1. HIS-Crimean-War Info Page HISCrimean-War crimean war history. About HIS-Crimean-War, English (USA). Discussion of topics relating to the history of the Crimean http://www.british-genealogy.com/mailman/listinfo/his-crimean-war

HIS-Crimean-War Crimean War history About HIS-Crimean-War English (USA) Discussion of topics relating to the history of the Crimean War including, but not restricted to: military history, social history, family history of individuals, medical/nursing, journalism, literature, archival material To see the collection of prior postings to the list, visit the HIS-Crimean-War Archives The current archive is only available to the list members. Using HIS-Crimean-War To post a message to all the list members, send email to his-crimean-war@british-genealogy.com You can subscribe to the list, or change your existing subscription, in the sections below. Subscribing to HIS-Crimean-War Subscribe to HIS-Crimean-War by filling out the following form. You will be sent email requesting confirmation, to prevent others from gratuitously subscribing you. This is a hidden list, which means that the list of members is available only to the list administrator. Your email address: Your name (optional): You may enter a privacy password below. This provides only mild security, but should prevent others from messing with your subscription.

2. Branch 58 CW, BW, WWI, WWII And KW History Branch 58 CW, BW, WWI, WWII and KW History. crimean war history Documents of the Crimean War Crimean War. The Crimean War. Boer War History Boer War Memorial in http://sphosting.com/58onlegionca/page23.html

Branch 58 CW, BW, WWI, WWII and KW History Crimean War History: Documents of the Crimean War Sveaborg and the Crimean War Crimean War Research Society The Crimean War 1853 - 1856 ... The Crimean War Boer War History: Boer War Memorial in Victoria Park From Colony to Country Canadians in the South Africa (Boer) War Canada Anglo-Boer War Museum ... Strathcona's Horse World War One History: About Canada and WWI History.ca Canada and WWI About Canada and WWI From Colony to Country ... War at Sea World War Two History: Out of the Shadows: Canada in the Second World War The War Amps: Canada's Military Heritage - The Second World War DP, Lithuanian immigration to Canada after the Second World War Canada and World War II - Canadian history second world war ... K-12 TLC Guide to World War II Korean War: Korean War Educator Yahoo Wars Canada's Forgotten War Korean War Veterans National Museum and Library ... Canada history index - wars traditions symbols and popular ... The Queen Mother - In our hearts forever!: Her Majesty Queen Mother's Life Her Majesty the Queen Mother 100th Her Majesty the Queen Mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother ... Queen Mother Military Anniversaries Happy 141st Anniversary Royal Hamilton Light Infantry, 13th Regiment 1862

3. The Crimean War Alex s military history page, the crimean war 18541856 the story of how the British and French struggled to take Sevastopol, thin red line. http://www.geocities.com/Broadway/Alley/5443/crimopen.htm

The war is popular beyond belief Queen Victoria to the King of the Belgians I believe that if this barbarous nation(Russia) the enemy of all progress...... should once succeed in establishing itself in the heart of Europe, it would be the greatest calamity which could befall the human race Lord Lyndhurst in a speech to the House of Lords We shall have to shift those fellows with the bayonet, old boy! a Royal Fusilier to his comrade at the crossing of the Alma C'est magnifique, mais ce nes pas la guerre General Canrobert on watching the Charge of the Light Brigade I'll have your arm off before you know where you are Surgeon to Evelyn Wood, shot in the elbow He wasn't a very great general, but he was a very good man Florence Nightingale writing about Lord Raglan, British C-in-C Like the siegeworks in front of Sevastopol, this page is taking a long time to be completed. At present there are only four articles to choose from The Crimean War: Overview The Battle of the Alma The Battle of Balaklava The Kerry Recruit ... [E-mail]

4. Crimean War Research Society - History Of The War Military Operations of the crimean war. by Michael Hargreave Mawson. OMRS. Publicity Promotions Officer crimean war Research Society. crimean war Medal. http://www.hargreave-mawson.demon.co.uk/cwrs2.html

