41. Articles: Farmers Looking back at the records I keep on my own farm, I noted that before 1995we used to spray our cotton crops eight to 10 times a year on average. http://www.whybiotech.com/index.asp?id=1711

42. Council For Biotechnology Information pesticides. Farm scientists estimate that almost half the country s pesticideuse goes to protect cotton crops from pest attacks. Sharma http://www.whybiotech.com/html/con1249mid17.html

India May Allow Biotech Crop Production by March Atul Prakash, Reuters, Oct. 16, 2001 India is likely to allow by March the commercial production of a genetically modified (GM) crop for the first time, a top government official said. "Things are moving very fast," Manju Sharma, secretary in the federal department of biotechnology in New Delhi, told Reuters by phone late on Monday. The biotechnology giant also owns a stake in MAHYCO. The Indian seed company had already received the first set of reports from its trials, and was now collecting more data, Sharma said. "The data collection and analysis should be over by December," said Sharma, who is also a plant physiologist. She said approval for the company's GM cotton variety could come "certainly by the end of this financial year. This is my presumption, if nothing goes wrong." The government had taken several steps to expedite the approval procedure, and many firms were now seeking permission to develop and introduce transgenic seeds locally, she said. MAHYCO started limited field trials of its Bt cotton in 1996-97, but faced intermittent opposition from environmentalists and farmers, who raised questions about bio-safety and transparency of the trial data.

43. IP Access - Safety Of GM Cotton Crops In Doubt Safety of GM cotton crops in doubt. Publisher The Sydney Morning Herald.Publication date 10 th June 2002. Reference REF 1706IPA16. Page p2. http://www.ipaccess.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/39411

isMac = false; isWindows = false; isLinux = false; isIE = false; isIE4 = false; isIE5 = false; isIE55 = false; isIE6 = false; isAtLeastIE4 = false; isAtLeastIE5 = false; isAtLeastIE55 = false; isAtLeastIE6 = false; isAtLeastMacIE5 = false; isAtLeastWindowsIE5 = false; isAtLeastWindowsIE55 = false; isAtLeastWindowsIE6 = false; isMozilla = false; isOpera = false; browserVersion = 0; javaScriptVariablesInitialised = true; Latest IP News Latest Events Newsletters Help ... Join Safety of GM cotton crops in doubt Publisher: The Sydney Morning Herald Publication date: th June 2002 Reference: REF: 1706IPA16 Page: An international dispute has erupted over genetically-modified cotton, after a study in China suggested the crop had damaged the environment and insects were building a resistance to it. GM Monsanto however, has dismissed the research, citing GM cotton as its biggest success as it increases yields by up to 60 per cent and can reduce the need for pesticide by 80 per cent. GM cotton utilises a gene isolated from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Email alerts My alerts Email me changes to this page.

44. SJB Cotton The Nitrogen Solution For cotton crops. LIGNIT. Nitrogen is The PhosphorousSolution For cotton crops. LIG-POLYPHOS. Most Australian http://www.sjbagnutri.com.au/crops/cotton.htm

Almonds Apples Avocados Bananas ... Turf Click on an item below The Foliar Potassium Solution For Cotton The Nitrogen Solution For Cotton Crops The Phosphorous Solution For Cotton Crops The Zinc Solution For Cotton Crops The Foliar Potassium Solution For Cotton LIG-K + BORON Potassium is required for boll filling and low potassium levels after flowering induce premature senescence that significantly reduces yield. Potassium deficiency inhibits the formation of proteins and causes an accumulation of soluble nitrogen compounds that may reduce fibre quality. Plants with good levels of potassium are also more tolerant of moisture stress, and this is advantageous for calcium and boron uptake. The inclusion of boron also improves flowering and fibre length. Deficiencies are most likely to occur when soil temperatures are low or when soils are waterlogged. Large amounts of soil available nitrogen also inhibit potassium uptake THE ADVANTAGES OF LIG-K + BORON APPLICATION Cotton – Apply 2 L/Ha prior to flowering and repeat after flowering if required.

