81. Earth Island Institute: Earth Island Journal: World Reports pesticide lobby was one of the chief promoters of the switch from sustainable, lowyieldingtraditional cultivars to cash crops like cotton that, because they http://www.earthisland.org/eijournal/fall98/wr_fall98cotton.html

Cotton, Pesticides and Suicides by Jitedra Verma INDIA – Death has walked through the village and the dying crop whispers a dirge for the body of Kaselte Sammiah, a poor cotton farmer who committed suicide in the village of Sitarampur in Andhra Pradesh. Sammiah died on February 1 after consuming one half liter of Moncrotophos, a pesticide that failed to protect his cotton crop. He is survived by seven children. Since June 1997, at least 80 farmers have committed suicide in the state. On February 3, Mutyalapali Subbaiah, a farmer from the district of Prakasam, attempted to commit suicide in front of public official at a rally in Markapur. “Since the beginning of the new year, not a single day has passed without one cotton farmer committing suicide,” says a farmer in Warangal, where almost the entire standing cotton crop had been devastated , placing communities on the brink of starvation. Faced with a raging attack on the cotton crop by Spodoptera litura (tobacco cutworm) and Heliothis armigera (American bollworm), frantic Andhra Pradesh farmers were sitting ducks for pesticide suppliers offering to sell pesticides on credit. But the indiscriminate application of pesticides onlyled to increased resistance in pests. While pests continued to ravage crops, expenses mounted and the noose tightened. What followed was a spate of suicides. Despite the efforts of national and state agricultural research institutions, losses from pests were ranging from 10 to 30 percent, according to officials with the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR). On January 7, the government decided that loss of crops constituted a “national calamity” and began extending debt relief to farmers – a humiliating acceptance of the failure of crop science.

82. US Figures For 2002 GE Crop Planting Released Today Among Worldwide Rejection Of soybeans, corn and cotton, some green groups contend that consumer concerns aboutthe safety of biofoods have slowed the introduction of new crops such as http://www.mindfully.org/GE/GE4/Crop-Planting-Figures28mar02.htm

US Figures for 2002 GE Crop Planting Released Today Among Worldwide Rejection of GE Crops Greenpeace 28mar02 Prospective Plantings in US National Agricultural Statistics Service USDA Washington, D.C. 28mar02 AMSTERDAM - - Official prospective planting figures for genetically engineered (GE) crops have been released today by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). They reveal an increase for plantings of GE soya (up from 68 to 74 percent of the US soya acreage), cotton (up from 69 to 71 percent ) and maize/corn (up from 26 to 32 percent) in the United States in 2002. The new figures stand in contrast to a wealth of evidence that clearly demonstrates increasing worldwide rejection of GE crops. In reality, just two countries (the US and Argentina) account for 90 percent of GE crop acreage in the world. Just two crops (soya and maize/corn) account for 82 percent of that acreage. Just one company, Monsanto, accounts for 91 percent of the world total area sown to GE crops. Greenpeace spokesperson Jean-François Fauconnier said: "The increase in GE crop planting in the US is another blow to the environment, but considering the political and agricultural influence exerted by Monsanto in the US, it was not unexpected. Thankfully and more importantly, the clearer international trend, which today's figures cannot dispute, is that the growing of GE crops is isolated to a few countries and that worldwide rejection of GE crops is growing." "American shoppers are demanding safe, GE-Free food, and food companies are responding," added Charles Margulis, Greenpeace Genetic Engineering Specialist. "These companies know that Americans don't want genetic experiments in our food, and they're sending the biotech industry packing."

83. Global Status Of GM Crops - Cotton cotton is one of the most efficient crops in terms of water utilization in thatit produces one of the highest quantities of dry matter per liter of water. http://www.isaaa.org/kc/Global Status/crop/gmcotton/cotton.htm

The Cotton Crop Northern Hemisphere Planting Harvesting USA Feb-May Sep-Nov China Apr-June Sep-Oct CIS* Apr-May Sep-Nov Turkey Apr-May Sep-Nov Greece Apr-May Sep-Nov India Apr-June Oct-Feb Southern Hemisphere Brazil (North) Feb-Aug Aug-Feb Brazil (South) Oct-Nov Feb-Jun Argentina Sep-Oct Feb-May Australia Sep-Oct Apr-Jul Source: Modified from Rabobank, 1996. Upland cotton and long staple cotton are both perennial dicots, but they are normally cultivated as an annual crop. With few exceptions, the commercial seeds that are sold globally to farmers are varieties rather than hybrids: India is an exception where approximately 50% of cotton is hybrid. Approved for: Insect Resistance Food Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, US Feed Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Mexico, South Africa Food and/or Feed US Environment Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, US Marketing Herbicide Tolerance Food Argentina, Australia, Canada, Japan