Military Operations of the Crimean War by Michael Hargreave Mawson A Brief Summary A joint invasion force, over 60,000 strong, comprising British, French and Turkish elements landed in Calamita Bay, south of Eupatoria, on the 14th September 1854; on the 19th the three armies marched south along the coast in the direction of Sebastopol, 30 miles away. In their path were a number of small streams, flowing from the interior of the Crimea westwards to the coast. On the heights to the south of one of these, the River Alma, the Russian General Prince Menschikoff had prepared his defences. He had boasted that his troops would be able to hold their positions for at least three weeks, and the ladies of Sebastopol travelled to the Alma to enjoy both a picnic and the spectacle of the repulse of the invaders. The Alma clasp was not only awarded to those who had fought in the battle, but also to the Cavalry and the 4th Infantry Division who had been in support - indeed one brigade of the 4th Division did not even reach the battlefield until after the battle was over, but still received the clasp. Lord Raglan wished to pursue the fleeing Russians, but his colleague, Marshal St. Arnaud, refused. The Russian Army was allowed to regain Sebastopol, and a young genius of a military engineer, Lieutenant Colonel Todleben, began to prepare Sebastopol's defences.

5. WWW.SEVASTOPOL.ORG : Sevastopol History : Crimean War 1853-1854 (1st Sevastopol Back to previous page, Sevastopol history Crimea war 18541855 (1st Sevastopol defence). crimean war flared up in 1854 as result of long saved economic and http://www.sevastopol.org/hist3e.htm

Sevastopol history : Crimea war 1854-1855 (1st Sevastopol defence) To keep more ruins of Sevastopol it was not represented possible. In night on August 28 the defence counsels, by blowing up the strenghtenings, under the order commander-in-chief M. D. Gorchakov have left a southern part of city and on the floating bridge induced through road, send on Northern party. Active military actions in Sevastopol are end. 18 of March, 1856 after long diplomatic struggle the Paris peace contract was signed, on which Russia has lost the right to have by the Black sea fleet, to build fortresses and naval bases.

6. Florence Nightingale statistical analysis, such as during the crimean war when she plotted the incidence of So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/nitegale.htm

Florence Nightingale May 12, 1820 - August 13, 1910 Written by Cynthia Audain, Class of 1998 (Agnes Scott College) Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, however, was her use of new techniques of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed the " polar-area diagram " to dramatize the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured and subjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, tabulation, interpretation, and graphical display of descriptive statistics. Florence Nightingale's two greatest life achievementspioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitalswere amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics from her father and aunt, and was also tutored in mathematics by James Sylvester. In 1854, after a year as a unpaid superintendent of a London "establishment for gentlewomen during illness," the Secretary of War, Sidney Herbert, recruited Nightingale and 38 nurses for service in Scutari during the Crimean War.

7. Crimean War Memorial, Halifax of the crimean war http//www.suite101.com/welcome.cfm/6247 crimean war Hillsdale College s collection of primary sources for military history http//www http://www.newscotland1398.net/hfxrm/crimeamon.html

Home Contents Site map Chronology ... Halifax R.M. Welsford-Parker Monument Crimean War A rare pre-Confederation war memorial Old Burying Ground Halifax Nova Scotia Located on the west side of Barrington Street, south of Spring Garden Road Crimean war memorial monument, east face Inscription: upper east face Sebastopol Alma Redan These three photographs, next above and below, have been digitally enhanced to show details more clearly. Major A.F. Welsford Captain W.B.C.A. Parker Crimean war memorial monument, looking northeast Crimean war memorial monument, west face Inscription: west face Inkerman Balaklava Tchernaya The above photographs were taken on 28 November 2002. Dates of major Crimean War Battles OS means Old Style (Russian calendar) NS means New Style (British calendar) In the 1850s these two calendars were twelve days apart. Siege of Sevastopol (Sebastopol) October 1854 to September 1855 Map: Crimean War (1853-1856) Source: http://www.batteryb.com/Crimean_War/index2.htm Crimean War Monument, Halifax, Nova Scotia Source: Canadian Illustrated News

8. Jensen's Web Sources For Wars & World Military History Periodicals from USAF Air University. Civil war history best scholarly resource; recent issues online via 1911 edition) crimean war documents. history of the Russian Navy , a fine http://tigger.cc.uic.edu/~rjensen/military.html