45. A World Connected - The Bollworm, Suicidal Farmers... A tiny worm known as the bollworm was silently invading the cotton crops allover the Indian subcontinent, literally eating away the hopes of one million http://www.aworldconnected.com/article.php/305.html

Home Stories Social Entrepreneurs Point-Counterpoint ... Sitemap Free Newsletter More Info Give us your feedback Globalization Stories The Bollworm, Suicidal Farmers... And the Government that Got in the Way By Salil Singh The year was 1998 - one of the darkest years in recent history for small cotton farmers in India. A tiny worm known as the "bollworm" was silently invading the cotton crops all over the Indian subcontinent, literally eating away the hopes of one million farmers in the largest cotton growing region of the world. Read aWorldConnected.org's backgrounder on genetically modified organisms. Driven into debt by failing crops and the need for expensive pesticides quality, farmers found themselves in an endless cycle of frantic spraying, more borrrowing, and bleak prospects. In Kadavendi village, farmer A. Narsoji, unable to sleep, rose from his bed to get something to drink. His cotton crop had recently failed, he had already sold his two oxen to repay one loan and had nothing more to offer moneylenders who were hounding him. Narsoji owed about $3,300, equal to two-and-a-half years' earnings in a good year. And this was hardly one of those good years.

46. Georgia FACES Rains Relieve Georgia Peanut, cotton crops. Much like peanuts, Georgia s cottoncrop needed the recent rains, said to Steve Brown, a UGA cotton agronomist. http://georgiafaces.caes.uga.edu/getstory.cfm?storyid=1584

47. EnterpriseWorks In The News Benin Farmers Learn Sunflowers Can Replace cotton crops. USAID has granted EnterpriseWorks$320,000 to teach farmers in Benin how to grow sunflowers. http://www.enterpriseworks.org/about_news_BeninFrontlines.asp

E-Newsletter Employment Resource Center Site Index ... May 11, 2004 Washington, D.C. Lawyer Robert Kapp Joins EWW Board of Trustees print Benin Farmers Learn Sunflowers Can Replace Cotton Crops USAID has granted EnterpriseWorks $320,000 to teach farmers in Benin how to grow sunflowers. Fludor is promising to buy their harvests of sunflower seeds. (USAID Frontlines June 2003) "USAID Frontlines," June 2003 COTONOU, BENIN - The price of cotton - a mainstay of the economy of Benin - fluctuates so widely that low prices either hurt farmers or high prices cause shortages of cottonseed for local oil processors. To address this problem, USAID is working with a private company and an NGO to introduce sunflowers as a new crop. Fludor, a company specializing in edible oils, will invest $838,000 to re-equip its cottonseed plant in Benin to process sunflower oil for the local market. USAID has granted EnterpriseWorks Worldwide $320,000 to teach farmers how to grow sunflowers. Each participating farmer will pledge $120 to purchase inputs such as seed and fertilizer. Fludor will finance the inputs up front, and promises to buy the farmers’ harvests for up to three years. This represents almost a 1:4 leverage of USAID funds.

48. A Can Of Bollworms Illegally grown Bt cotton crops expose the gaps in the regulation of the new technologyand renew the debate on the longterm effects of genetically modified http://www.flonnet.com/fl1824/18240480.htm

Volume 18 - Issue 24, Nov. 24 - Dec. 07, 2001 India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU Table of Contents THE STATES A can of bollworms Illegally grown Bt cotton crops expose the gaps in the regulation of the new technology and renew the debate on the long-term effects of genetically modified seeds. DIONNE BUNSHA in Gandhinagar NARESHBHAI PATEL of Vadodara Lath village in Gandhinagar district did not know that he was growing genetically modified (GM) Bt cotton seeds in his farm. "The shopkeeper suggested that I try this new seed variety, called Navbharat-151. It was only later that I heard about the seeds on the television when the news broke that the government was threatening to burn the fields where Navbharat-151 seeds were sown," he said. DIONNE BUNSHA Karamsibhai Ladabhai Patel, a cotton farmer of Gandhinagar district, in his field where Navbharat-151 Bt cotton seeds were sown. The Government of India's Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) had no clue either. Navbharat-151 has been sold illegally in parts of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra for the past three years. The GEAC was caught unawares when the Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Ltd.(Mahyco), which has applied for a licence to market Bt cotton seeds in India, complained that Navbharat-151 was a genetically modified variety and was being sold illegally. The GEAC'S failure to monitor the sale of GM seeds may cost hundreds of farmers dear, if the government carries out its threat (

