61. Messenger--Nov-Dec 2000--From The City And Beyond report, Diminishing Returns crime and incarceration in the 1990s, examined the relationshipof incarceration and crime rates for all fifty states between 1991 http://www.geocities.com/ccnymess/novdec2000/beyondcuny.html

Messenger Nov - Dec 2000 Table of Contents Messenger Home CCNY'S INDEPENDENT STUDENT NEWSPAPER NOV - DEC 2000 VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 From the City and Beyond Diversity, Badillo-style The University of Wisconsin admissions office was caught red-handed when they admitted to digitally manipulating a photo on the cover of their application in an attempt to portray the school as racially diverse. Undergraduate admissions director Rob Seltzer, apparently unaware of what diversity means, authorized splicing the face of a black student, Diallo Shabazz, into the picture of a crowd of white students cheering at a UW football game after an unsuccessful search for a photo that would show the school's diversity. Sharp-eyed staffers at the student newspaper caught the photo. Shabazz told the Chicago Sun-Times that "it's a symptom of a much larger problem...Diversity on [the UW] campus is not really being dealt with. People really don't care about the photo itself. People care about having more students of color on campus." Rudy Giuliani: a kinder, gentler bigot

62. Crime Is Down street prices, potentially increasing crime, but may mean fewer users, thus decreasingcrime;. incarceration ratesfor the last 10 years most states have built http://www.shsu.edu/~pin_www/T@S/2000/CrimeDown.html

SHSU Homepage SHSU NEWS Today@Sam Headlines Calendar Notices ... Submissions ACCESS SAM SHSU Experts SHSU Stats Sam the Man SHSU History THE WEB Huntsville Item The Houstonian Newspapers Weather ... Useful Links THE ARTS Concerts Galleries SPORTS SHSU Athletics Rec. Sports ACADEMICS Departments Faculty Students REGISTRATION Schedules Catalogues Request Info ABOUT SHSU Tour SHSU General Info Maps ADMINISTRATION The President Staff Intranet SHSU RELATIONS Advancement Alumni Public Relations DIRECTORIES Phone E-Mail Post Office Search SHSU ... News Archives Crime Is Down But Why? S ince 1991, crime rates have been dropping. In the last year (1998) for which figures are available, major crime decreased by an estimated 7 percent nationally and 5.2 percent in Texas. Preliminary reports on the incidence of crime in 1999 indicate a continuing drop. Nationally in 1998, according to Uniform Crime Report data reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, robbery was down 11 percent, motor vehicle theft 10 percent, murder 8 percent, burglary 7 percent, larceny 6 percent, and sexual assault and aggravated assault 5 percent each. No longer is it a question of whether crime is decreasing, but of "Why?" Larry Hoover, director of the Police Research Center at Sam Houston State University, offered some answers.

63. TalkLeft: The Politics Of Crime Court of Justice asked the United States to review in Iraq who haven t been chargedwith a crime. on probation today, sparing her a sentence of incarceration. http://www.talkleft.com/

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64. Crime In America Other states and the federal government are considering incarceration incapacitatesviolent criminals and keeps them arrest rates reduces the crime rate, and http://www.probe.org/docs/crime.html

Crime in America Kerby Anderson Case #1: Polly Klaas of Petaluma, California, was abducted from her suburban home during a sleepover with two friends on October 1, 1993, and subsequently murdered. Her alleged assailant, Richard Allen Davis, had been sentenced to sixteen years in prison for kidnapping, but was released in June after serving only eight years of that sentence. Case #2: Michael Jordan's father, James Jordan, was fatally shot in the chest on Interstate 95 in North Carolina on July 23, 1993. Charged with the murder were Larry Martin Demery and Daniel Andre Green. Demery had been charged in three previous cases involving theft, robbery, and forgery. He was awaiting trial for bashing a convenience-store clerk in the head with a cinder block during a robbery. Green had been paroled after serving two years of a six- year sentence for attempting to kill a man by smashing him in the head with an axe, leaving his victim in a coma for three months. Americans are scared, and they are angry. The scary orgy of violent crime has made average citizens afraid to walk the streets in front of their homes. And this fear has fueled a public cry to end the killing fields in America. Americans have had enough, and they want to know why known criminals were let back out on the streets so they could kill Polly Klaas and James Jordan. In America, the crime clock continues to click: one murder every 22 minutes, one rape every 5 minutes, one robbery every 49 seconds, and one burglary every 10 seconds. And the cost of crime continues to mount: $78 billion for the criminal justice system, $64 billion for private protection, $202 billion in loss of life and work, $120 billion in crimes against business, $60 billion in stolen goods and fraud, $40 billion from drug abuse, and $110 billion from drunk driving. When you add up all the costs, crime costs Americans a stunning $675 billion each year.