Web Sources for Military History by Richard Jensen professor emeritus of history, U of Illinois-Chicago RJensen@uic.edu June 2004 this is online at http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/military.html A. Searches/ General B. Ancient C. Medieval ... S. Sea Power send suggestions to RJensen@uic.edu A. Searches/ General The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Sixth Edition (2001) recomended Bibliography Encyclopedia Britannica complete text of monumental 11th edition (1910); excellent source for all topics as of that date Google best web search engine Library catalog for U California recommended Scholarly Articles and Book Reviews military history books: new or reprinted America: History and Life Abstracts of 400,000+ history articles from ABC-CLIO; 1950-present; campus subscription required (check with Librarian) recommended some of the journals are available online in JSTOR or Project MUSE Ingenta search free (or purchase) scholarly articles from all journals, last decade or so recommended Index to Military Periodicals from USAF Air University Civil War History best scholarly resource; recent issues online via Project Muse and Infotrac; consult librarian

9. RootsWeb: Genealogy Mailing Lists: CRIMEAN-WAR For those with an interest in either the history or genealogy of the crimean war. http://lists.rootsweb.com/index/other/Military/CRIMEAN-WAR.html

Military: CRIMEAN-WAR Mailing List CRIMEAN-WAR-L Topic: Genealogical or historical interest in the Crimean War (1854-1856). For questions about this list, contact the list administrator at CRIMEAN-WAR-admin@rootsweb.com. Subscribing. Clicking on one of the shortcut links below should work, but if your browser doesn't understand them, try these manual instructions: to join CRIMEAN-WAR-L , send mail to CRIMEAN-WAR-L-request@rootsweb.com with the single word subscribe in the message subject and body. To join CRIMEAN-WAR-D, do the same thing with CRIMEAN-WAR-D-request@rootsweb.com. Subscribe to CRIMEAN-WAR-L Subscribe to CRIMEAN-WAR-D (digest) Unsubscribing. To leave CRIMEAN-WAR-L , send mail to CRIMEAN-WAR-L-request@rootsweb.com with the single word unsubscribe in the message subject and body. To leave CRIMEAN-WAR-D, do the same thing with CRIMEAN-WAR-D-request@rootsweb.com. Unsubscribe from CRIMEAN-WAR-L Unsubscribe from CRIMEAN-WAR-D (digest) Archives. You can search the archives for a specific message or browse them, going from one message to another. Some list archives are not available; if there is a link here to an archive but the link doesn't work, it probably just means that no messages have been posted to that list yet. Search the CRIMEAN-WAR archives Browse the CRIMEAN-WAR archives RootsWeb is funded and supported by Ancestry.com

10. Crimean War Alex's military history page, the crimean war 18541856 the story of how the British and French struggled to take Sevastopol, thin red line The crimean war. Sevastopol from the sea. Balaklava harbour. The crimean war an overview to 1856, Britain fought its only European war between the ending of the Napoleonic conflict in http://www.geocities.com/Broadway/Alley/5443/crimwar1.htm

The Crimean War Sevastopol from the sea Balaklava harbour The Crimean War: an overview         In the years 1854 to 1856, Britain fought its only European war between the ending of the Napoleonic conflict in 1815 and the opening of the Great War in 1914. Although eventually victorious,the British and their French allies pursued the war with little skill and it became a byword for poor generalship and logistical incompetence.          The war began in March 1854 and by the end of the summer, the Franco-British forces had driven the Russians out of Wallachia and Moldavia. The fighting should have ended there, but it was decided that the great Russian naval base at Sevastopol was a direct threat to the future security of the region and in September 1854 the French and British landed their armies on the Crimean peninsula.          From their landing beaches the allies marched southward to invest Sevastopol. On the way they fought their first major battle. At the River Alma, a Russian army tried unsuccessfully to prevent the Allies crossing the river and scaling the heights beyond. The defeated Russians retreated inland  and as the siege of Sevastopol began a regrouped Russian army hovered menacingly on the flank of the British army who were using the inlet of Balaklava as its supply harbour. Sevastopol was invulnerable to any kind of seaborne attack and her landward defences were also formidable. Soon the major strongpoints in the defences, the Redan, the little Redan and the Malakoff bastion, would become household words in Britain.