49. CSIRO - HydroLOGIC - Cotton Irrigation Choices Made Easy The primary aim of HydroLOGIC is to assist in the effective and timelyapplication of irrigations for furrow irrigated cotton crops. http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=faq&id=HydroLOGIC&stylesheet=sectorInformatio

50. BIOTECH CROP USE BENEFITS ENVIRONMENT released a comprehensive report detailing the environmental safety and environmentalbenefits of commercial biotechnologyderived soy, corn and cotton crops. http://www.ncfap.org/CASTpressrelease.htm

For Immediate Release: June 25, 2002 BIOTECH CROP USE BENEFITS ENVIRONMENT CAST releases new scientific report showing environmental gains WASHINGTON, D.C. - The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), a non-profit consortium of scientists, today released a comprehensive report detailing the environmental safety and environmental benefits of commercial biotechnology-derived soy, corn and cotton crops. "In the past, isolated studies regarding the environmental impact of biotechnology-derived crops appeared to present conflicting results," said Dr. Teresa A. Gruber, the executive vice president of CAST. "Teams of researchers assembled by CAST have reviewed and analyzed the published studies in the context of current farming practices, and the results clearly show that soil, air and water quality are enhanced through the responsible use of current biotechnology-derived soybean, corn and cotton crops." Three independent teams of CAST researchers reviewed the available scientific literature to compare the environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional crops. The researchers are affiliated with Washington State University, the University of Illinois, Clemson University and the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy. "The study was based on nine criteria including changes in pesticide use patterns, impacts on beneficial insects, pest resistance, soil management, land use efficiency, impacts on biodiversity and, of course, human exposure," said Dr. Allan Felsot of Washington State University. Specific findings for one of the most widely planted biotech-derived crops, herbicide-tolerant soybeans, include the following:

51. CropChoice.com News Bt cotton crop has failed miserably. 1. 30,000 hectares BTcotton crops damagedand over Rs. 500-crore losses are reported ; in Deshonnati Sep.2, 2002. http://www.cropchoice.com/leadstry.asp?recid=934

52. Jonesboro Sun Story Date 6/26/2003 95320 AM Hot days help cotton crops, agent says By CurtHodges Farmers are already needing moisture, Steve Culp, county agent staff http://www.jonesborosun.com/archivedstory.asp?ID=5105

53. Premature Senescence Of Cotton - The Future Of Crop Nutrition Problems? Australian cotton crops are the highest yielding in the world hence there is a veryhigh demand on plants to supply developing fruit with sufficient potassium. http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1998/4/153wright.htm

Proceedings of the 9th Australian Agronomy Conference, Wagga wagga, 1998 Premature senescence of cotton - the future of crop nutrition problems? P.R. Wright NSW Agriculture, Australian Cotton Research Institute Abstract The symptoms of premature senescence were assessed in five different commercial cotton fields. Leaf blades with symptoms were found to have substantially lower potassium concentrations than leaves without symptoms (0.4% compared to 0.9% dry matter basis). The symptoms occurred on young leaves which is different to classic potassium deficiency which occur on old leaves. Plants with premature senescence had twice the fruit loads both in mass and number of plants in the same field without symptoms. It is concluded that, despite cotton being predominantly grown on soils with high levels of available potassium, the high yields of modern irrigated cultivars are such that the soils? capacity to supply potassium or cotton?s ability to take up potassium is limiting. As crop yields in general continue to increase disorders like premature senescence are likely to develop in other crops and involve other nutrients. Keywords: Potassium, cotton, premature senescence

54. Leaf Nitrogen Gradients In Cotton Canopies Vary With Ontogeny And Nitrogen Suppl a framework to scaleup from leaf photosynthesis to canopy radiation use efficiency,we quantified the leaf N gradients in the canopies of three cotton crops. http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1998/4/211milroy.htm

