61. Cow Madness: Disease's U.S. Emergence Highlights Role Of Feed Ban: Science News Also, even though variant creutzfeldtjacob disease (CJD) can be distinguishedfrom sporadic CJD (all other), it s difficult to do so. http://www.sciencenews.org/20040110/fob2.asp

Math Trek Splitting Terrorist Cells Food for Thought Ephedra Finale Science Safari Sounds of Music TimeLine 70 Years Ago in Science News Week of Jan. 10, 2004; Vol. 165, No. 2 , p. 19 Cow Madness: Disease's U.S. emergence highlights role of feed ban Ben Harder The first appearance in the United States of the cattle-killing ailment known as mad cow disease has rocked the beef industry and raised fears of an outbreak of a similar deadly brain disease in people. However, the threat to both people and animals in the United States remains low as long as the government enforces specific feed-processing and slaughter regulations, risk analysts say. The most crucial safeguard, according to the researchers, is a ban put in place in 1997 that prohibits feeding potentially infective animal parts to cattle. That practice, which provided cheap protein for animal feed, is the main route of transmission of the misshapen proteins that cause mad cow disease, which is formally known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The proteins, called prions, may spread when animals consume brain, spinal cord tissue, bone particles, eyes, and small intestines of infected animals. In people, prions occasionally cause the lethal brain condition known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or vCJD. New safety measures that the government has announced in recent weeks might further reduce the odds of a U.S. outbreak of vCJD in people, says George Gray of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis in Boston. One of these rules would delay the sale of meat from cattle carcasses until they're tested for BSE, and another would ban or restrict the use of processing technologies that may mix bits of nerve tissue with meat.

62. Haema/Áßìá creutzfeldtjacob disease and blood transfusion. creutzfeldt-jacob disease (CJD)is a rare and fatal human neurodegenerative condition that occurs worldwide. http://www.mednet.gr/eae/haema/h21-1.htm

HAEMA (ÁÉÌÁ) The Journal of the Hellenic Society of Haematology Journal's Home Page Volume 1, Issue 1 Volume 1, Issue 2 Volume 1, Issue 3 ... Volume 2, Issue 1 4 Papdiamantopoulou str. 115 28 Athens Greece Tel.-FAX: +30210 7211806 E-mail: eae@hol.gr Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease and blood transfusion. A review Velsa Fakitsa, Kyriaki Sofroniadou National Blood Transfusion Centre and Blood Derivatives Unit, Nikea General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece Haema 1999; 2(1): 12-17 Key words: Creutzfeldt-Jacob • spongiform encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal human neurodegenerative condition that occurs worldwide. It is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) because of characteristic spongy degeneration of the brain and its ability to be transmitted to laboratory animals. TSE also affects a range of animal species including sheep, goat, cow, mink and deer. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a TSE affecting cattle, was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1986 and over 168.000 cases have been reported since then in that country alone. Relatively small numbers of cases have also been reported in native cattle in France, the Republic of Ireland, the Nertherlands, Portugal and Switzerland. Small numbers of cases have also been reported in Canada, Denmark, the Falkland islands, Germany, Italy and Oman, but solely in animals imported from the United Kingdom The United Kingdom Government made BSE a notifiable disease in June 1988 and shortly afterwards a statutory ban on the feeding of protein derived from ruminants (e.g.cattle, sheep or goat) to any ruminant was introduced. The use in the food chain of those bovine offals considerd to pose a potential risk to humans was banned in the United Kingdom in 1989 and subsequently in other European Union countries where BSE was identified.

63. TelePathology Consultants, P.C. - Mariano Alvira, M.D. (creutzfeldtjacob disease). J. Neuropath. and Exp. Alvira MM, Mendoza M and ChedidA The fine structure of altered membranes in creutzfeldt-jacob disease. http://www.telepathology.com/staff/mariano.htm

Mariano Alvira, M.D. Pathologist (AP/CP) Spain - USA C U R R I C U L UM V I T A E BORN: Zaragoza, Spain LICENSURE: E.C.F.M.G., 1968, F.L.E.X., 1973; Illinois, 1973; Ohio, 1976. CERTIFICATION: American Board of Anatomical and Clinical Pathology, 1974; American Board of Neuropathology, 1977 SPECIALIZATION: Informatics, Surgical Pathology, Electron Microscopy. INTERNSHIP: 1969-70, Rotating Internship, Evanston Hospital, Evanston, Illinois. RESIDENCY: 1970-74, Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Evanston Hospital, Evanston, Illinois. FELLOWSHIP: 1974-75, Clinical Fellow in Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI: 1975-77, Associate Pathologist, Neuropathologist, Department of Pathology, Medical College, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. E-mail: alviram@infinet.com EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE: UNDERGRADUATE: 1959-61, University of Zaragoza, School of Sciences, Spain. MEDICAL: 1961-68, Complutense University, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.