84. Global Status Of GM Crops - Cotton Bt cotton. Crop Losses Due to Insect Pests of cotton and the Cost of Control TransgenicCrops Click Here. Extensive Study on Bt cotton - Click Here. http://www.isaaa.org/kc/Global Status/crop/gmcotton/croplosses.htm

Bt Cotton Crop Losses Due to Insect Pests of Cotton and the Cost of Control Insect pests are recognized to cause significant crop losses and to be a major constraint to cotton productivity throughout the world. In the absence of any control measures (resistant varieties, insecticides, cultural control, IPM), potential losses due to cotton insect pests on a global basis would be in the range of 35 to 41% (Oerke 2002). The actual losses that currently occur, despite control measures in place, are estimated to range from 7 % to 24 % (Table 10). Crop losses are correlated to the level of infestation, which will vary by year, by country, by crop variety. The data in Table 10 show the range of actual and potential crop losses for different global regions. These data are general global estimates, and are useful in exhibiting differences in order of magnitude and patterns of loss for different regions. Table 10.

85. CropsDaily.com MIRPURKHAS Water shortage damages cotton crop Dawn By Our Correspondent MIRPURKHAS, May 20 The cotton crop has been damaged beca http://www.cropsdaily.com/s/crops/cotton.html

related sites Globalflow International cropss industry news magazine Progressive Farmer covers crops, livestock, the environment, rural living, and the outdoors span New Crop facts on crops, potential crops and plant products, newsletters and research news Top Crop Manager Farm Central information resources for Canadian farmers Tobacco BBS focuses on tobacco issues and featuring related news, history, book and movie lists Spraytec agricultural spray technology information Global Crop Protection Org. goal is to foster understanding, cooperation, and communication among industry, government, and farmers PCT Online covering PCO business development and pest control industry information Directories Cotton Net gateway site to the cotton community, for cotton services, association and the trading community Pest Web on-line guide to product information, distributors, manufacturers, associations and more... AGROS a collection of data descriptions including soil, crop and plant and other natural resource research areas BUSINESS ECONOMY SCIENCE GM FOOD ... email us!

86. BIO 2004 Impact Of Biotechnology To California California Today Nationwide, commercialized biotech crops (cotton, soybean, cornand canola) have already created $20 billion worth of value at the farm level. http://www.bio.org/events/2004/media/cabio.asp

Newsroom Registration Agenda Sponsors Exhibitors ... BIO Press Releases CA Biotech Press Kit Conference News (via PR Newswire) Biotech TV (PDF) BIO Annual Report Impact of Biotechnology to California Printer Version Impact of Biotechnology to California San Francisco: The Birthplace of Biotechnology San Francisco and Biotechnology Significant Biotechnology Milestones Biomedical Industry Biotechnology was introduced to South San Francisco in 1976 with the partnership of two industry visionaries: San Francisco biochemist Herbert Boyer and venture capitalist Robert Swanson, who together formed Genentech. In the 1980s, the Bay Area has led significant biotech advances, including: The development of polymerase chain reaction technology (PCR) by Cetus Mapping of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by Chiron Today, the Bay Area continues to be a home to the three elements needed to successfully support the biomedical industry: venture capital, research institutions and technological resources. Biomedical Industry in California In California, more than 2,500 biomedical companies and 87 public and private research institutions are targeting major unmet medical needs such as cardiovascular and respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, AIDS/HIV and other infectious diseases

87. CBS News | Biotech Crops On The Dinner Table? | March 28, 2002 18:17:22 They re not shying away from it. About 10.5 million acres of cotton,or 71 percent of this year s cotton crop, will be bioengineered. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/28/tech/main504902.shtml

Home U.S. Iraq World ... FREE CBS News Video March 28, 2002 18:17:22 The Early Show CBS Evening News 48 Hours 60 Minutes ... Section Front E-mail This Story Printable Version Biotech Crops On The Dinner Table? WASHINGTON, March 27, 2002 (Photo: AP) "Farming has become so competitive, so small margin, that if we can find something that works economically and environmentally we'll jump on it." Minnesota farmer Gerald Tumbleson (AP) American farmers will plant more genetically engineered crops this year, including one-third of the corn on U.S. soil, shrugging off international resistance to biotech food. The farmers are expected to grow more than 79 million acres of genetically engineered corn and soybeans, the nation's two most widely planted commodities, a 13 percent increase from last year, according to the Agriculture Department's spring survey. In North Dakota, the government says farmers expect to plant a record 2.6 million acres of soybeans, up 21 percent from last year. Fifty percent of this year's crop is expected to be planted to biotech varieties, up from 49 percent last year. The gene-altered crops require fewer chemicals, making them easier and cheaper to grow. The crops are engineered to produce their own pesticide or to be resistant to a popular weedkiller.