11. BBC - History - The Crimean War 1854 - 1856 Post WWII 1945 2002. Victorians. The crimean war 1854 - 1856. In 1853, Russia sent troops to defend Christians within the Ottoman Empire. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/vic_crimean_war.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index TUESDAY 8th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! British Timeline Neolithic and Bronze Ages 8300 - 750 BC Iron Age 751 BC - AD 42 Romano Britain AD 43 - 409 Invaders Anglo-Normans The Middle Ages Late Medieval ... Post WWII Victorians The Crimean War 1854 - 1856 In 1853, Russia sent troops to defend Christians within the Ottoman Empire. Within months, Russian troops had occupied parts of the Ottoman Empire and the Turks declared war. On 28 March 1854, looking to prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France (with Austrian backing) also declared war on Russia. In September 1854, Allied troops invaded the Crimea and within a month were besieging the Russian held city of Sebastopol. On 25 October 1854, the Russians were driven back at the Battle of Balaclava (including the foolhardy Charge of the Light Brigade). Eleven days later, the Battle of Inkerman was also fought (with high casualties on both sides). Poorly supplied and with little medical assistance (despite the self-publicity of Florence Nightingale), the British troops suffered immense casualties - 4,600 died in battle; 13,000 were wounded; and 17,500 died of disease. The French and British forced the fall of Sebastopol on 11 September 1855 and peace was subsequently concluded at Paris. Within fifteen years, the Russian were back in Sebastopol and rearming.

12. BBC Online - Beyond The Broadcast - Making History Ensign Butts? Michael Hargreave Mawson, Making history s crimean war specialist, revealed a remarkable story. Frederick John Butts http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/beyond/factsheets/makhist/makhist4_prog4c.shtml

Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index TUESDAY 8th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage BBC Learning Beyond the Broadcast Home Catalogue A-Z Factsheets A-Z Cashwise ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Choose a category FACTSHEETS (free online) Radio 4 factsheets A-Z Information: other formats CATALOGUE (to buy) A-Z of all titles Animals, Nature, Gardening Art, Design, Antiques Film, Photography, Music Healthy Living History Languages Literature and Religion Science, Technology For information about obtaining this factsheet in other formats, click here Making History main page General history links Family and local history books Making History Ensign Butts in the Crimean War John Barnes asked about an ancestor, Ensign Butts, who was present at the Battle of the Alma and had the distinction of placing the British flag on the Heights of Alma. The flag is still in St Paul's Cathedral, but what happened to Ensign Butts? Michael Hargreave Mawson, Making History 's Crimean War specialist, revealed a remarkable story. Frederick John Butts joined the 77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot as an Ensign, by purchase, on 18 March 1853. War broke out just over a year later and Butts and his regiment went off to the Crimea, where they landed on 14 September 1854. Six days later came the first battle of the war - the bloody battle of the Alma, where the Russians had expected to hold the allied forces at bay for at least three weeks. The battle was over in three hours. Soon after the battle Butts was temporarily attached to the 7th (Royal Fusiliers) Regiment which had suffered many casualties amongst officers as a result of Alma. On 5 November 1854, Ensign Butts was in command of 40 Fusiliers in a ravine near Sebastopol. His men came under attack from the Russian armies, advancing to what became known as the Battle of Inkermann. He lost 27 killed or wounded, and seven men were taken prisoner. One of the prisoners was Butts himself and he was escorted away from the battlefield by the two Russian soldiers who had accepted his surrender but, foolishly, had not disarmed him. On the march to Sebastopol, his Russian guards took a rest break and one of them took the opportunity to go to sleep. This gave Butts the chance he was looking for. He surreptitiously re-capped his revolver, shot the wakeful soldier and took the sleeping man prisoner, marching him back to the British lines.

13. The History Of The Russian Navy. The Crimean War. The crimean war was the first in the history of Russia in which battles took place simultaneously on all the seas and oceans adjacent to the Empire. http://www.navy.ru/history/hrn8-e.htm