64. UK Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit The National CreutzfeldtJakob disease Surveillance Unit. The incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is monitored in the UK by the National CJD surveillance unit based at the Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland. http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/

The National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit The incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is monitored in the UK by the National CJD surveillance unit based at the Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland. The unit brings together a team of clinical neurologists, neuropathologists and scientists specialising in the investigation of this disease. This document is intended to summarise the research in progress at the CJD unit and also provide some background information about CJD and other human spongiform encephalopathies. We have also provided some links to other resources and contrary points of view available on the Web. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance. Figures for the number of confirmed cases of the new variant of CJD and referrals of suspected cases of CJD to the surveillance unit over the last thirteen years. NCJDSU protocol for CJD surveillance across the UK. Text and figures of the latest annual report of the CJD unit (published 16th July 2003). Reporting CJD cases to public health departments - guidance document . - updated November 2003 Potential treatments for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (updated May 2004).

65. CJD Foundation Inc. Welcome to the CreutzfeldtJakob disease Foundation Website The Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease Foundation consists of members issues surrounding this fatal brain disease. Our mission is http://www.cjdfoundation.org/

CJD Conference Info Welcome to the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Foundation Website. We hope you will find all the information you need. Please feel free to call us on the HelpLine or email us at crjakob@aol.com . We will respond promptly and will address your concerns or answer your questions. The volunteers of the CJD Foundation are here to help. MISSION STATEMENT: WHO ARE WE AND WHY WE EXIST The Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease Foundation consists of members who are concerned about the complexity of issues surrounding this fatal brain disease. Our mission is to support families and loved ones touched by CJD. We carry out this mission by means of A national toll free HelpLine, (800) 659-1991 Publication of CJD Information pamphlet, September 2003 Political and public policy advocacy A Family Conference Collaboration with the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Monitoring and communicating by newsletter all of the current research and Foundation activities Collaboration with international support groups involved in similar work including: The CJD Support Network, U.K.

66. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Main Index, CDC disease in cattle, called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease"), and a disease in humans, called variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease Creutzfeldt Jakob disease http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd.htm

Site Contents BSE and CJD CJD: Infection Control Practices vCJD Fact Sheet BSE and CJD Home BSE and CJD Information and Resources News and Highlights: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Not Related to a Common Venue - New Jersey, 1995 - 2004 NEW! (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 7, 2004) Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans NEW! (Emerging Infectious Diseases June 2004) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Dairy Cow - Washington State, 2003 (Jan. 12, 2004) Includes information about the BSE, classic vs variant CJD, and CDC surveillance for prion diseases Preliminary Investigation Suggests BSE-Infected Cow in Washington State Was Likely Imported from Canada (Dec. 29, 2003) UPDATED! (Dec. 29, 2003)

67. NINDS Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Information Page CreutzfeldtJakob disease (CJD) information sheet compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? Is there any What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/cjd.htm

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Accessible version Science for the Brain The nation's leading supporter of biomedical research on disorders of the brain and nervous system Browse all disorders Browse all health organizations More about Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Studies with patients Research literature Press releases Search NINDS... (help) Contact us My privacy NINDS is part of the National Institutes of Health NINDS Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Information Page Reviewed 07-01-2001 Get Web page suited for printing Email this to a friend or colleague Table of Contents (click to jump to sections) What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease? Is there any treatment? What is the prognosis? What research is being done? ... Additional resources from MEDLINEplus What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease? Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, invariably fatal brain disorder. Typically, onset of symptoms occurs at about age 60.. There are three major categories of CJD: sporadic CJD, hereditary CJD, and acquired CJD. There is currently no single diagnostic test for CJD. The first concern is to rule out treatable forms of dementia such as encephalitis or chronic meningitis. The only way to confirm a diagnosis of CJD is by brain biopsy or autopsy. In a brain biopsy, a neurosurgeon removes a small piece of tissue from the patient's brain so that is can be examined by a neurologist. Because a correct diagnosis of CJD does not help the patient, a brain biopsy is discouraged unless it is need to rule out a treatable disorder. While CJD can be transmitted to other people, the risk of this happening is extremely small.

68. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Definition Return to top. Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseis a disorder involving rapid decrease of mental function and movement. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000788.htm

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Creuztfeldt-Jakob disease Central nervous system Alternative names Return to top Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy; Mad Cow - new variant CJD Definition Return to top Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a disorder involving rapid decrease of mental function and movement. These are abnormalities believed to be caused by damage done to the brain by a protein called a prion. This protein folds abnormally, and seems to encourage other proteins to become similarly misshapen, affecting their ability to function. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can occur sporadically (for no known reason), as a result of exposure to contaminated products. Rarely, it can be genetically inherited. The disorder itself is rare, occurring in about 1 out of 1 million people. It usually first appears in midlife, beginning between ages 20 and 70, with average age at onset of symptoms in the late 50s. However, some cases have occurred in adolescents who have received

69. MedlinePlus: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on CreutzfeldtJakob disease• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease • Mad cow disease. Prion disease. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/creutzfeldtjakobdisease.html

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Contents of this page: News From the NIH General/Overviews Research ... Statistics Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Mad cow disease You may also be interested in these MedlinePlus related pages: Brain and Nervous System Latest News Scientists Produce Cow Immune to Mad Cow Disease (05/31/2004, Reuters Health) Prions Found in Sheep Muscle (05/24/2004, United Press International) Human Mad Cow Disease Estimates in UK May Be Higher (05/21/2004, Reuters Health) Statement on Texas Cow with Central Nervous System Symptoms (05/04/2004, Food and Drug Administration) Study of Growth Hormone Treatment and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Underscores Need for Prevention of Adrenal Crises (04/07/2004, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) From the National Institutes of Health Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary General/Overviews Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Questions and Answers Regarding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) (National Center for Infectious Diseases) Research NIAID Research on Prion Diseases (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) NIAID Researchers Identify New Drugs to Treat "Mad Cow"-Like Disease in Mice

70. Redirect http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?123400

71. Lancet 1996; 347: 921 25 A new variant of CreutzfeldtJakob disease in the UK. We report ten casesof CJD in the UK with clinical onset of disease in 1994 and 1995. http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/lancet.htm

Lancet A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK R G Will, J W Ironside, M Zeidler, S N Cousens, K Estibeiro, A Alperovitch, S Poser, M Pocchiari, A Hofman, P G Smith Summary Background Epidemiological surveillance of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was reinstituted in the UK in 1990 to identify any changes in the occurrence of this disease after the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. Methods Case ascertainment of CJD was mostly by direct referral from neurologists and neuropathologists. Death certificates on which CJD was mentioned were also obtained. Clinical details were obtained for all referred cases, and information on potential risk factors for CJD was obtained by a standard questionnaire administered to patients' relatives. Neuropathological examination was carried out on approximately 70% of suspect cases. Epidemiological studies of CJD using similar methodology to the UK study have been carried out in France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands between 1993 and 1995. Findings Ten cases of CJD have been identified in the UK in recent months with a new neuropathological profile. Other consistent features that are unusual include the young age of the cases, clinical findings, and the absence of the electroencephalogram features typical for CJD. Similar cases have not been identified in other countries in the European surveillance system.

72. BSE, CJD, Mad Cow Disease, Disease Information, NCID, CDC Infectious diseases Information Index. Infectious disease Information. BSE and CJD Information and Resources. Information sheets and publications as Mad Cow disease, and CreutzfeldtJakob disease, CJD) Encephalopathy ("Mad Cow disease") and New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/sub_bse.htm

Infectious Disease Information Contents Infectious Diseases Information Index Useful Sites Infectious Disease Information BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, known as Mad Cow Disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, CJD) BSE and CJD Information and Resources Information sheets and publications Travelers' Health Information on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ("Mad Cow Disease") and New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (nvCJD) Information and updates on risks, precautions Top of Page NCID Home Disease Information NCID Organization ... Health Topics A-Z This page last reviewed May 23, 2001 National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Privacy Policy Accessibility

73. CJDVoice.org    Support  - Education - News Updates - Chat find help, support, understanding and information concerning Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, CJD. http://members.aol.com/larmstr853/cjdvoice/cjdvoice.htm

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74. CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy And Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Ba Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease Background,Evolution, and Current Concerns. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol7no1/brown.htm

Current Issue Vol. 7, No. 1 Jan–Feb 2001 Download Article PDF Help Feedback Perspective Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Background, Evolution, and Current Concerns Paul Brown,* Robert G. Will,† Raymond Bradley,‡ David M. Asher,§ and Linda Detwiler¶ *National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; †National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland; ‡Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, UK; §Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA; ¶Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robbinsville, New Jersey, USA The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the United Kingdom, which began in 1986 and has affected nearly 200,000 cattle, is waning to a conclusion, but leaves in its wake an outbreak of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, most probably resulting from the consumption of beef products contaminated by central nervous system tissue. Although averaging only 10-15 cases a year since its first appearance in 1994, its future magnitude and geographic distribution (in countries that have imported infected British cattle or cattle products, or have endogenous BSE) cannot yet be predicted. The possibility that large numbers of apparently healthy persons might be incubating the disease raises concerns about iatrogenic transmissions through instrumentation (surgery and medical diagnostic procedures) and blood and organ donations. Government agencies in many countries continue to implement new measures to minimize this risk.