65. Prisonwatch nice runup and some good stats, so .The this wonderful news Violent crimesand crimes against property logic of increasing levels of incarceration at a http://www.timesizing.com/2jailvu.htm

PrisonWatch TM vs. Timesizing Home Page Problem - We're constantly introducing higher levels of work-saving technology - but keeping our workweek frozen at a high 1940 level suited to the low technology of that time. Since then, we've responded to new technology by downsizing , not timesizing . We're running/ruining the economy with a surplus of labor instead of a surplus of jobs and confident consumers. We talk a lot about education while offering little job training . Result? We've made it easier to earn a dishonest living than an honest ). First, consider this story - Woman is charged in robbery attempt , AP via 1/02/2000 Boston Globe, A6. Olathe, Kan. - A bank robbery-turned-hostage standoff ended early yesterday.... The suspect was charged... with brandishing a firearm. 'I had nothing to lose,' the woman...said in a phonecall during the standoff. 'I lost it all, lost my job, lost my family.' Then, check out voices from inside - * U.S. and * U.K. 1 longer prison story (shorter ones now stay on our general badnews page or oftener, on our

66. The Crime Of Black Imprisonment Even alphabetical order is more reliable than incarceration rates when predictingcrime rates Three states among the first 15 alphabetically rank in the http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/ceml_articles/continuing.html

THE CONTINUING CRIME OF BLACK IMPRISONMENT by The Committee to End the Marion Lockdown 3/27/95 The least controversial observation that one can make about American criminal justice today is that it is remarkably ineffective, absurdly expensive, grossly inhumane, and riddled with discrimination. The beating of Rodney King was a reminder of the ruthlessness and racism that characterize many big city police departments. But the other aspects of the justice system, especially sentencing practices and prison conditions, are every bit as harsh and unfair.(1) The Committee to End the Marion Lockdown (CEML) was founded in 1985 to fight against the brutality of the United States Penitentiary at Marion. In 1987, we wrote that by the year 2000 the U.S. might have 1,000,000 people in prison. At that time U.S. prisons held 561,000 people, and most of our friends thought the notion of 1,000,000 prisoners was foolish. In the Fall of 1994, the U.S. announced that it sent its millionth human being to prison in June,(2) more than five years sooner than the projection that was considered foolish just a few years ago. What we would like to do in this paper is examine the growth of imprisonment in the U.S. We will then analyze the nature of crime, and then the relationship between crime and imprisonment. Since crime and imprisonment are in fact not closely related, we will conclude the article by discussing why the U.S. is sending so many people to prison. IMPRISONMENT

67. Incarceration & Drugs Between 1850 and the late 1970 s, the United States incarceration rate remainedrelatively Because of the tough on crime cachet since the late 1970 s, the http://members.tripod.com/~ronmull/drugs.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" War on Narcotics Imperils Justice System By: John L. Kane Jr., U.S. Senior District Judge of Denver Nearly everyone is disenchanted with the U.S. criminal justice system, which is seen as excessively expensive, conceptually confused, increasingly unfair and pervasively ineffectual. Social scientists espouse views wedded to determinism, insisting that now this and now that social dynamic biological condition or psychological force causes criminal behavior and that self-control has little, if anything, to do with one's conduct. Politicians leap from captious harangues to capricious remedies without reflection or inspiration. Frustrated citizens cling to the fundamental ideals that individuals are responsible for their acts and must be held accountable. Lawyers and jurists quibble about balancing these interests, taking great care to avoid any moral judgment so that all viewpoints - even the contradictory - may enjoy the illusion of relevance and predominance. The process twists and distorts language to the extent that a "life sentence" means temporary confinement, and "life without parole" means daily work release and unescorted furloughs. Flawed studies and statistics are used to promote whatever policy is in vogue.