Proceedings of the 9th Australian Agronomy Conference, Wagga wagga, 1998 Leaf nitrogen gradients in cotton canopies vary with ontogeny and nitrogen supply S.P. Milroy, M.P. Bange and V.O. Sadras CSIRO Cotton Research Unit, Narrabri, NSW 2390 Abstract Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration usually declines with depth in plant canopies. For use in a framework to scale-up from leaf photosynthesis to canopy radiation use efficiency, we quantified the leaf N gradients in the canopies of three cotton crops. Stratified cuts were taken regularly, starting around the time of first square, and the leaf area index (LAI) and leaf N concentration in each layer determined. The slope of the regression of specific leaf nitrogen (SLN, g N/m leaf) against cumulative LAI from the top of the canopy increased with ontogeny. It was also more marked under low N supply than high supply. Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, leaf nitrogen, nitrogen distribution, ontogeny Radiation use efficiency (RUE) of cotton crops varies with ontogeny and leaf N accounts for part of this variation (6). Hammer and Wright (2) have developed a framework which can be used to scale-up from leaf photosynthesis to canopy RUE. The framework allows for the leaf N gradients within canopies and calculates photosynthesis by leaves at different levels in the canopy as a function of their N status and light receipt. This paper presents canopy gradients of SLN for use within this framework with the aim of exploring the mechanism by which ontogeny and leaf N affect RUE. The final purpose is to improve the response to nitrogen within the CERCOT cotton crop simulation.

55. Products And Services (Alternate Crops And Systems) Several field, greenhouse and controlled environment studies oncotton crops were conducted. The interactive effects of carbon http://www.arsusda.gov/acsl/services/cotton/

Advanced Browse ARS Home Plant Sciences ... Careers Email this page Collected Data by Dr V.R. Reddy and Dr. Kit Boone Data Tables Alabama California Louisiana Mississippi ... end us your questions Other Cotton data GCMD Global Change Master Directory (NASA link) BARC Weather Station Cotton Datasets Pesticide Properties Database Cotton Data Sets Over the years, scientists at the Agriculture Research Service (ARS) in Beltsville, Maryland, have been working with various Universities collecting data for use with cotton model development. Objective(s): The objective was to develop a comprehensive, mechanistic cotton simulation model incorporating recent advances in cotton physiology, mathematical analysis, modeling techniques and computer science. To accomplish this task studies were conducted to evaluate (1) the effects of variables associated with global climate change, i.e. carbon dioxide, temperature, water stress and plant nutrition on cotton physiology, especially on growth, developmental rates, photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and water use efficiency, (2) to study the direct and interactive effects of temperature and carbon dioxide on mainstem and branch expansion rates, node initiation, fruiting, leaf initiation and expansion rates, and (3) to develop a database for comprehensive cotton models which can be used for predicting the effects of future climate change on physiological process in cotton production.

56. Gene Technology In Australia were developed using gene technology to reduce the significant quantities of manmadepesticides required to protect Australian cotton crops from caterpillars http://genetech.csiro.au/research/cotton/fitt_bt_final_short.htm

Click here to view menu options Click, hold and drag to your desired menu option. Release and click 'GO'. HOME What's new Biotechnology: What is it? - Biotechnology - an overview - Ancient Art or Modern Science? Gene Technology: how is it done? - What is gene technology? - planning a gene tech project - technical details Gene Technology: What are its uses? CSIRO Position on Gene Technology Current Australian Research - CSIRO's safety precautions - Cotton - Animals - Environment - Crops, fruit and pastures - Forestry - Human Health and Nutrition The great GT debate - The science of GT: benefits and risks - Community views for and against - Consensus conferences - Public inquiries/reviews How will Gene Tech affect me? FAQs and Issues - GM food safety - Environmental impact of GM crops - Mouse virus Events About this site Glossary of GT terms Gene technology sites Managing Bt* resistance The development of resistance to pesticides by insect pests is a significant challenge to agriculture. Both man-made and natural pesticides, can eventually become useless, because some insects can survive and breed. The offspring of the surviving insects can also resist the pesticides. They are stopping a build up of insects that resist the natural Bt pesticide by planting special crops that do not contain the Bt pesticide, close to the cotton crops that do.

