. BCCLA Position Paper: DNA Matching For Criminal Identification Purposes, 1994 this information if it is used strictly for principle in selecting among these methods is that conducting DNA analysis for criminal investigation purposes will http://www.bccla.org/positions/privacy/94dna.html

DNA Matching for criminal identification purposes BCCLA Supports obtaining and banking DNA information The BCCLA recognizes and supports the aim of amending the Criminal Code and the Identification of Criminals Act to allow law enforcement authorities to obtain a warrant to collect DNA samples from suspects in serious crimes, to demand DNA from those arrested for serious crimes, and to bank DNA information for legitimate law enforcement purposes. Framing policies and procedures to institute these practices and to identify their limits is a matter of some urgency, both because of the potential value of DNA printing as a law enforcement tool and because of the civil liberties issues that these practices raise. This brief is an attempt to put these issues in perspective and to make recommendations for policy that will put law enforcement and civil liberties interests in balance. Background DNA samples are now most frequently analyzed in North America by a technique called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). For each sample, a DNA sequence from the same chromosomal region is cut, and a stain or picture of it is produced, which is called an autoradiograph. Autoradiographs look like bar codes. These are visually compared to discover if the patterns of DNA are identical. This process is typically repeated four other times for different chromosomal regions of the DNA molecule. If the DNA patterns for each of the five chromosomal regions are identical, a match has been found. The confidence that the two samples have been correctly matched (that they came from the same person) depends on the quality of the samples and the stringency with which the tests were applied. If there is a discrepancy in any of the five samples, the tissue samples did not come from the same person.

29. The End And The Means between the investigator and the subject of investigation. the Home Ministry into the methods used by Tehelka However, Tehelka s criminal liability is a matter http://www.flonnet.com/fl1818/18180220.htm

Volume 18 - Issue 18, Sep. 01 - 14, 2001 India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU Table of Contents SCANDAL The end and the means Expose II from Tehelka raises serious questions about journalistic ethics and the validity of the evidence thus collected. NAUNIDHI KAUR in New Delhi ON the face of it, the facts of the case were fairly simple. Journalists of tehelka.com, posing themselves as arms dealers, secretly videotaped Defence Ministry and Army officials accepting money from them. The journalists distributed gold chains and cash to these officials to show that fixing sensitive deals in the Defence Ministry was as easy as that. The bottom line was that political corruption was rampant in India. Justice K. Venkataswami (right) at the Vigyan Bhavan. What complicated matters then was the fact that Tehelka used professional sex workers to deal with three Army officers and secretly videotaped the acts. Tehelka Expose part II has gone beyond discussions on substantiative findings to the ethics of the methods used. The question is no longer confined to ascertaining who occupies the high moral ground - Tehelka or the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government. It is also about finding answers or unravelling the legal guidelines to confirm if criminal action can be taken against Tehelka and its Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Editor, Tarun Tejpal. The debate has spilled over to questions of journalistic ethics. Does the end justify the means in this case?

30. 33. Criminal Investigation - Introduction (1 Hr.) The application of the instruments and methods of the The standard used to determine the guilt or innocence of a person criminal investigation General (16 Hrs http://www.tcleose.state.tx.us/GuideInst/HTML/1000/77leg/33-77.htm

Criminal Investigation - Introduction (1 hr.) Unit Goal: The student will have a working knowledge of the goals and objectives of criminal investigation. Define Criminal Investigation. Criminal Investigation is a lawful search for people, land, things useful in reconstructing the circumstances of an illegal act or omission and the mental state accompanying it. Criminal Investigation, Basic Perspectives, 5th ed., Weston Paul B. and Kenneth M. Wells, Prentice Hall, 1990, pg.1. Identify the tools of the criminal investigator. Information - The knowledge which the criminal investigator gathers from other persons. Interview/interrogation - The questioning of witnesses and suspects. Interview - The questioning of a person who has no personal reason to withhold information and therefore may be expected to cooperate with the investigator. Interrogation - The questioning of a suspect or other person who may normally be expected to be reluctant to divulge information concerning the offense under investigation. Instrumentation - The application of the instruments and methods of the physical sciences to the detection of crime.