68. Prevention Dividend Project: Data Sources prevention.org/english/publications/question/incarceration.html. of Justice, NationalInstitute of Justice, United States the explicit costs of crime to society http://prevention-dividend.com/en/research/justice_sources.htm

Prevention Dividend Research: DATA SOURCES Justice General Information Workplace Health Community Health Seniors ... Family Violence Justice: Alberta Stats - Alberta Summit On Justice ©1999 Alberta Justice Contact Us Figure 6 Non-Sexual Assault Incidents by Province/Territory, 1996 Source: Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada. http://www.gov.ab.ca/justicesummit/stats/fig06.htm Canadian Crime Statistics Providing information and charts showing crime figures in Canada, with specific information for Alberta. Site provided by Alberta Justice. http://www.gov.ab.ca/just/crimeprev/stats.htm Canadian Firearms Centre http://www.canadianfirearms.com Canada: Crime and Criminal Justice Canada: Crime and Criminal Justice Canadian Police College Access to Justice Network Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics Criminal Intelligence Service Department of Justice of Canada International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice. http://www.louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/govpubs/international/canada/cancrime.html

69. MotherJones.com -- Debt To Society states with the fastest increases in prison populations received no commensuratepayback in crime reduction. In West Virginia, for example, the incarceration http://www.motherjones.com/news/special_reports/prisons/overview.html

HOME NEWS COMMENTARY ARTS ... ABOUT US HOW WE GOT TO TWO MILLION How did the Land of the Free become the world's leading jailer? By Vince Beiser July 10, 2001 Photography by Andrew Lichtenstein and Gregg Segal In the heart of Los Angeles, just a few blocks from the downtown commuter hub of Union Station, stands a pair of massive concrete towers. Tinted in bland desert tones of beige and dull rose, the angular, unapologetically functional buildings could be some big corporation's headquarters, or a hospital, or perhaps a research facility. Only the windows nearly all of them narrow, vertical slits through which nothing can be seen from the outside give a clue to what the complex really is: the Twin Towers Correctional Facility, which happens to be the world's biggest jail. Linking the towers is a low-lying structure called the Inmate Reception Center. This is the first stop for every inmate taken into custody by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Each day, as many as 6,000 prisoners pass through the IRC's vast labyrinth of hallways and holding areas. It takes a staff of 800 just to log, sort, and monitor them, from booking and fingerprinting to locking them up in cells crowded with other inmates. Local taxpayers spent nearly $400 million to build the Towers in the early '90s because older jails were overflowing with arrestees. The jails, in turn, serve as gateways for the 21 new prisons the state has built since 1980. Over the past two decades, the number of inmates in those prisons has grown sevenfold, to more than 160,000. It cost California taxpayers nearly $5.3 billion to build the new lockups and it costs another $4.8 billion every year to keep them running.

70. Locked Up In Land Of The Free of London and a leading authority on incarceration. When he discusses crime andpunishment with foreign colleagues, Coyle says, the United States is such an http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0601-01.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Sunday, June 1, 2003 by the Baltimore Sun Locked Up in Land of the Free Inmates: The United States has surpassed Russia as the nation with the highest percentage of citizens behind bars. by Scott Shane With a record-setting 2 million people locked up in American jails and prisons, the United States has overtaken Russia and has a higher percentage of its citizens behind bars than any other country. Today the United States imprisons at a far greater rate not only than other developed Western nations do, but also than impoverished and authoritarian countries do Those are the latest dreary milestones resulting from a two-decade imprisonment boom that experts say has probably helped reduce crime but has also created ballooning costs and stark racial inequities. Overseas, U.S. imprisonment policy is widely seen as a blot on a society that prides itself on valuing liberty and just went to war to overturn Saddam Hussein's despotic rule in Iraq. "Why, in the land of the free, should 2 million men, women and children be locked up?" asks Andrew Coyle, director of the International Centre for Prison Studies at the University of London and a leading authority on incarceration.

71. Government Stats Expose D.C.'s Injustice System Government stats Expose DC s Injustice System. the Federal government s lower prisonincarceration rate (1,373 are on charges of a violent crime that resulted http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/dc/DCstats.html