88. Kids' Field Day: Crops Garden - Cotton cotton plant showing flowering, cotton is a crop that is traditionally grownin the southern US It is just starting to be grown in southern Kansas. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/fieldday/kids/crops/cotton.htm

[http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/kids/includes/header.htm] Cotton is a crop that is traditionally grown in the southern U.S. It is just starting to be grown in southern Kansas. This picture shows the plant flowering. As the flower becomes mature, it develops into a cotton boll. Here is a picture of a young cotton boll (the cotton boll is inside the white square). The boll contains the cotton and the seeds. This is a mature cotton boll that is ready to be harvested. The combine used to harvest cotton is called a cotton picker. How much do you think this would cost? If you guessed $225,000, then you are right. This is cotton seed. The seed on the left still has the lint left on it. In contrast, the seed on the right had the lint removed (by acid). Also, the seed on the right, which will be used for planting, has been treated with a chemical to prevent diseases and insects. What do you think cotton is used for? You're right, primarily for clothes. (Go K-State!) Back to top

89. GEO-PIE Project: GE Foods In The Market US food products contain GE ingredients are due almost entirely to two crops cornand To these, add foods containing oil from canola and cotton, and you cover http://www.geo-pie.cornell.edu/crops/eating.html

Home : In the Market GE Foods in the Market Recent estimates suggest that 60 to 70% of foods in US markets contain at least a small quantity of some crop that has been genetically engineered. But which ones? Fresh produce at a USDA Farmers Market in Washington, D.C. Which of these might be genetically engineered? Answer: only the yellow squash (front right). New product: genetically engineered nicotine-free cigarettes? On This Page: Am I eating genetically engineered foods? The Big Players: soybeans, corn, canola, cotton The Little Guys: potato, squash/zucchini, papaya, tomato, sugarbeets, rice, flax, radicchio All other plants and animals GE bacteria, fungi, and yeast in food production Am I eating genetically engineered foods? The simple answer is yes . Recent estimates suggest that more than 60% of food products on US shelves may contain at least a small quantity of some crop that has been genetically engineered. But which foods? As it turns out, because products made from GE plants are not required to be labeled in the US, that's a difficult question to answer. But the information that follows should give readers a rough estimate of the prevalence of specific GE plants in the foods we eat.

90. Commentator, Summer 2002 - Plains Cotton Cooperative Association and fear of the unknown that often surrounds the first year of an eradicationprogram compelled many producers to plant crops other than cotton this year http://www.pcca.com/Publications/Commentator/2002/Summer/page01.asp

@import url( /_includes/uni_ie.css ); Cotton Production Outlook Mixed From the southern tip of Texas to the southern plains of Kansas, cotton producers and market observers are monitoring the progress of the 2002 crop. Overall, cotton conditions can be described best as a "mixed bag" with farmers in some areas expecting bumper crops and others hoping the insurance adjuster will be kind. The cotton harvest already has begun in South Texas, but cotton growers in the remainder of the state, as well as Oklahoma and Kansas, have several weeks of nervous anticipation ahead of them. South Texas by John Johnson Good, bad and ugly were words used recently to describe the 2002 Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) cotton crop as continued drought and restricted irrigation throughout the season created an uncertain production outlook. Typical January and February precipitation never materialized, leaving dryland acreage vulnerable ahead of planting. As a result, some fields were dry-planted but never achieved a stand and have been "zeroed out" by insurance adjusters. Cold temperatures also forced some replanting by LRGV farmers. Dryland cotton in the LRGV has suffered from drought.