75. WHO Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease scrapie is a common disease in sheep and goats on Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - disease Outbreak News Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/bse

76. REGENT Antiseptics: IPQ Test You are in Home Education Research Test your Knowledge CreutzfeldtJacob disease (CJD). Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD) These http://www.regentantiseptics.com/regentweb/ipq.nsf/quizform?openform&parentunid=

77. FDA/CFSAN - Commonly Asked Questions About BSE In Products Regulated By FDA's Ce Does BSE affect people? There is a disease similar to BSE called CreutzfeldtJacobdisease (CJD) that is found in people. A variant http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/bsefaq.html

FDA Home Page CFSAN Home Search/Subject Index Help January 14, 2004; Updated January 30, 2004 Commonly Asked Questions About BSE in Products Regulated by FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) In light of the December 23, 2003, diagnosis of BSE in a single cow that had been imported into the United States, CFSAN has reviewed the products it regulates to ensure their safety. What is "Mad Cow Disease" (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy/BSE)? Mad Cow Disease is the commonly used name for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a slowly progressive, degenerative, fatal disease affecting the central nervous system of adult cattle. Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has conducted aggressive surveillance of the highest risk cattle going to slaughter in the United States, in which 10,000- 20,000 animals per year have been tested. To date, the only cow that has been found to be affected with BSE was the one diagnosed with BSE in December 2003. What causes BSE? The exact cause of BSE is not known but it is generally accepted by the scientific community that infectious forms of a type of protein, prions, normally found in animals cause BSE. In cattle with BSE, these abnormal prions initially occur in the small intestines and tonsils, and are found in central nervous tissues, such as the brain and spinal cord, and other tissues of infected animals experiencing later stages of the disease.

78. Alzheimer's Society Information Sheet - What Is CJD? Alzheimer s Society go to home page. What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)? Thebest-known prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or CJD. http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/Facts_about_dementia/What_is_dementia/info_CJD.htm

breadCrumbs("http://www.alzheimers.org.uk","/","index.htm","crumb","crumb","crumb","0"); Helpline / Ask a question Contact us Make a donation Membership ... Fundraising events What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)? Prions are infectious agents that attack the central nervous system and then invade the brain, causing dementia. The best-known prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or CJD. This information sheet provides an overview of the symptoms and different types of CJD. Prion disease Prions are abnormal forms of protein that are extremely hardy and cannot be eradicated by normal sterilisation procedures. Their presence in the brain results in spongiform encephalopathy, so-called because areas of the brain where cells have died take on a sponge-like appearance when viewed under the microscope. There are a number of prion diseases that affect humans. These include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, as well as two extremely rare inherited diseases, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was first reported by two German doctors (Creutzfeldt and Jakob) in 1920.

79. Health Canada - Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Variant CJD) May 2003. Information. Variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease (Variant CJD).CJD is a rare disease that affects the central nervous system. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/diseases/cjd/bg4.html

Backgrounders First Canadian Case of Variant CJD Frequently Asked Questions about Variant CJD Health Canada's CJD Surveillance System Variant CJD ... Blood Safety and Variant CJD Other Links CJD Surveillance System Infection Control Guidelines (CJD) Information on Mad Cow Disease (BSE) May 2003 Information Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Variant CJD) CJD is a rare disease that affects the central nervous system. There are two types of CJD, classical and a new form, called variant CJD. Variant CJD was first diagnosed in the United Kingdom in 1996. As of July 2, 2002, there have been 134 definite or probable cases of variant CJD reported worldwide, mostly in European countries. It is linked to eating contaminated beef products from animals infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or "mad-cow disease." The origin of BSE in cattle remains unknown, but the epidemic that occurred in the United Kingdom is believed to have resulted from feeding cattle meat-and-bone meal (rendered ruminant protein) containing the tissues of BSE-infected ruminants. Animals with BSE may show a number of different symptoms including nervous or aggressive behaviour, abnormal posture, lack of co-ordination or difficulty in rising from a lying position, decreased milk production, and weight loss despite an increased appetite. These symptoms may last for a period of two to six months before the animal dies. For more information about BSE, see the

80. Diagnosis Of Creutzfeldt - Jacob Disease. Prabhakar S, Bhatia R Neurol India Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt Jacob disease. Prabhakar S, Bhatia R. How to cite thisarticle Prabhakar S, Bhatia R. Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt - Jacob disease. http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2001;volume=49;iss

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