Government Stats Expose D.C.'s Injustice System As of August 1, 1997, 96.1% of Washington, D.C. prisoners are Black, and only 1.5% are non-Hispanic white.(1) We calculate imprisonment rates per 100,000 as 2,782 for Blacks and 94 for whites (combining men and women).(4) The overall U.S. Black incarceration rate was 1,947 per 100,000 in 1992-1993, and 306 for whites.(3) This means the Black imprisonment rates are worse in D.C. than in the rest of the country, and much lower for whites. 1997 Washington, D.C. Population Breakdown 1997 Washington, D.C. Prisoner Breakdown Unlike most of the country, Washington had a declining prison population from 1992 to 1996. This is probably the result of a weak government and police force. The number of sworn police officers fell from 5,679 in 1991 to 3,815 in 1995 (the most recent number we found), so there were less people to make arrests. From 1992 to 1996 the number of prisoners per 100,000 population dropped by 12%, from 1,973 to 1,739. However, in 1997 the rate bounced back up 6%, to 1,841.(1) This counts all prisoners, while the Federal government's lower "prison incarceration rate" (1,373 in 1997) includes only those sentenced to a year or more.(2) 1997 D.C. Imprisonment Rates: Prisoners per 100,000 population

72. CNN.com - Study: Fuller Prisons Not Lowering Crime Rates - September 28, 2000 Rising incarceration rates in some states didn t bring about a commensurate dropin crime, the group said in its report, Diminishing Returns crime and http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/09/28/incarceration.study.ap/

U.S. News Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web U.S. TOP STORIES California braced for weekend of power scrounging Court order averts strike against Union Pacific railroad U.S. warning at Davos forum Two more Texas fugitives will contest extradition ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Davos protesters confront police California readies for weekend of power scrounging Capriati upsets Hingis to win Australian Open ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Study: Fuller prisons not lowering crime rates WASHINGTON (AP) Putting more people in prison doesn't automatically result in less crime, says an organization that advocates alternatives to incarceration.

73. Gendercide Watch: Incarceration And The Death Penalty incarceration as Gendercide (3) The Americas. and resources of Stop Prisoner Rapein the United States). mysteriously continues to rise as crime rates fall http://www.gendercide.org/case_imprisonment.html

Select Case Anfal Campaign Armenia Bangladesh Bosnia Colombia Conscription Corvée Labour East Timor Female Infanticide "Honour" Killings Incarceration Jewish Holocaust Kashmir/Punjab Kosovo Maternal Mortality Montreal Massacre Nanjing Massacre Rwanda Soviet POW's Srebrenica Stalin's Purges Witch-Hunts Further Reading Case Study: Incarceration and the Death Penalty Focus: (1) The Soviet Gulag (2) Russia Today (3) The Americas: Central America, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, the United States Summary Incarceration and capital punishment are among the most gender-selective of all repressive institutions. In most countries of the world, the proportion of those incarcerated and executed is at least 95 percent male, often higher. Although Gendercide Watch does not consider incarceration "gendercidal" in and of itself, in certain extreme cases the associated death-toll may warrant use of the term. Orders of magnitude are also significant in deciding whether to apply the framework to capital punishment. But if the witch-hunts in early modern Europe are considered gendercides against women, then capital punishment a far more enduring and destructive institution may also qualify. Background Capital Punishment Along with military conscription, capital punishment (the death penalty) is the most male-exclusive of all gendercidal institutions. It can be estimated with confidence that men constitute between 95 and 99 percent of those executed by the state, across cultures and (with some qualification) throughout history. R.J. Rummel, for instance, notes that

74. Nat'l Academies Press, Understanding And Preventing Violence, Volume 4: (1994), in Figures 1 and 2 thus reflect a general pattern of similar increases that occurredwidely across different crime types and states. The incarceration rate for http://books.nap.edu/books/0309050790/html/303.html

Read more than 3,000 books online FREE! More than 900 PDFs now available for sale HOME ABOUT NAP CONTACT NAP HELP ... ORDERING INFO Items in cart [0] TRY OUR SPECIAL DISCOVERY ENGINE Questions? Call 800-624-6242 Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control CHAPTER SELECTOR: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-iv Contents, pp. v-x Public Perceptions and Reactions to Violent Offending and Vi..., pp. 1-66 The Costs and Consequences of Violent Behavior in the United..., pp. 67-166 Violence and Intentional Injuries: Criminal Justice and Publ..., pp. 167-216 Predicting Violent Behavior and Classifying Violent Offender..., pp. 217-295 Incarceration and Violent Crime: 1965-1988, pp. 296-388 Index, pp. 389-397 GO TO PAGE: TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PRINTABLE PDF PAGE CHAPTER PAGE SEARCH THIS BOOK: The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. FIGURE 3 Crime mix among resident inmates in 1986: percent of total inmates by most serious convicted offense in the United States (represented by a dash), and in individual states with the lowest and highest percents among the six states in this study. SOURCE: For U.S. percents, Bureau of Justice Statistics (1988).