91. Wi96: Genetic Engineering Of Crops - Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) of the Bt cotton and corn plans; and third, suspend Bt cotton and corn registrationsand delay registration of any additional Bt crops until companies prepare http://www.ucsusa.org/publications/gene_exchange.cfm?publicationID=298

92. Cotton And Fiber Delta Farm Press Delta Farm Press gives indepth coverage of the region s majorcrops (cotton, soybeans, rice, wheat, pecans, sorghum, corn), plus the http://agriculture.about.com/od/cottonandfiber/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agriculture Farm Crops Cotton and Fiber Home Essentials Agribusiness News Full Moon Charts ... Weed Control Guides zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Livestock / Farm Animals Farm Crops Ag Health/Sciences Regulatory / Education ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Agriculture newsletter. Search Agriculture Cotton and Fiber Having the right resources means the difference between success and failure for the farmer. Be equipped with the best resources for corn production and stay informed about the the most recent developments. Alphabetical Recent Up a category Tropical Weather Could Ruin Cotton Crop Cotton growers know crop success or failure are often divided by a thin weather line. As South Texas braces for the impact of Tropical Storm Erika, cotton growers are faced with a disaster as harvest is ready to get underway and impossible to start or finish. Tool Helps Cotton Growers Determine Harvest Costs Now cotton growers can have the aid of a leading university when determining cotton harvest costs. Texas Tech University has developed the comprehensive system based upon what kind of equipment you use for harvest and several specifics about your farm and crops. Cotton Overproduction Is Industry Burden A leading authority in the wholesale cotton industry is blaming global overproduction as public enemy #1 in the fight for industry survival and says federal asistance to U.S. cotton growers should come in the form of conservation programs to help set an example for the global industry to follow.

93. Daily Times - Site Edition By Noshad Ali LAHORE The Punjab might not be able to achieve its cotton crop targetbecause of a shortage of pesticides, and this is likely to damage the http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_16-10-2003_pg7_28

94. Designing A Counter-Cyclical Support Program For example, USDA s projected 1999 US cotton crop declined 1.9 millionbales between its August 1999 and October 1999 crop reports. http://www.cotton.org/gov/Counter-Cyclical.cfm

var gMenuControlID=0; var menus_included = 0; var jsPageAuthorMode = 0; var jsSessionPreviewON = 1; var jsDlgLoader = '/gov/loader.cfm'; var jsSiteID = 1; var jsSubSiteID = 3; var kurrentPageID = 4648; document.CS_StaticURL = "http://www.cotton.org/"; document.CS_DynamicURL = "http://www.cotton.org/"; Login Format page for printing Search our site Advocacy Group Web Sites Congressional Contacts Government ... Government Affairs Designing a Counter-Cyclical Support Program Published: September 10, 2001 Price vs. Revenue Triggers The FAIR Act contained no mechanism to provide assistance to producers during protracted periods of low prices. This deficiency has led to support for some type of counter-cyclical (CC) support program for production agriculture. Most CC proposals advanced to date rely on either a price or revenue trigger. The U.S. cotton industry supports a price-triggered counter-cyclical support program as included in H.R. 2646, the Farm Security Act of 2001, as reported by the House Agriculture Committee. The price and yield experiences of the last three years for many U.S. agricultural commodities will limit the effectiveness of any historically derived income or revenue-based CC program. As an example, consider that the market revenue (inclusive of marketing loan gains) generated by upland cotton production has averaged about $4.8 billion since 1996 due to weak prices and production losses, with 1998, 1999 and 2000 providing some of the most difficult growing conditions ever experienced by broad areas of the U.S. Cotton Belt. This income average is far below the $6.2 billion averaged during the mid-1990's.

95. Georgia FACES Farmers Face Low Yields, Poor Quality According to the Georgia Agricultural StatisticsService, about 20 percent of the cotton crop was harvested as of Oct. http://georgiafaces.caes.uga.edu/getstory.cfm?storyid=1058

96. Deadly Crop: Difficult Times Drive India's Cotton Farmers To Desperate Actions J His cotton crop had failed, he had already sold his two oxen to repay one loanand had nothing more to offer usurious moneylenders who were hounding him. http://www.mindfully.org/Farm/Green-Revolution-Desperate-Actions.htm

Deadly Crop: Difficult Times Drive India's Cotton Farmers To Desperate Actions JONATHAN KARP / Wall Street Journal 18feb98 More on Green Revolution Some Have Killed Themselves As Pests Ravage Fields And Banks Seek Payback Economic Boom's Dark Side KADAVENDI, India - A. Narsoji rose from his restless sleep in this southern Indian village on a recent night to got something to drink. The 45-year-old farmer had reason to be anxious. His cotton crop had failed, he had already sold his two oxen to repay one loan and had nothing more to offer usurious moneylenders who were hounding him. He owed about $3,300, equal to two-and-a-half years' earnings in good harvests. Yet this season, caterpillars, immune to pesticides that he sprayed frantically, ravaged his cotton. What failed to rid him of that plague at least ended his torment that Jan. 25 night: Mr. Narsoji gulped pesticide and collapsed in a fit of convulsions in his open-air kitchen. Two days later in a nearby village, S. Sailam finished lunch and told his wife he was off to spray pesticide on his besieged cotton. Instead, he squirted it down his throat. Recounting the story, his illiterate widow, six months pregnant with their third child and saddled with debt, sobs as she throws herself on a visitor's feet to beg for help. Advice from villagers gathered in the Moonlight hardly consoles her.