The Crimean War On the Eve of War Sinop Sevastopol To the North and East On the Eve of War Emperor Nicholas I paid considerable attention to the fleet and became personally involved in its development. Ascending the throne, in December of 1825, as the rebellious Decembrists were gathering in Senate Square, he was particularly disconcerted that among them were many valued members of the navy. In fact, two of the most outstanding officers of the fleet, Nikolay Bestuzhev and Konstantin Torson, had played leading roles in secret reform societies. Consequently, after suppressing the Decembrists, Nicholas I laid particular emphasis upon the training of new officers, while insisting upon their loyalty to the throne. During his reign, the Emperor visited the Naval Cadet Corps 97 times-more than any other ruler of Russia. Admiral Ivan Kruzenstern, director of the Naval College from 1827 to 1842, did much for the improvement of that institution. At Kruzenstern's urging, an officers' class was formed to elevate students' skills to the highest achievable level. This class was the direct predecessor of the Naval War College. After approving the new crew assignments and roster, Nicholas I ordered the expansion of the Russian fleet to 27 ships of the line in the Baltic and fifteen in the Black Sea. By the first half of the nineteenth century, Russian sailing ships were among the best constructed in the world. On the Black Sea the three-decked Dvyenadtsat Apostolov was armed with cannon that fired mammoth 68-pound cannonballs; on the Baltic the 120-gun Rossiya was capable of firing 3,000 pounds of cannonballs in a single volley. However, a new phase of maritime engineering was beginning, and the completion of the first Russian steamer in 1815 harbingered the end of the era of sailing vessels. In the 1820's the armed steamers Izhora, Meteor and others were already deployed in the Baltic and Black seas. Engineering continued to advance, and within a decade were launched the larger war steamers Hercules and Bogatyr [Hero].

14. Caring For The Men, The History Of Civil War Medicine The history of Civil war Medicine. When the war began, the United States Army medical staff consisted of clean up the filth of the crimean war. The tentative United States http://www.civilwarhome.com/medicinehistory.htm

Caring for the Men The History of Civil War Medicine When the war began, the United States Army medical staff consisted of only the surgeon general, thirty surgeons, and eighty-three assistant surgeons. Of these, twenty-four resigned to "go South," and three other assistant surgeons were promptly dropped for "disloyalty." Thus the medical corps began its war service with only eighty seven men. When the war ended in 1865, more than eleven thousand doctors had served or were serving, many of these as acting assistant surgeons, uncommissioned and working under contract, often on a part-time basis. They could wear uniforms if they wished and were usually restricted to general hospitals away from the fighting front. The Confederate Army began by taking the several state militias into service, each regiment equipped with a surgeon and an assistant surgeon, appointed by the state governors. The Confederate Medical Department started with the appointment on May 4 of Daniel De Leon, one of three resigned United States surgeons, as acting surgeon general. After a few weeks he was replaced by another acting surgeon general, who on July 1,1861, was succeeded by Samuel Preston Moore. He took the rank of colonel and stayed on duty until the collapse of the Confederacy. In that era of "heroic dosing" Moore foresaw shortages in drugs, surgical instruments, and hospital supplies. He established laboratories for drug manufacture and took prompt steps to purchase needed supplies from Europe. In the course of time, capture of Union warehouses and hospitals played an increasing role in the Confederate supply. As an additional precaution he procured and distributed widely a book on native herbs and other plants that grew wild in the South and were believed to possess curative qualities. As a result, despite frequent shortages of some drugs, the Confederate record was a good one.

15. WHKMLA : History Of The Crimean War, 1853-1856 Western New England College The crimean war, from British Forces.con, text links The crimean war 18541856, from Alex s Military history Homepage, several http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/19cen/crimeanwar.html

Russian Foreign Policy 1815-1856 British Foreign Policy Mid 19th Century The Crimean War of 1853-1856 A.) The Diplomatic situation before the War In the first half of the 19th century, the Czar was the leading proponent of the HOLY ALLIANCE, intent to guarantee the inviolability of the political order of Europe. In Asia, however, Russia pursued a policy of expansion, which was successful especially in the Caucasus region, but also in Central Asia, where the ELDER HORDE of the Kazakhs was subjugated in 1847. Britain eyed at Russian expansion with suspicion, fearing that Russia might at one time gain access to the world's oceans and challenge British supremacy on the sea. B.) The Cause of the War In December 1852 the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, giving in on French pressure, transferred the key to (and control over) the CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE (hitherto Orthodox) to the Catholic Church. Russia, claiming to be the protector of the Orthodox christians living in the Ottoman Empire, demanded it to be restored to the Greek Orthodox Church. Britain and France were opposed to an expansion of Russian influence in the region and dispatched a fleet to the Dardanelles (June 1853); in August, the Russians occupied the Duchies of MOLDAVIA and VLACHIA. C.) The Military Cource of Events