75. Make Criminal Penalties Fit The Severity Of The Crime is cancer or addiction, is effectively treated by incarceration. in education spendingin many states and undermines basis, so that punishments fit the crime. http://www.csdp.org/edcs/page26.htm

T he E FFECTIVE N ATIONAL D RUG C ONTROL S TRATEGY GOAL NUMBER TWO: REDUCE THE HARM CAUSED BY THE "WAR ON DRUGS" OBJECTIVE: MAKE CRIMINAL PENALTIES FIT THE SEVERITY OF THE CRIME Rationale: The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 radically changed sentencing in drug cases. The new law required judges to sentence individuals based on mandatory guidelines, eliminating most judicial discretion. Congress enacted mandatory sentencing statutes as part of the Omnibus Drug Control Act of 1986. Federal judges have strongly opposed mandatory sentencing as have many other law enforcement experts. In fact, every judicial circuit, as well as the Criminal Law Committee of the Judicial Conference and the Federal Courts Study Commission have opposed mandatory minimum sentencing. The combination of stringent guidelines and mandatory sentencing along with similar harsh sentencing penalties adopted by most states has produced a burgeoning rate of incarceration in the United States. Prisons should be a solution of last resort. Addiction is a disease, and no disease, whether it is cancer or addiction, is effectively treated by incarceration. Moreover, our nation's addiction to prison building has contributed to declines in education spending in many states and undermines the global competitiveness of our country. Recommendation 1: End mandatory minimum sentencing (statutory and guideline).

76. Attorney - Incarceration A Sound Investment By Minnesota To Ensure The Safety Of Minnesota, and each of these three states (Maine, North When you consider that ourviolent crime rate in D. Levitt, has concluded that incarceration is not http://www.co.dakota.mn.us/attorney/news/incarceratingcriminals.htm

How do I find... Real Estate Information Library Information Job Openings Links to Other Sites County Park Information County Attorney Information Court Information Vital Statistics Tax Information Where are... County Facilities County Libraries Service Centers County Parks Attorney Home About the Attorney Contact Us FAQ's ... Witnesses Dakota County Attorney's Office Incarceration A Sound Investment By Minnesota To Ensure The Safety Of Its Law-abiding Citizens Recent guest columnist Jack Rice, a criminal defense attorney from Minneapolis, expressed his concern about "the ‘lock ‘em up’ mentality in our society," implying we should divert more criminal offenders from our state’s jails and prisons to save money. While I agree with Mr. Rice that our Legislature should not remove discretion from judges and prosecutors, as these professionals must be allowed to weigh all facts and circumstances in deciding how to most appropriately address criminal activity, it is there that I part company with Mr. Rice.

77. Crooked Timber: Incarceration And The Labor Market were black) could well draw years of incarceration in rural similar to disparitiesin most other states, and has the rest, per capita or per crime, than smaller http://www.crookedtimber.org/archives/000386.html

« Sergio Vieira de Mello Front Page Greatest figures of the 20th century » August 21, 2003 Incarceration and the Labor Market Posted by Kieran Devah Pager Dissertation Award from the American Sociological Association . (I wrote about her work last year working paper from the study says, in part: How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution U.S. Inequality in Lifetime Risks of Incarceration Although growth in the U.S. Posted on August 21, 2003 06:14 AM UTC Comments Posted by Phil P Posted by Ophelia Benson same illegal thing and have very different chances of getting sent to prison for it. This is so for all kinds of crimes. See in Reason for a libertarian version of the same point. Whether to send someone to jail for a crime is not a choice that the criminal makes. Criminal justice policy and the practices of the people in the criminal justice system decide that. It is not a simple function of how much crime there is. Young men get into trouble, and do illegal things, all the time. What happens to them when they do is very much a consequence of whether they are well-educated and white or unskilled and black. Posted by Kieran Healy Posted by Posted by Kieran Healy If we get further into racial disparities, please bear in mind that something like 85% of the crimes committed by black people are also black. Letting perpetrators off more lightly when they plead the racism of the system does a terrible disservice to their victims.