97. CSIRO - Vetch - The Legume That Increases Cotton Profits cotton is then resown in spring. 3. cotton–vetch–fallow rotation.Vetch is sown after the cotton crop is harvested around May. http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=faq&id=vetch&stylesheet=divisionFaq

98. CBS News | Bio-Cotton Find Resistance In India | February 10, 2003 17:26:30 AP) Standing in his field, Nilakanti watched boll weevils pop up their heads as ifin a greeting and then resume their business of eating away his cotton crop. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/10/tech/main540077.shtml

Home U.S. Iraq World ... FREE CBS News Video February 10, 2003 17:26:30 The Early Show CBS Evening News 48 Hours 60 Minutes ... Section Front E-mail This Story Printable Version Bio-Cotton Find Resistance In India BENAKENAKONDA, India, Feb. 10, 2003 Chikkappa Nilakanti points to the genetically modified BT (bacillus thuringiensis) cotton infested with bollworms on his farm in Benakenakonda, India. (Photo: CBS/AP) Standing in his field, Nilakanti watched boll weevils pop up their heads as if in a greeting and then resume their business of eating away his cotton crop. (AP) Here, under a blazing sun in a southern Indian cotton field 9,000 miles from U.S. biotechnology giant Monsanto Co.'s headquarters, Chikkappa Nilakanti has literally sown seeds of discontent. Nilakanti is one of 55,000 farmers in India who recently planted cotton genetically engineered by Monsanto to fight pests without pesticides. India permitted the crop into the country last year after a raucous four-year battle and that decision is still being hotly contested in a country that has always been skeptical of biotechnology. Even now, no edible biotechnology crops are legally grown for consumption in India, the world's second-most populous country.

99. Pollination Info By Crop Waller, GD, JO Moffett, GM Loper JH Martin, 1985. An evaluation of honey bee foragingactivity and pollination efficacy for malesterile cotton. Crop Sci. http://www.pollinator.com/bycrop.htm

Pollination Info by Crop Some of these sources include some basic cultural information, as well as pollination info. For more extensive commercial cultural info please go here For gardening and home fruit cultural information go here A wealth of information is available, listed by crop from McGregor , Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants, 1976, USDA. This is a listing of additional or newer resources. General Tree Fruit Effective Pollination: A short course by Richard Norton (tree fruits) Antithsis and Pollination Outline of basic concepts of tree fruit pollination Penn State, Dr. Rob Crassweller Rick Fell's Recommendations: Honeybee Colonies per Acre Fruit Variety Recommendations and Pollenizers for Arizona Orchard Pollination in Washington Commercial Fruit Grower Pollination Planning Container Fruit Growing poses pollination problems Edible Landscaping and Gardening Ben Sharvy's huge database of common and exotic plants that includes pollenizer data for many Pollination Requirements for Fruits and Nuts: OK Fruits of Warm Climates by Julia Morton has pollination information on some tropical and subtropical fruits. Also

100. Crop Yield For a cotton crop in Crisp county Georgia, both the growth rate and thehand picked yield of cotton lint varied with location in the field. http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/precisionag/cropyield.html

Crop Yield If maps of the spatial distribution of soil productivity potential (maps of expected yield) and maps of the spatial distribution of plant nutrients available from the soil are developed for a field, fertilizers and organic wastes can be applied in amounts per acre that are directly proportional to the soil's expected yield and adjusted for the soil's fertility at any location in the field. Such a procedure would optimize the economic potential of a field, yet minimize the leaching of nutrients. The above protocol depends on having a good map of the spatial variation of expected yields for crop fields. Maps of past crop yields for a field could be used for this purpose. However, multiple years of spatial yield Yield (left) vs. Remote Sensing (right) Reds correspond to higher yield, blues and greens to lower yields. data would be needed to overcome variations caused by year to year differences in weather, especially rainfall, and there remains multiple factors which result in lack of year to year correlation. An alternative to mapping of actual crop yields would be to use remote sensing to determine spatial distribution of plant status (health or efficiency) and the corollary expected yields. A major advantage of this approach is that remote sensing can provide a current assessment of the overall plant health of the crop rather than relying on past history of yields.

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