57. PAKISTAN Focus On Farmers Battle To Contain Cotton Virus - OCHA their highquality cotton output, has just been forced into a higher gear after there-emergence of a deadly virus that wrought havoc with cotton crops in the http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=39250&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&Sele

58. Dryland Grain_cotton they provide. However, areas planted to grain legumes remain smallrelative to the alternative cereal or cotton crops. The cropping http://www.apsru.gov.au/apsru/Documents/Dryland.htm

Welcome to www.apsru.gov.au Home Research Unit Research Projects ... Personnel DRYLAND GRAIN / COTTON PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Wheat and sorghum production form the basis of the cropping systems of the northern cropping region of Australia. However, in more recent years, cotton has become an important component of the dryland cropping systems as many farmers are turning to cotton as an alternative to the traditional grain crops. There is also a general acceptance of the desirability of including grain legumes within the crop rotation because of the improved nitrogen economy they provide. However, areas planted to grain legumes remain small relative to the alternative cereal or cotton crops. The cropping systems of the northern grain region of Australia are characterised by the opportunity to produce a wide range of cereal, pulse, oilseed, forage and fibre crops. Both summer and winter crops are grown, with yields largely determined by water supply from either in-season rainfall or storage in the soil prior to planting. Grain and cotton production dominates these cropping systems with a combined value approaching 2 billion $ per annum. While the diversity in crop choice and planting time can be seen as advantageous, the high variability in seasonal rainfall means that the prospects for any one crop is often risky. Fallowing the soil between crops in order to build up soil moisture storage is a recommended management strategy to offset the risk of low in-season rainfall. However, fallow lengths of up to 18 months result in low cropping frequencies and, in some locations, may be contributing to resource degradation through increased soil erosion or solute. As an alternative to rotations of fixed fallow length, opportunity cropping represents the practice of planting a crop whenever a planting opportunity is triggered, based usually on the accumulation of a minimum level of soil moisture storage and occurrence of a planting rain.

59. ACES News report on June 25, 2002 detailing the environmental safety and environmentalbenefits of commercial biotechnologyderived soy, corn and cotton crops. http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/news/special-issues/springfarm/CAST.htm

February 1, 2003 CAST Says Biotech Crop Use Benefits Environment Source: David Onstad, U of I professor of ecology, (217)333-6820, onstad@uiuc.edu The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), a non-profit consortium of scientists, released a comprehensive report on June 25, 2002 detailing the environmental safety and environmental benefits of commercial biotechnology-derived soy, corn and cotton crops. "In the past, isolated studies regarding the environmental impact of biotechnology-derived crops appeared to present conflicting results," said Teresa Gruber, the executive vice president of CAST. "Teams of researchers assembled by CAST have reviewed and analyzed the published studies in the context of current farming practices, and the results clearly show that soil, air and water quality are enhanced through the responsible use of current biotechnology-derived soybean, corn and cotton crops." Three independent teams of CAST researchers reviewed the available scientific literature to compare the environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional crops. The researchers are affiliated with Washington State University, the University of Illinois, Clemson University and the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.

60. Genetically Modified Crops In India Produced Greater Yields Berkeley cotton crops in India that were genetically modified to resist insectsproduced dramatically increased yields and significantly reduced pesticide http://www.netbiosciencenews.com/NR/2003/Feb/Bt crop.htm

Contact: Sarah Yang scy@pa.urel.berkeley.edu University of California - Berkeley Genetically modified crops in India produced greater yields, reduced pesticide use, new study finds Berkeley - Cotton crops in India that were genetically modified to resist insects produced dramatically increased yields and significantly reduced pesticide use compared with non-bioengineered crops, according to the results of farm trials reported by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Bonn in Germany. The study, published Friday, Feb. 7, in the journal Science, holds particular promise for small-scale, low-income farmers in developing nations, said the researchers. These farmers, especially those in tropical regions, regularly risk large, pest-related crop losses because they cannot afford to use the pesticides available to larger farms. "Many critics have questioned whether genetically modified crops would be economically and environmentally beneficial to farmers in developing countries," said David Zilberman, UC Berkeley professor of agricultural and resource economics and co-author of the study. "Our research indicates that transgenic crops should be a viable option. This is the first paper to show such a substantial increase in yield for bioengineered crops." The researchers reported the results of field trials conducted on 157 farms in three major cotton-producing states in India during the seven-month cotton season that began in June 2001. The field trials were initiated by the Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company (Mahyco), which has been studying Bt hybrids in India since 1997.

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