31. American Bar Association - Criminal Justice Section - Criminal crime, we have not developed systematic methods of reporting Then, if the investigation results in the arrest the wrong person, the actual criminal remains at http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/spring2003/conviction.html

You currently do not have JavaScript enabled in your web browser. The ABA website relies on JavaScript for display purposes. To fully experience the ABA site, please enable javascript. Criminal Justice Section Welcome Criminal Justice Magazine Spring 2003 Volume 18 Number 1 Wrongful Conviction: Causes and Public Policy Issues By C. Ronald Huff C. Ronald Huff, Ph.D., is dean of the School of Social Ecology and professor in the Department of Criminology, Law and Society at the University of California, Irvine. He is a fellow and past-president (2000–2001) of The American Society of Criminology. Much has been made of recent cases in which innocent defendants have been released from long jail terms thanks to DNA evidence. Yet the biological evidence upon which DNA tests are performed is not available in most cases, making proof of innocence much more challenging. Despite our justice system’s elaborate criminal procedure—the presumption of innocence, the requirement of proof "beyond a reasonable doubt"—it is likely that thousands of innocent persons are convicted of serious crimes each year, with many subsequently deprived of their liberty for years before the error is uncovered—if ever. How extensive is this problem? What are its principal causes? Does the frequency of error vary across jurisdictions within one nation, such as the United States? Does the frequency of error vary across nations? If so, how much is that variation attributable to differences in types of justice systems (e.g., adversarial versus inquisitorial/continental)? How much variance is attributable to cultural differences, such as differing levels of tolerance for social injustice? Do societies vary in their tolerance for the conviction of the innocent as opposed to the acquittal of the guilty? Are such errors the inevitable cost of operating a system of criminal justice? What can be done to prevent or reduce wrongful conviction? How should we compensate the innocent persons who are convicted and, in many cases, incarcerated?

32. CRIMINAL JUSTICE Fall, criminal investigative methods and procedures will be introduced technical and legal approaches used in gathering complete an accurate investigation of a http://www.trinidadstate.edu/Curriculum/criminal_justice.htm

CRIMINAL JUSTICE ( CRJ CRJ 110 Introduction to Criminal Justice 3 Credits Fall This course is a study of the agencies and processes in the criminal justice system; legislative, the police, the prosecutor, the public defender, the courts, and corrections. An analysis of the roles and problems of law enforcement in a democratic society with an emphasis upon inter-component relations, checks and balances. CRJ 111 Substantive Criminal Law 3 Credits Fall This course includes: legal definitions crime; purposes and functions of the law; historical foundations and the limits of the criminal law. CRJ 112 Procedural Criminal Law 3 Credits Fall This course includes constitutional and procedural considerations affecting arrest; search, and seizure; post-conviction treatment; origin, development, philosophy, and constitutional basis of evidence; degrees of evidence and rules governing admissibility; judicial decisions interpreting individual rights and an analysis of case studies from arrest through final appeal. CRJ 116 Civil Liability 3 Credits Spring This course includes origin and jurisdiction of civil action, procedure and responsibility addressing the liability of criminal justice practitioners.

33. Internet Business News From The Industry Standard - 'Buffalo Spammer' Convicted The criminal charges brought by New York State trial, providing evidence about the methods Carmack used on whether Carmack was the subject of an investigation. http://www.thestandard.com/article.php?story=20040401210722574

34. BLET Video List are a number of patrol methods used for modern Crime scenarios are used to enhance student The successful completion of any criminal investigation is realized http://www.jus.state.nc.us/NCJA/vidlist.htm