16. Hotel OREANDA, Yalta, Crimea. Excursion Sevastopol Panorama The crimean war is regarded as a turning point of history. The worldknown panoramic painting The Defence of Sevastopol, 1854-1855 http://www.hotel-oreanda.com/eng/tour_sevastopol.jsp

17. Crimean War veterans. (Sabretache). A Century of Photographs 1846 1946 Roger Fenton, Photographer of the crimean war (US history). CHARGE TO http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0814043.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Crimean War [kr I m E u n] Pronunciation Key Crimean War Eastern Question . The more immediate occasion was a dispute between Russia and France over the Palestinian holy places. Challenging the claim of Russia to guardianship of the holy places, France in 1852 secured from Sultan Abd al-Majid certain privileges for the Latin churches. Russian counterdemands were turned down (1853) by the Ottoman government. In July, 1853, Russia retorted by occupying the Ottoman vassal states of Moldavia and Walachia, and in October, after futile negotiations, the Ottomans declared war. In Mar., 1854, England and France, having already dispatched fleets to the Black Sea, declared war on Russia; Sardinia followed suit in Jan., 1855. Austria remained neutral, but by threatening to enter the war on the Ottoman side forced Russia to evacuate Moldavia and Walachia, which were occupied (Aug., 1854) by Austrian troops. In Sept., 1854, allied troops landed in the Crimea, with the object of capturing Sevastopol . The Russian fortress, defended by

18. Crimean War A Century of Photographs 1846 1946 Roger Fenton, Photographer of the crimean war (US history) . Search HighBeam Research for http://www.infoplease.com/cgi-bin/id/CE013272

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Crimean War [kr I m E u n] Pronunciation Key Crimean War Eastern Question . The more immediate occasion was a dispute between Russia and France over the Palestinian holy places. Challenging the claim of Russia to guardianship of the holy places, France in 1852 secured from Sultan Abd al-Majid certain privileges for the Latin churches. Russian counterdemands were turned down (1853) by the Ottoman government. In July, 1853, Russia retorted by occupying the Ottoman vassal states of Moldavia and Walachia, and in October, after futile negotiations, the Ottomans declared war. In Mar., 1854, England and France, having already dispatched fleets to the Black Sea, declared war on Russia; Sardinia followed suit in Jan., 1855. Austria remained neutral, but by threatening to enter the war on the Ottoman side forced Russia to evacuate Moldavia and Walachia, which were occupied (Aug., 1854) by Austrian troops. In Sept., 1854, allied troops landed in the Crimea, with the object of capturing Sevastopol . The Russian fortress, defended by

19. The Crimean War (1854-56) Written by Simon Heseltine Copyright 2002 by PageWise, Inc. Your are here Pagewise Home history historyEvents19th Century The crimean war (185456). http://mo.essortment.com/thecrimeanwar_rezc.htm

The Crimean War (1854-56) Read how the Crimean War started as an argument over holy ground, and was characterised by inept commanding by the British and French. The Crimean War (1854-56) developed because of an argument between the French and Russian religious fraternities over who should have access and right to holy areas in the Middle East, namely Nazareth and Jerusalem. It seems that religion has a lot to answer for when it comes to war, because inevitably discussions turned to arguments, which turned to violence, which resulted in death on both sides. The whole debate had been escalated to a level beyond all reason. The situation was compounded when the Russians, under the directive of Tsar Nicholas I, moved troops into the area, supposedly in order to shield the aforementioned sacred grounds. The more sceptical of the neutral observers around at the time, may have thought that this military movement had slightly more sinister overtones and they would have been right! Not long after positioning troops in the Middle East, then a part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, the Russians upped the stakes by massacring a small fleet of Turkish boats, an act that the Turks must respond to. bodyOffer(27286) Back in England, there was more than a murmuring of discontentment from the British government over the acts of the Russians. After all, they had initiated military manoeuvres, that, if proved successful would give them control of an area vital to the Mediterranean trade route so necessary to the British. The French, eager to be allied to the British, began discussions with them, and consequently both countries sent expeditionary forces to the Balkans to confront the Russians.

20. Documents On The Crimean War Contemporary accounts of the war, Inkerman and Balaclava in particular, provided by Hillsdale College. http://www.hillsdale.edu/academics/history/War/19Crim.htm

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