78. Prison-building Boom Yields Little In Crime Reduction decade, the rate of violent crime fell by a stunning 28% in the nation overall, butonly an anemic 8% among the 10 states that stepped up incarceration the most http://www.legis.state.wi.us/senate/sen04/news/articles/art2002-065.htm

Reprinted from The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , March 24, 2002 Prison-building boom yields little in crime reduction GREGORY D. STANFORD Madison's fondness for prisons helps to explain this state's empty treasury. In the 1990s, the Legislature indulged its sweet tooth for steel bars and guard towers like never before. In the course of the decade, the rate at which Wisconsin held lawbreakers under lock and key more than doubled a jump only Texas surpassed among the states. While prisons were booming, lawbreaking was ebbing. Lock-'em-up advocates attribute the slowdown in crime to the speedup in incarceration. If that logic holds, shouldn't the states where the prison rolls swelled the most have seen the steepest drops in crime? Well, I hunted down the data on the Internet, at the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics site, and crunched some numbers. (Thank goodness for electronic spreadsheets!) Here's what I found: Over the last decade, the rate of violent crime fell by a stunning 28% in the nation overall, but only an anemic 8% among the 10 states that stepped up incarceration the most. By the way, the share of residents bunking in penitentiaries skyrocketed 116% in those Top 10 states while climbing 70% in the nation at large. Jacking up Wisconsin's incarceration rate by an enormous 143% yielded a measly 7% reduction in the violent crime rate. While this state took second place in the race to expand prisons, it finished a distant 36th in reducing murders, rapes, robberies and assaults.

79. Effective Death Penalty Reform Act in criminal incarceration rates experienced, on average, a 12.7percent decreasein crime, while the 10 States with the weakest incarceration rates experienced http://www.house.gov/young/press/fs020995.htm

Floor Speeches By Congressman Bill Young VIOLENT CRIMINAL INCARCERATION ACT OF 1995 (House of Representatives - February 09, 1995) Mr. YOUNG of Florida. Mr. Chairman, I rise today in support of H.R. 667, the Violent Criminal Incarceration Act. This legislation represents titles V and VII of H.R. 3, the Taking Back our Streets Act, 1 of the 10 points of the Republican Contract With America, and is the fourth of the six bills we will consider which compose this important crime legislation. Today's legislation boosts the State prison grants in the 1994 Crime Control Act from $8 to $10.5 billion over 5 years while increasing the incentives for States to curtail early parole for violent offenders. In addition, the bill places restrictions on the ability of prisoners to challenge the constitutionality of their confinement and limits remedies that may be granted in a prison conditions suit. Half of the funds available each year under this act would go to States that have worked to toughen their incarceration records over the years, while the other half goes to States that have enacted `truth in sentencing' and victim notification laws. The bill also amends the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act [CRIPA] to make maximum use of administrative rather than judicial procedures and to compel judges to dismiss frivolous, false, or weak lawsuits brought by inmates. H.R. 667 also limits the remedies that can be granted or enforced in prison conditions suits, and prevents judges from placing arbitrary caps on prison populations.

80. Incarceration Rates By Race has the highest rate of female incarceration in the entire United States. Of specialinterest are the area of incarceration by gender and by crime. http://www.doc.state.ok.us/DOCS/OCJRC/OCJRC94/940650k.htm

Incarceration Rates by Race David A. Camp Abstract A review of the racial proportions and incarceration particulars of 25,240 incarcerated individuals serving a total of 66,571 sentences in Oklahoma reveals that the rates of criminal justice activity, though generally reflecting those recorded on a national basis, indicate statistically significant racial imbalances. The number of sentences being served are proportional to the inmate population averaging 2.64 sentences. The number of sentences range from one to nine, the sentence lengths range from one year to multiple life sentences. Minorities account for 41.45 percent of all incarcerations, with African-Americans comprising 31.98 percent of these. The incarceration rate of African Americans is 3,452 incarcerations per 100,000 of that race compared to 18 per 100,000 for Asians, 571 for Whites, 614 for American Indians, 438 for Hispanics, and 170 for Others. African American males total 30.83 percent of all males inmates and 30.03 percent of all males sentences. African American females account for 40.08 percent of all female inmates and 37.19 percent of all female sentences. Sentences were given for 29 defined crime areas. Three of these crimes account for 40 percent of all incarcerations. In America, racial minority represent 11.4 percent of the total U.S. population. The FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR, 1991) stated that of 10,516,399 arrests in 1990, Whites (Caucasians) accounted for 68.96 percent (7,251,862), African-Americans 28.99 percent (3,049,299), American Indian/Alaskan Natives 1.1 percent (115,345), and Asian/Pacific Islanders 0.95 percent (99,893). The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1990 indicates that national incarceration rates are also disproportional in the number of minorities present:*

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