BLET VIDEO LIST Revised January 2001 Suggested topic order delivery Question and Answer Board NC Justice Academy Homepage Western Campus Homepage ... North Carolina Dept of Justice BLET revisions, enhancements and legal updates occur annually. Coding systems have been developed to ensure all BLET school directors and instructors possess correct versions for all BLET lessons, Hypermedia CD's and videos. It is imperative that all instructors use the correct materials. The BLET Coordinator in Salemburg will retain a master coding log of all updates and revisions. Refer to the BLET Course Management Guide for additional information. N.C. Justice Academy BLET videos are coded by the year in which they were produced or copied. NCJA produced videos will also possess neon colored labels with a "code" inscribed on the label. NCJA video revision codes will ALWAYS begin with the letter "V" and end with the year it was duplicated or produced. For example, any NCJA video revised in the year 2000 will have a neon label with the code "V2000."

35. Scottish Criminal Record Office - Scottish Fingerprint History in Jungipoor, India, first used fingerprints in in charge of the criminal investigation Department His successor introduced other identification methods such as http://www.scro.police.uk/fingerprint_history.htm

Home I Corporate Profile I Scottish Fingerprint Service I Application Support I ISCJIS I Disclosure Scotland I Recruitment I Links I Contact Us setNum(7); document.write(''); document.write(textList[num]); In ancient Babylon, fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions. In 2nd Century BC China, thumbprints were found on clay seals used on important documents. In 14th century Persia, various official government papers had fingerprints (impressions), and one government official, a doctor, observed that no two fingerprints were exactly alike 1686 - Marcello Malpighi In 1686, Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted in his treatise; the existence of ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints. He made no mention of their value as a tool for individual identification. A layer of skin was named after him; "Malpighi" layer. 1823 - John Evangelist Purkinji In 1823, John Evangelist Purkinji, a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint patterns, but he too made no mention of the value of fingerprints for personal identification.

36. 113coursedescription The methods used for the analysis for alcohol, carbon monoxide, and drugs (This book illustrates the dynamics of criminal justice by Crime Scene investigation. http://www.williams.edu/Chemistry/lkaplan/113des.html

CHEMISTRY 113 has not been updated for the current academic year CHEMISTRY AND CRIME FROM SHERLOCK HOLMES TO MODERN FORENSIC SCIENCE Course Description Instructor Professor Lawrence J. Kaplan Department of Chemistry Williams College Williamstown, Massachusetts, 01267 Office: 227 Bronfman Science Center Phone: 413-597-3303 Course Description In an article on forensic science in Chemistry in Britain the editor stated, "The most tangible way in which science, especially chemistry, can be concerned with the well-being of society is its use in the maintenance of the fabric of society as expressed in the constant vigil against crime." While this may be an overstatement, it is true that science has had an enormous impact on the definition and enforcement of the laws enacted to regulate society. Specifically, forensic science is the application of scientific principles to criminal and civil laws within a criminal justice system with the goal toward the establishment of guilt or innocence. This course was designed to introduce some of the specialized fields of forensic science, to learn the fundamental principles of science and technology upon which they are based, and to apply them to a number of suspicious situations and criminal cases. We will explore aspects of forensic science involving the examination of physical, chemical, and biological items of evidence. The forensic analysis of substances such as glass, soil, hair, ink, bullets, gunpowder and drugs will be understood after an introduction to the concepts of basic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and organic chemistry. The methods used for the analysis for alcohol, carbon monoxide, and drugs and for the characterization of blood and other body fluids will be discussed in the context of the principles of biochemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, and serology.

37. CERTIFICATION OF ENROLLMENT SUBSTITUTE HOUSE BILL 2468 Chapter 289 services bureau, and +} shall be used solely for not related to a criminal investigation{+ , to the appropriate sources and collection methods for biological http://www.leg.wa.gov/sl/2001-02/2468-s_sl.txt

38. Comparison Matrix For Bills Relaxing Encryption Restrictions If used in commission of felony with the intent activities and 2) assesses other methods for access key is being sought for a criminal investigation of conduct http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/exhibits/1998011401_pro_matrix.html

Appendix A: Comparison Matrix for Bills Relaxing Encryption Restrictions N/A = Not Addresed by legislation or Not Applicable. SAFE (Original and Judiciary Committee versions) SAFE (International Relations Committee version) SAFE (Commerce Committee version) ProCODE (S. 377) ECPA II (S. 376) Declares freedom to use, freedom to sell encryption of any type? Yes Yes Yes No Yes Prohibits Mandatory Key Escrow Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Restrictions on Regulation of Encryption General Prohibitions on Government Regulation: N/A N/A Prohibits conditioning other regulatory approval of encryption use on the use of key recovery/key escrow: issuance of digital certificates may not be conditioned on escrow of private keys. May not require key escrow for licensure of any encryption product. Prohibits Federal Government from setting encryption regulations or standards for use except for Federal computer systems, or as export controls. Prohibits restriction or regulation of products solely because they include encryption. N/A Authority of investigative or law enforcement officer acting under the law affected? No No No - also unaffected are intelligence agents under the National Security Act.

39. Handbook Of Information Security ManagementLaw, Investigation attacks merely use contemporary methods to commit essential for its perpetration, investigation, or prosecution used against traditional criminal offenses, and http://www.cccure.org/Documents/HISM/549-553.html

Previous Table of Contents Next Section 6-2 Investigation Chapter 6-2-1 Computer Crime Investigation and Computer Forensics Thomas Welch Incidents of computer-related crime and telecommunications fraud have increased dramatically over the past decade. However, because of the esoteric nature of this crime, there have been very few prosecutions and even fewer convictions. The new technology that has allowed for the advancement and automation of many business processes has also opened the door to many new forms of computer abuse. Although some of these system attacks merely use contemporary methods to commit older, more familiar types of crime, others involve the use of completely new forms of criminal activity that evolved along with the technology. Computer crime investigation and computer forensics are also evolving sciences that are affected by many external factors, such as continued advancements in technology, societal issues, and legal issues. Many gray areas need to be sorted out and tested through the courts. Until then, the system attackers will have an advantage, and computer abuse will continue to increase. Computer security practitioners must be aware of the myriad technological and legal issues that affect systems and users, including issues dealing with investigations and enforcement. This chapter covers each area of computer crime investigation and computer forensics. COMPUTER CRIME DEFINED According to the American Heritage Dictionary

40. Agency Developments And Enforcement Wrap-Up additional public comment on methods used to round investigated by the EPA criminal investigation Division s Dallas of analyses which the clients used in their http://www.dakotacg.com/releases/pa/feb04/hq0227a.htm

EPA - Headquarters - For Release Thursday, February 26, 2004 Agency Developments and Enforcement Wrap-Up EPA Adjusts Maximum Civil Penalties for Inflation EPA Seeks Comment on Request for Information from Service Station Dealers New Waste Management Guide for Native Americans Workshop on Implementation of Recent Pesticide Fee Legislation Enforcement Wrap-Up Texas Man Sentenced for Not Reporting Hazardous Waste Importation Scheme Five Individuals Indicted in Virgin Islands Sewer Repair Fraud Case California Woman Sentenced for Environmental Testing Fraud EPA Adjusts Maximum Civil Penalties for Inflation In accordance with federal law, EPA has issued a final rule that adjusts the maximum amount of civil monetary penalties that can be imposed under the environmental statutes EPA implements. All federal agencies are required to issue, at least once every four years, regulations adjusting for inflation the maximum civil monetary penalties that can be imposed pursuant to each agency's statutes. The purpose of these adjustments is to maintain the deterrent effect of civil monetary penalties and to promote compliance with the law. Effective 30 days after publication in the Federal Register, the new rule increases the existing statutory maximum penalties by 17.23 percent, representing inflation increases that occurred from 1996-2003. The first adjustment occurred in 1996. The new rule was delayed to allow for additional public comment on methods used to round penalties, once adjusted for inflation. To see the Federal Register notice, click on:

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